FRANCIS XAVIER

Saint 'Francis Xavier' (Basque: San Frantzisko Xabierkoa; German: San Francisco Javier; Portuguese: São Francisco Xavier; Chinese: 聖方濟各沙勿略) (7 April, 1506 - 2 December, 1552) was a Spanish pioneering Roman Catholic Christian missionary and co-founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuit Order). The Roman Catholic Church considers him to have converted more people to Christianity than anyone since St. Paul.

Contents

Early life

Missionary work

Death

Legacy

Beatification

Educational institutions

References

See also

Catholic missionaries in China

Protestant missionaries in China

External links

Early life

He was born in the family castle of Xavier (from Basque ''etxe berri'', "new house") near Sangüesa and Pamplona, in the Kingdom of Navarre, on 7 April, 1506, according to a family register. He was born to an aristocratic family of Navarre. He was the youngest son of Juan de Jasso, privy councillor to King John III of Navarre (Jean d'Albret), and Maria de Azpilcueta y Xavier, sole heiress of two noble Navarrese families. Following the Spanish surname custom of the time, he was named after his mother; his name is accurately written Francisco de Xavier (Latin Xaverius) rather than Francisco Xavier, as Xavier is originally a place name. When Ferdinand of Aragon conquered the kingdom in 1512, many fortresses were devastated, including the family castle, and land was confiscated. Francis' father died in 1515.
At age 19, Francis Xavier went to study at the University of Paris, where he received a ''licence ès arts'' in 1530. At the Collège of Sainte-Barbe, Xavier was assigned to share a room with Ignatius Loyola, a nontraditional student then in his mid-thirties who was frequently at odds with the Inquisition. Under Ignatius' influence, Xavier and six others, including fellow roommate Pierre Favre, discerned lives of service in the Catholic Church and made religious vows at Montmartre on August 15th, 1534, the feast of the Assumption. Their small company would eventually become the first Jesuits with the official founding of the order in 1540.

Missionary work

Francis Xavier devoted much of his life to missions in foreign countries. As King John III of Portugal desired Jesuit missionaries for the Portuguese East Indies, he was ordered there in 1540. He left Lisbon on April 7, 1541, together with two other Jesuits and the new viceroy Martim de Sousa, on board the ''Santiago''. From August of that year until March 1542, he remained in Mozambique then reached Goa, the capital of the then Portuguese Indian colonies on May 6 1542. His official role there was Apostolic Nuncio and he spent the following three years operating out of Goa.

On September 20, 1543, he left for his first missionary activity among the Paravas, pearl-fishers along the east coast of southern India, North of Cape Comorin. He then focused on converting the king of Travancore to Christianity and also visited Ceylon. Dissatisfied with the results of his activity, he set his sights eastward in 1545 and planned a missionary journey to Macassar on the island of Celebes (today's Indonesia).

After arriving to Malacca in October of that year and waiting three months in vain for a ship to Macassar, he gave up the goal of his voyage and left Malacca on January 1, 1546 for Amboyna where he stayed until mid-June. He then visited other Molucca Islands including Ternate and More. Shortly after Easter 1546, he returned to Ambon Island and later Malacca. During this time, frustrated by the elites in Goa, St. Francis wrote to King D. João III for an Inquisition to be installed in Goa. However, this Inquisition did not begin until eight years after his death.

