FRENCH CIVIL SERVICE
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The 'French Civil Service' (French: ''fonction publique française'') is the set of civil servants (''fonctionnaires'') working for the French government.
Not all employees of the state and public institutions or corporations are civil servants; however, the media often incorrectly equate "government employee" or "employee of a public corporation" with ''fonctionnaire''. For instance, most employees of RATP and SNCF (road and rail transport authorities) are not civil servants. The Civil Service is also sometimes incorrectly referred to as the ''administration'', but, properly speaking, the ''administration'' is the compound of public administrations and public administrative establishments, not their employees.
About half of the civil servants are employed in the French public education system.
The Civil Service is divided into:
★ the civil service of the State (''fonction publique de l'État'', see particular statutes);
★ the judiciary (''magistrature'') (see particular statutes);
★ the civil service of public hospitals (''fonction publique hospitalière'', see particular statutes);
★ the civil service of local governments (''fonction publique territoriale'', see particular statutes).
Technically, ''fonction publique'' may also refer to ''fonction publique militaire'', the personnel of military status. They are generally counted apart. There also exist ''ouvriers d'État'' - that is, State Workers - for industrial functions.
Civil servants of the State are divided into corps (administration), which may themselves be divided into ranks (''grades'') (called ''classes'' in certain corps). Corps are grouped in 3 categories (formerly 4) named A to C, in decreasing order of educational knowledge theoretically required, A meaning "college graduate". For instance, the corps of professors of the universities is a category A corps divided into 3 classes, in increasing order of seniority: second class (equivalent to an American associate professor), first class (full professor), exceptional class (leading full professor in his area). Generally, to avoid rank inflation, the number of civil servants in the higher ranks (especially "exceptional class") is contrained by a maximal percentage of the total number of civil servants of the corps. Each corps has a set of possible job or task descriptions and may have its own particular statutes.
Other French Civil Services have different organisations ; for instance the Fonction Publique Territoriale is not divided between rigid "corps" but between "cadres d'emploi" (type of job).
Certain corps enjoying particular prestige are called "the great corps of the State" [1]:
★ 'Great technical corps of the State', consisting of engineers, generally recruited through École Polytechnique (also through the écoles normales supérieures). In practice, they are more likely to be employed in executive positions than in purely technical positions.
★
★ Corps of Mines
★
★ Corps of Roads and Bridges
★
★ Corps of Telecommunications
★ 'Great administrative corps of the State', generally recruited through the École Nationale d'Administration
★
★ Conseil d'État
★
★ Court of Auditors
★
★ General Inspection of Finances.
High-level administrative positions are typically paid much less than the equivalent positions in private industries. However, members of great Corps often practice ''pantouflage'' — that is, they take temporarily (and sometimes permanent) leaves from government work and go work in industry. Occasionally, people from a ministry supervising some industry would later go to work in that same industry; this practice was later prohibited. ''Pantouflage'' however still exists, and the cozyness between some industrial, political and administrative circles is regularly denounced.
Members of the great administrative corps are well represented in politics. This is facilitated by civil servants (of any level) being able to exerce elected office on a temporary leave (''détachement'') from government.
Civil servants have duties; failure to carry them out may result in disciplinary action, up to discharge. The main duties are:
A civil servant should devote his full professional activity to his appointed task. By exception, a civil servant may in addition to his regular activities write books; he may also accomplish certain tasks (teaching...) with the permission of his hierarchical supervisor.
One cannot be a civil servant if one has been convicted of a crime incompatible with one's functions.
In certain exceptional cases, certain aspects of the private life of a civil servant may be termed incompatible with his functions. For instance, it is inappropriate for a member of the police or the judiciary to live with a delinquent partner or a prostitute. Appreciation of what is appropriate or not is largely a matter of jurisprudence.
A civil servant should not, by his actions and especially by his declarations, cause harm to institutions. Appreciation of what is appropriate or not is largely a matter of jurisprudence.
Generally speaking, a civil servant should always refrain from enunciating personal opinions in a manner that can be construed as expressing the official opinion of the French government or a public institution. Obviously, this is more of a matter for the higher managerial positions. Agents operating abroad should be especially prudent. For instance, an ambassador should refrain from making any private comment on international issues.
The academic freedom of university professors is a fundamental principle recognized by the laws of the Republic, as defined by the Constitutional Council; furthermore, statute law declares about higher education that ''teachers-researchers [university professors and assistant professors], researchers and teachers are fully independent and enjoy full freedom of speech in the course of their research and teaching activities, provided they respect, following university traditions and the dispositions of this code, principles of tolerance and objectivity'' ( Education Code, L952-2).
A civil servant must accomplish the orders given by his hierarchical supervisor, unless those orders are evidently illegal and contrary to public interest.
