(Redirected from Freedom of conscience)
'Freedom of thought' (also called 'freedom of conscience' and 'freedom of ideas') is the
freedom of an individual to hold or consider a fact, viewpoint, or
thought, regardless of anyone else's view.
Explanation
To deny a person's freedom of thought is to deny what can be considered one's most basic freedom; to think for one's self.
Since the whole concept of 'freedom of thought' rests on the freedom of the individual to believe whatever one thinks is best (freedom of belief), the notion of '
freedom of religion' is closely related and inextricably bound up with these. While in many societies and forms of government, there has been effectively no freedom of religion or belief, this same freedom has been cherished and developed to a great extent in the modern western world, such that it is taken for granted.
This development was enshrined in words in the
United States Constitution by the
Bill of Rights, which contains the famous guarantee in the
First Amendment that laws may not be made that interfere with religion "or prohibiting the free exercise thereof". Today nearly all democratic nations around the world contain similar language within their respective Constitutions.
A US
Supreme Court Justice later (
Benjamin Cardozo) went on to reason in
Palko v. Connecticut (1937) that:
:''"Freedom of thought... is the matrix, the indispensable condition, of nearly every other form of freedom. With rare aberrations a pervasive recognition of this truth can be traced in our history, political and legal."''
[1]
In other words, without the right to freedom of thought, other rights such as the right to
freedom of speech hold little meaning.
Such ideas regarding freedom of thought, as developed over time, ultimately became a vital part of international
human rights law. In the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), it is listed under Article 18:
:''Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.''
The
Human Rights Committee states that the above Article 18, which became legally binding on member states with the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights;
:''"distinguishes the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief from the freedom to manifest religion or belief. It does not permit any limitations whatsoever on the freedom of thought and conscience or on the freedom to have or adopt a religion or belief of one's choice. These freedoms are protected unconditionally."''
[2]
Similarly, Article 19 of the UDHR guarantees that "''Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference...''"
Drug prohibition
Main articles: Cognitive liberty,
Prohibition (drugs)
Despite the many laws concerning freedom of thought, amongst
philosophers, there is no consensus on what
thought itself actually is. However, the field of
neurochemistry uses a pragmatic view in linking thoughts to patterns of brain activity - ‘almost everyone now agrees… that the subject of mental properties and events is a physical thing.’
[3]
Patterns of brain activity can be altered by taking
psychoactive drugs – ranging from
caffeine to
Prozac to
LSD. The
United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime defines a psychoactive substance as "any substance that people take to change either the way they feel, think, or behave."
[4]
Authors such as
Timothy Leary,
Aldous Huxley and
Terence McKenna have argued that certain psychoactive drugs, or ‘
entheogens’, may be used to favorably alter the way we think. Religious groups have also traditionally used specific plants to alter thought, aiding members in worship or helping to put them in touch with
God. Examples of this are the
Rastafari movement’s use of
cannabis, Islamic
Sufi mystics' use of
hashish to be present with the
Godhead, indigenous peoples' of the Amazonian Basin ritualistic usage of the
ayahuasca tea in order to connect with the spirit(s) of the jungle,
Native American use of
peyote and the chewing of
khat (heralded as a "pipeline to
Allah" among many
Muslims in Eastern Africa).
Some
non-governmental organizations, such as the
Center for Cognitive Liberty & Ethics, argue that placing limits on the use of certain drugs is akin to placing a limit on thought itself – thus violating the right to
cognitive liberty.
Constitutional rights-based arguments against blanket
drug prohibition have featured in US legal history since the 1960s. In
February of 2006, the
US Supreme Court upheld the right to religious drug use in the
União do Vegetal case (''
Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal'',
Docket #04-1084). This case now features in
arguments for and against drug prohibition. The distinction to be made is that government regulation of drug use is not prohibiting any thought but rather prohibiting conduct.
A recent British case involving this line of legal argument is that of
Casey William Hardison, who is awaiting a hearing at the
European Court of Human Rights after being refused a final appeal at the
House of Lords, the highest court in Great Britain. Hardison is currently serving a twenty year sentence for producing a variety of
entheogenic drugs.
Suppression of freedom of thought
One obvious impediment to those who would suppress freedom of thought, is that no one human being can possibly even ''know'' what everyone else is really thinking — let alone successfully regulate it.