Francis Xavier's work initiated permanent change in eastern Indonesia, where in 1546-1547 he worked in the Maluku region among the people of Ambon, Ternate, and Morotai (or Moro), and laid the foundations for a permanent mission.
After he left Maluku, others carried on his work and by the 1560s there were 10,000 Catholics in the area, mostly on Ambon. By the 1590s there were 50,000 to 60,000.^[1]
In December 1547, in Malacca, Francis Xavier met a Japanese nobleman from Kagoshima named Anjiro. Anjiro had heard from Francis in 1545 and had travelled from Kagoshima to Malacca with the purpose of meeting him. Having been charged with murder, Anjiro fled Japan. He poured his heart out to Francis Xavier, telling him about his former life and the customs and culture of his beloved homeland. Anjiro was a samurai and as such provided Xavier with a skilled mediator and translator for the mission to Japan that now seemed much closer to reality. “I asked [Anjiro] whether the Japanese would become Christians if I went with him to this country, and he replied that they would not do so immediately, but would first ask me many questions and see what I knew. Above all, they would want to see whether my life corresponded with my teaching… All the Portuguese merchants who have come from Japan assure me that by going there I could render God our Lord much service, and more than among the peoples of India, because the Japanese are a race greatly given to the exercise of reason.” Thus intrigued, Xavier baptized Anjiro—who was now called Paulo de Santa Fe—and began to plan for a mission to this recently discovered land. Anjiro helped Francis Xavier translate a few paragraphs of Christian doctrine into phonetic Japanese which Xavier learned by heart.
He returned to India in January 1548. The next 15 months were occupied with various journeys and administrative measures in India. Then due to displeasure at what he considered un-Christian life and manners on the part of the Portuguese which impeded proselyting work, he travelled from the South into East Asia. He left Goa on April 15, 1549, stopped at Malacca and visited Canton. He was accompanied by Anjiro, two other Japanese men, the father Cosme de Torrès and Brother Juan Fernandez. He had taken with him presents for the "King of Japan" since he was intending to introduce himself as the Apostolic Nuncio.
Xavier reached Japan on July 27, 1549, but it was not until August 15 that he went ashore at Kagoshima, the principal port of the province of Satsuma on the island of Kyūshū. He was received in a friendly manner and was hosted by Anjiro's family until October 1550. From October to December 1550, he resided in Yamaguchi. Shortly before Christmas, he left for Kyoto but failed to meet with the Emperor. He returned to Yamaguchi in March 1551 where he was permitted to preach by the daimyo of the province. However, lacking fluency in the Japanese language, he had to limit himself to reading aloud the translation of a catechism.
Xavier was welcome by the Shingon monks since he used the word ''Dainichi'' for the Christian God. As Xavier learnt more about the religious nuances of the word, he changed to ''Deusu'' from the Latin and Portuguese ''Deus''. The monks also realized that Xavier was preaching a rival religion.
With the passage of time, his sojourn in Japan can be considered fruitful as attested by congregations established in Hirado, Yamaguchi and Bungo. Xavier worked for more than two years in Japan and saw his successor-Jesuits established. He then decided to return to India. During his trip, a tempest forced him to stop on an island near Guangzhou, China where he saw the rich merchant Diégo Pereira, an old friend from Cochin, who showed him a letter from Portuguese being held prisoners in Guangzhou asking for a Portuguese ambassador to talk to the Chinese Emperor in their favor. Later during the voyage, he stopped at Malacca on December 27, 1551 and was back in Goa by January, 1552.
On April 17 he set sail with Diego Pereira, leaving Goa on board the ''Santa Cruz'' for China. He introduced himself as Apostolic Nuncio and Pereira as ambassador of the King of Portugal. Shortly thereafter, he realized that he had forgotten his testimonial letters as an Apostolic Nuncio. Back in Malacca, he was confronted by the ''capitán'' Alvaro de Ataide de Gama who now had total control over the harbor. The ''capitán'' refused to recognize his title of Nuncio, asked Pereira to resign from his title of ambassador, named a new crew for the ship and demanded the gifts for the Chinese Emperor be left in Malacca.
In early September 1552, the ''Santa Cruz'' reached the Chinese island of Shangchuan, 14 km away from the southern coast of mainland China, near Taishan, Guangdong, 200 km south-west of what later became Hong Kong. At this time, he was only accompanied by a Jesuit student, Álvaro Ferreira, a Chinese man called Antonio and a Malabar servant called Christopher. Around mid-November, he sent a letter saying that a man had agreed to take him to the mainland in exchange for a large sum of money. Having sent back Álvaro Ferreira, he remained alone with Antonio.