While the hierarchical authority is normally responsible for assigning civil servants to positions and evaluating their work, certain corps of civil servants follow specific rules regarding the management, evaluation and discipline of their members. For instance, professors and researchers are evaluated by elected committees of their peers.
Civil servants must not reveal private or secret information that they have gained in the course of their duties.
Civil servants must not use the means at their professional disposal for private gain.
Civil servant must be neutral with respect to the religious or political opinions, origin, or sex, and should refrain from expressing their own opinions.
As an exception to the general rules concerning workers, civil servants do not sign contracts; their situation is defined by statutory and regulatory dispositions, most notably the General Statute of the Civil Servants (''Statut Général des Fonctionnaires'').
The general rule is that civil servants are recruited through competitive exams, either:
★ external, reserved to competitors fulfilling certain conditions of diplomas and age;
★ internal, reserved to civil servants in certain positions;
★ external, reserved to competitors having certain professional experience and age.
The most common method is to organize written and/or oral exams in subjects pertaining to the tasks to be accomplished. For certain positions, such as professorships in universities, the exam, organized locally for each position or each set of similar positions, consists in the submission of a file listing the professional qualifications and experience of the candidate, followed by an interview.
In all cases, a committee ranks candidates by order of preference; the positions are filled by the candidates accepting them called in that order of preference.
For some top managerial positions, nominations are at the discretion of the executive.
High lever nominations are made by the President of the Republic in the council of ministers. The rest are by the head of the agency they belong to, or by a minister; in fact, they are in general appointed by some person who has received from the head of agency or minister the authority to do so.
On December 31, 1999, official statistics give for the state civil service:
(1) Including 12,000 young employees on limited time contracts.
★
★ Ministry of the Civil Service
Not all employees of the state and public institutions or corporations are civil servants; however, the media often incorrectly equate "government employee" or "employee of a public corporation" with ''fonctionnaire''. For instance, most employees of RATP and SNCF (road and rail transport authorities) are not civil servants. The Civil Service is also sometimes incorrectly referred to as the ''administration'', but, properly speaking, the ''administration'' is the compound of public administrations and public administrative establishments, not their employees.
About half of the civil servants are employed in the French public education system.
Divisions
The Civil Service is divided into:
★ the civil service of the State (''fonction publique de l'État'', see particular statutes);
★ the judiciary (''magistrature'') (see particular statutes);
★ the civil service of public hospitals (''fonction publique hospitalière'', see particular statutes);
★ the civil service of local governments (''fonction publique territoriale'', see particular statutes).
Technically, ''fonction publique'' may also refer to ''fonction publique militaire'', the personnel of military status. They are generally counted apart. There also exist ''ouvriers d'État'' - that is, State Workers - for industrial functions.
Corps and ranks
Civil servants of the State are divided into corps (administration), which may themselves be divided into ranks (''grades'') (called ''classes'' in certain corps). Corps are grouped in 3 categories (formerly 4) named A to C, in decreasing order of educational knowledge theoretically required, A meaning "college graduate". For instance, the corps of professors of the universities is a category A corps divided into 3 classes, in increasing order of seniority: second class (equivalent to an American associate professor), first class (full professor), exceptional class (leading full professor in his area). Generally, to avoid rank inflation, the number of civil servants in the higher ranks (especially "exceptional class") is contrained by a maximal percentage of the total number of civil servants of the corps. Each corps has a set of possible job or task descriptions and may have its own particular statutes.
Other French Civil Services have different organisations ; for instance the Fonction Publique Territoriale is not divided between rigid "corps" but between "cadres d'emploi" (type of job).
Great corps of the State
Certain corps enjoying particular prestige are called "the great corps of the State" [1]:
★ 'Great technical corps of the State', consisting of engineers, generally recruited through École Polytechnique (also through the écoles normales supérieures). In practice, they are more likely to be employed in executive positions than in purely technical positions.
★
★ Corps of Mines
★
★ Corps of Roads and Bridges
★
★ Corps of Telecommunications
★ 'Great administrative corps of the State', generally recruited through the École Nationale d'Administration
★
★ Conseil d'État
★
★ Court of Auditors
★
★ General Inspection of Finances.
High-level administrative positions are typically paid much less than the equivalent positions in private industries. However, members of great Corps often practice ''pantouflage'' — that is, they take temporarily (and sometimes permanent) leaves from government work and go work in industry. Occasionally, people from a ministry supervising some industry would later go to work in that same industry; this practice was later prohibited. ''Pantouflage'' however still exists, and the cozyness between some industrial, political and administrative circles is regularly denounced.
Members of the great administrative corps are well represented in politics. This is facilitated by civil servants (of any level) being able to exerce elected office on a temporary leave (''détachement'') from government.
Duties
Civil servants have duties; failure to carry them out may result in disciplinary action, up to discharge. The main duties are:
Full commitment to professional activity
A civil servant should devote his full professional activity to his appointed task. By exception, a civil servant may in addition to his regular activities write books; he may also accomplish certain tasks (teaching...) with the permission of his hierarchical supervisor.