This impossibility of controlling thought is perhaps summarized in the
Biblical context nowhere more succinctly than in
Ecclesiastes 8:8: ''"There is no man that hath power over the spirit, to retain it; neither hath he power in the day of death."'' In other words, trying to control the thoughts of others is as futile as trying to control death. A similar sentiment is expressed in the teachings of
Jesus in the
New Testament, where he seems to liken those who vainly attempt to control the emotions of their neighbours to "the children in the marketplace" who try to produce dancing with a happy song and mourning with a dirge, and then express frustration at their futility in trying to do so. (Matt. 11:16)
Laws that attempt to regulate what goes on inside a person’s head have long been regarded with suspicion.
Queen Elizabeth I removed one such law, several hundred years ago, because, according to Sir
Francis Bacon, ‘She would not make windows into men’s souls’.
While freedom of thought is said to be one of the fundamental principles of most
democracies, the attempted suppression of freedom of thought is a prominent characteristic of
totalitarian and
authoritarian regimes. Freedom of expression can be limited in several ways — through
censorship, arrests,
book burning, or
propaganda, and this tends to discourage freedom of thought. Examples of effective campaigns against freedom of expression are the Soviet suppression of genetics research known as
Lysenkoism, the book burning campaigns of
Nazi Germany, and the radical
anti-intellectualism enforced in
Cambodia under
Pol Pot.
Freedom of expression can also be stifled without institutional interference when the views of the
majority become so widely accepted that other ways of expression are repressed. For this reason, some condemn "
political correctness" as a form of limiting freedom of thought. Although proponents of "political correctness" claim that it aims to give minority views an equal representation, critics point to instances in which the majority view is also the view which is seen as "politically correct." For example, college student
Max Karson was arrested following the
Virginia Tech shootings for politically incorrect comments that authorities saw as "sympathetic to the killer." Karson's arrest raised important questions regarding freedom of thought and whether or not it applies in educational settings.
The
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which states that
thought is inherently embedded in
language, would support the claim that an effort to limit the use of words of language is actually a form of restricting freedom of thought.
Internet censorship and freedom of thought
A screenshot of a blocked website in Iran.
A current example of censorship and therefore suppression of freedom of thought, is the control of information on the world wide web in such countries as
Iran[5],
Saudi Arabia,
UK[6],
Egypt[7],
China,
Germany and
[8]. In October 2006, Iranian mullahs ordered
internet service providers to reduce connection speeds for home and cafe computers.
[9]
See also
★
Freedom of speech
★
Freedom of expression
★
Intellectual Freedom
★
Cognitive liberty
★
Prisoner of conscience
★
Thoughtcrime
★
Free will
★
Freethought
★
Casey William Hardison
★
Hate crime
★
1984
References and notes
1. [1]
2. [2]
3. [3], "The Philosophy of Psychology", page 3.
4. [4]
5. Iranian bloggers rally against censorship ''BBC News'' 11 December 2003
6. Government sets deadline for universal network-level content blocking
7. Egyptian blogger sentenced to jail ''Al Jazeera'' 22 February 2007
8. http://www.efa.org.au/Issues/Censor/cens3.html
9. Blocking Information In Iran ''Voice of America''
Further reading
# George Botterill and Peter Carruthers, ‘The Philosophy of Psychology’, Cambridge University Press (1999), p3
# The Hon. Sir John Laws, ‘The Limitations of Human Rights’, [1998] P.L. Summer, Sweet & Maxwell and Contributors, p260
External links
★
Freedom of Thought - Iranian Underground Art Movement
★
''Dictionary of the History of Ideas'': Academic Freedom
★
The Beckley Foundation - a charitable trust that promotes the investigation of consciousness
★
www.medienhilfe.org Internationale Medienhilfe (IMH) - International organization for press freedom
★
The Center for Cognitive Liberty & Ethics - a network of scholars elaborating the law, policy and ethics of freedom of thought
★
Information about Casey Hardison - the first individual in the UK to use an elaborate freedom of thought argument to challenge drug prohibition in court
★
John Bagnell Bury (1861-1927) A History of Freedom of Thought - E-book online (Copyright expired)
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