Death

On 21 November, on Shangchuan Island, he fainted after celebrating Mass. He died on 3 December, 1552, at age 46, without having reached mainland China.
He was first buried on a beach of Shangchuan Island. His incorrupt body was taken from the island in February 1553 and was temporarily buried in St. Paul's church in Malacca on 22 March, 1553. An open grave in the church now marks the place of Xavier's burial. Pereira came back from Goa, removed the corpse shortly after April 15, 1553, and moved it to his house.
On 11 December, 1553, Xavier's body was shipped to Goa. The body is now in the in the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Goa, where it was placed in a glass container encased in a silver casket on December 2, 1637.

The right forearm, which Xavier used to bless and baptize his converts, was detached by Pr. Gen. Claudio Acquaviva in 1614. It has been displayed since in a silver reliquary at the main Jesuit church in Rome, Il Gesù^[2].

Legacy

St. Francis Xavier is noteworthy for his missionary work, both as organizer and as pioneer. By his compromises in India with the Christians of St. Thomas, he developed the Jesuit missionary methods along lines that subsequently became a successful blueprint for his order to follow. His efforts left a significant impression upon the missionary history of India and, as one of the first Jesuit missionaries to the East Indies, his work is of fundamental significance to the propagation of Christianity in China and Japan.
Pope Benedict XVI said of both Ignatius of Loyola and Francis Xavier: "not only their history which was interwoven for many years from Paris and Rome, but a unique desire — a unique passion, it could be said — moved and sustained them through different human events: the passion to give to God-Trinity a glory always greater and to work for the proclamation of the Gospel of Christ to the peoples who had been ignored."^[3]
As the foremost saint from Navarre and one of the main Jesuit saints, it is very venerated in Spain and the Hispanic countries where ''Francisco Javier'' or ''Javier'' are common male given names^[4].
As a spin-off, 'Xavier' itself became a male name popular in Portugal, Brazil, France, Belgium, and southern Italy. In Austria and Bavaria the name is spelled as 'Xaver' (pronounced ''Ksaber'' and often used in addition to Francis as 'Franz-Xaver'.
Xavier is one of the few in English.
Many churches all over the world have been named in honor of Xavier, often founded by Jesuits. One notable church is the Basilica of St. Francis Xavier in Dyersville, Iowa.
The Javierada is an annual pilgrimage from Pamplona to Xavier instituted in the 1940s.

Beatification

Francis Xavier is a Catholic saint. He was beatified by Paul V on October 25, 1619, and was canonized by Gregory XV on March 12, 1622, at the same time as Ignatius Loyola. He is the patron saint of Navarre, Spain; Nasugbu, Batangas, Philippines; Australia; Borneo; China; the East Indies; Goa, India; Japan; New Zealand, and of missionaries. His feast day is December 3.

Educational institutions

★ Xavier School, San Juan City, Philippines -- a private, Catholic college preparatory school for boys run by the Society of Jesus' Philippine Province. Its programs are both Chinese and Filipino in character.

★ Saint Xavier University, Chicago. Saint Xavier University recently celebrated 160 years of Mercy education in Chicago. Saint Xavier University is the oldest university in Chicago.

★ St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, India. St. Xavier's College is one of India's oldest and Mumbai's most famous college.

★ Xavier University (Cincinnati), founded in 1831, is one of 28 member institutions of the Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities in the United States and is the fourth oldest (sixth oldest Catholic college).