Morality
One cannot be a civil servant if one has been convicted of a crime incompatible with one's functions.
In certain exceptional cases, certain aspects of the private life of a civil servant may be termed incompatible with his functions. For instance, it is inappropriate for a member of the police or the judiciary to live with a delinquent partner or a prostitute. Appreciation of what is appropriate or not is largely a matter of jurisprudence.
Reserve
A civil servant should not, by his actions and especially by his declarations, cause harm to institutions. Appreciation of what is appropriate or not is largely a matter of jurisprudence.
Generally speaking, a civil servant should always refrain from enunciating personal opinions in a manner that can be construed as expressing the official opinion of the French government or a public institution. Obviously, this is more of a matter for the higher managerial positions. Agents operating abroad should be especially prudent. For instance, an ambassador should refrain from making any private comment on international issues.
The academic freedom of university professors is a fundamental principle recognized by the laws of the Republic, as defined by the Constitutional Council; furthermore, statute law declares about higher education that ''teachers-researchers [university professors and assistant professors], researchers and teachers are fully independent and enjoy full freedom of speech in the course of their research and teaching activities, provided they respect, following university traditions and the dispositions of this code, principles of tolerance and objectivity'' ( Education Code, L952-2).
Hierarchical obedience
A civil servant must accomplish the orders given by his hierarchical supervisor, unless those orders are evidently illegal and contrary to public interest.
While the hierarchical authority is normally responsible for assigning civil servants to positions and evaluating their work, certain corps of civil servants follow specific rules regarding the management, evaluation and discipline of their members. For instance, professors and researchers are evaluated by elected committees of their peers.
Professional discretion
Civil servants must not reveal private or secret information that they have gained in the course of their duties.
Honesty
Civil servants must not use the means at their professional disposal for private gain.
Neutrality
Civil servant must be neutral with respect to the religious or political opinions, origin, or sex, and should refrain from expressing their own opinions.
Recruitment and career
As an exception to the general rules concerning workers, civil servants do not sign contracts; their situation is defined by statutory and regulatory dispositions, most notably the General Statute of the Civil Servants (''Statut Général des Fonctionnaires'').
The general rule is that civil servants are recruited through competitive exams, either:
★ external, reserved to competitors fulfilling certain conditions of diplomas and age;
★ internal, reserved to civil servants in certain positions;
★ external, reserved to competitors having certain professional experience and age.
The most common method is to organize written and/or oral exams in subjects pertaining to the tasks to be accomplished. For certain positions, such as professorships in universities, the exam, organized locally for each position or each set of similar positions, consists in the submission of a file listing the professional qualifications and experience of the candidate, followed by an interview.
In all cases, a committee ranks candidates by order of preference; the positions are filled by the candidates accepting them called in that order of preference.
For some top managerial positions, nominations are at the discretion of the executive.
High lever nominations are made by the President of the Republic in the council of ministers. The rest are by the head of the agency they belong to, or by a minister; in fact, they are in general appointed by some person who has received from the head of agency or minister the authority to do so.
Statistics
On December 31, 1999, official statistics give for the state civil service:
Ministries | Civil servants | ''Ouvriers EVY'' | Other civilian employees | Military personnel | 'Total ' |
7 159 | 150 | 6 767 | 974 | '15 050' | |
Agriculture | 29 724 | 34 | 8 316 | 23 | '38 097' |
Veteran affairs | 1 934 | 76 | 337 | 20 | '2 367' |
Cooperation with foreign countries | 1 851 |
| 1 660 | 585 | '4 096' |
Culture | 12 212 |
| 2 532 |
| '14 744' |
33 324 | 49 763 | 7 979 | 318 057 | '409 123' | |
Economy, finances and industry | 187 728 | 739 | 16 005 | 348 | '204 820' |
942 651 |
| 96 487 | 4 | '1 039 142' | |
Employment and solidarity | 22 928 |
| 7 158 | 22 | '30 108' |
Higher education | 117 411 | 8 | 17 088 |
| '134 507' |
Equipment, housing, transportation | 95 797 | 9 508 | 11 359 | 547 | '117 211' |
161 978 | 1 593 | 20 410 (1) | 34 | '184 015' | |
Youth and sports | 6 411 |
| 4 093 |
| '10 504' |
61 232 |
| 4 764 | 2 | '65 998' | |
Overseas affairs | 2 171 |
| 468 | 865 | '3 504' |
Research | 20 |
| 9 041 |
| '9 061' |
Services of the prime minister | 1 367 | 666 | 1 127 |
| '3 160' |
'Total' | '1 685 898' | '62 537' | '215 591' | '321 481' | '2 285 507' |
(1) Including 12,000 young employees on limited time contracts.
See also
★
External link
★ Ministry of the Civil Service
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