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'Freedom of assembly' is the freedom to associate with, or organize any groups, gatherings, clubs, or organizations that one wishes. It is held to be a key right in liberal democracies, whereby citizens may form or join any political party, special interest group, or union without government restrictions. In legal systems without freedom of assembly, certain political parties or groups can be banned with harsh penalties for any members. Public protests against the government are usually banned as well.

Contents

Tiered rights

Legal validity

See also

Tiered rights

In legal or political systems where rights tend to be ranked in a hierarchy, or "tiered", such that some rights are considered more worthy of protection by the state than others,
freedom of assembly is generally located on the top tier. However, the very concept of assigning relative value to rights by way of tiers tends to be selective.
This makes freedom of assembly closely linked with notions of freedom of speech. Thus, while one can be allowed to ''advocate'' the murder of the President, one is not necessarily allowed to be a member of a group that seeks to achieve this goal.
The freedom of assembly in order to protest sometimes conflicts with laws intended to protect public safety, even in democratic countries: in many cities, the police are authorized by law to disperse any crowd (including a crowd of political protesters) which threatens public safety, or which the police cannot control. The idea is to prevent rioting. Often local law requires that a permit must be obtained in advance by protest organizers in order to prepare emergency services and response. Sometimes this bureaucratic power is abused by lawmakers if the protest is not a popular one in the community or with the local government, with the permit process in some cities taking a great deal of time, organization, and even money required before a permit is issued -- and then, when issues, time and location restrictions are sometimes added.
From time to time, local permit laws collide in court with the freedoms of assembly and of speech, such as in February 2003 when protests were anticipated over the exclusion of women from membership at the Augusta National Golf Club where golf's Masters Tournament is played every year. The Richmond County, Georgia county commission implemented a new rule requiring 20 days of advance notice before a protest, and giving the county sheriff the power to approve or deny permits, and to dictate the location of demonstrations. The sheriff turned down a permit to protest in front of the golf club but approved a protest half a mile away. Two courts upheld the ordinance granting the sheriff this power.

Legal validity

★ Universal Declaration of Human Rights - article 20

★ Council of Europe - article 11 of the European Convention of Human Rights.

★ Canada - Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms which is constituted as Part I of the Constitution of Canada of 1982

★ France - article 431-1 of the ''Nouveau Code Pénal''

★ Hong Kong - Basic Law Section 27," Hong Kong residents shall have freedom... of assembly, of procession and of demonstration.."

★ (though, not in opposition to Islam)

★ Republic of Ireland - Guaranteed by Article 40.6.1 of the Constitution of Ireland, but only when exercised "peaceably and without arms" and not a "nuisance to the general public".

★ Turkey - article 33 and 34 of the Constitution of Turkey guarantee the freedom of association and assembly.

★ United States - First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States

See also

★ Freedom of assembly in Russia

★ Free speech zone

★ Judicial review

★ Rule of law