★ Xavier University of Louisiana is Catholic and historically Black. St. Katharine Drexel of Philadelphia, canonized a Saint in the Roman Catholic Church in October 2000, and her Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament, a religious community dedicated to the education of African Americans and Native Americans, established Xavier as a high school in 1915. A normal school was added in 1917, the four-year college program in 1925, the College of Pharmacy in 1927 and the Graduate School in 1933. In 1970, the Sisters transferred control to a joint lay/religious Board of Trustees. Xavier ranks first nationally in the number of African American students earning undergraduate degrees in both the biological/life sciences and the physical sciences. It also ranks 1st in the nation in placing African American students into medical schools.

★ In 1839, Theodore James Ryken founded the Xaverian Brothers, or Congregation of St. Francis Xavier (CFX). Over 20 colleges or high schools in the United States are Xaverian Brothers Sponsored Schools (XBSS).

★ St. Francis Xavier University, named after him, is a small university located in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada and was established in 1853. Students at this university celebrate the life of St. Francis Xavier every year on December 3. It is also the date that senior students receive their university ring (X-Ring), which is marked with an "X" and is recognized around the world.

★ Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, small university located in Bogota, Colombia, founded in 1623 under the name Universidad y Academia de San Francisco Javier, interrupted in 1767, and taken back in 1930 under the current name.

★ Xavier School in the Philippines is named after him as well. The school was established as a missionary school, by Jesuits expelled from China, continuing the work of St. Francis Xavier.

★ St. Francis Xaviers Primary school Box Hill, Victoria, Australia

★ St. Francis Xavier Secondary School is a Catholic high school in the Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board in Mississauga, Canada. It is the biggest Catholic school in Ontario

★ The Pontifical Xavierian University in Bogotá, Colombia.

★ Xavier College Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

★ St._Xavier%27s_College%2C_Mapusa%2C_Goa, a prominent undergraduate and post-graduate institution in the North Goa sub-district of Bardez.

★ St Xavier's High School at Moira, Goa in India.

★ Xavier Catholic College, Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia

References

★ This article incorporates material from the ''Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religion''
1. A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, 2nd Edition, , M.C., Ricklefs, MacMillan, , ISBN 0-333-57689-6
2. Cappella di san Francesco Saverio, at the official website of Il Gesù. Text in Italian.
3. Address of Benedict XVI to the Jesuits, April 22, 2006.
4. ''The most frequent names, simple and exact for the national total and exact for the province of residence'', Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain). Excel spreadsheet format. Javier is the 10th most popular complete name for males, Francisco Javier, the 18th. Javier is the 8th most frequent name for males, either alone or in composition.

St Francis Xaviers College,Liverpool
Xavier Hall; Fairfield College Preparatory School in Fairfield, CT

See also

★ Jesuit China missions

★ Catholicism in China

★ List of people on stamps of Ireland

★ Religion in China

★ Jesuit China missions

★ Christianity in China

★ Goa Inquisition

★ Exploration of Asia

★ Flying Saints

Catholic missionaries in China

★ Michel Benoist

★ Giuseppe Castiglione

★ Armand David

★ Matteo Ricci

★ Johann Adam Schall von Bell

★ Ferdinand Verbiest

★ St. Francis Xavier

Protestant missionaries in China

:''See separate article List of Protestant missionaries in China''.

External links

★ Francis Xavier arrives in Japan

★ A critical view

★ Catholic Encyclopedia, 1909 on St. Francis Xavier

★ St. Francis Xavier - Pictorial Biography

★ François Xavier(in French)

★ St. Francis of the Millennium

★ The Goa Jesuit Province of the Society of Jesus - The Jesuits in Goa

★ The feast of St Francis Xavier in Goa

★ St Francis Xavier and Malacca

★ Picture of Shangchuan island. The chapel marks the location of his death

★ Another picture of the church on Shangchuan island

★ Old map of Shangchuan island

★ St. Francisco Xavier

★ The Miracles of St Francis Xavier by John Hardon, SJ

★ St Francis Xavier: History of His Incorrupt Body

★ Brief History of St Francis Xavier

★ Patron Saints @ Catholic Fourm

★ Web sites about San Francis Xavier

★ St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church in Parkersburg, WV