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EspañolFORKLIFT TRUCK
(Redirected from Forklift)
A 'forklift truck', a 'lift truck', a 'High/Low' or a 'forklift' and 'sideloader' is a powered industrial truck used to lift and transport materials, normally by means of steel forks inserted under the load. Forklifts are most commonly used to move loads stored on pallets. The forklift was developed in the 1920s by various companies including the transmission manufacturing company Clark (today known as Clark Material Handling Company) and the hoist company Yale & Towne Manufacturing (today known as Yale Materials Handling Corporation)[1]. It has since become an indispensable piece of equipment in manufacturing and warehousing operations.
There are many national and/or continental associations related to the industrial trucks. The three major ones are the Industrial Truck Association (North America), the Fédération Européenne de la Manutention (Europe), and the Japan Industrial Vehicles Association (Japan). There are many significant contacts among them and they have established joint statistical and engineering programs. One program is the WITS (World Industrial Trucks Statistics) published every month to the association memberships. The statistics are separated by area (continent), country, and class of machine. While the statistics are generic, and do not count production from most of the smaller manufacturers, the information is significant for its depth. These contacts have brought to a common definition of the Class System, which all the major manufacturers adhere to. Following is the list of the more common truck types, from the smallest to the biggest:
★ Hand pallet truck (a "pump truck", or a "chep truck", or a "hand-jack", a simple mechanism whereby hand-pumped hydraulics raise or lower a single pallet simply to provide clearance from the floor for manual (hand) pulling; heavy loads are unwieldy or risk injury to operators.) (Separate article to follow with photographs.)
★ Walkie low lift truck (powered pallet truck, usually electrically powered)
★ Rider low lift truck
★ Towing tractor
★ Walkie stacker
★ Rider stacker
★ Reach truck (small forklift, designed for small aisles, usually electrically powered)
★ Electric counterbalanced truck
★ IC counterbalanced truck
★ Sideloader
★ Telescopic handler
★ Slip Sheet machine
★ Walkie Order Picking truck
★ Rider Order Picking truck (commonly called an "Order Picker"; like a small forklift, except the operator rides up to the load and transfers it article by article)
★ Very narrow aisle truck (usually a reach truck designed for aisles less than five feet wide)
For a common (North American) reference, Home Depot, Lowes and Rona generally employ reach trucks inside the store and "traditional" forklifts when the store is closed. Most employees of such warehouse stores will happily explain the differences between the machines.
A typical forklift may be generally described as follows:
★ The truck proper, which is a motive machine with wheels and/or tracks powered through a drive train.
★ A liquefied petroleum gas–, petrol- or diesel fueled internal combustion engine, or an electric motor(s) either direct current or alternating current powered by either a battery or fuel cells.
★ The ''mast'', which is the vertical assembly that does the work of raising, lowering, and tilting the load; the mast is either hydraulically operated consisting of one or more cylinder(s) and interlocking rails for lifting and lowering operations and for lateral stability, or it may be chain operated with a hydraulic motor providing motive power.
★ The ''carriage'', which comprises flat metal plate(s) and is moved along the mast either by means of chains, or by being directly attached to the hydraulic cylinder.
★ One or more forks, which are the L-shaped members that engage the load. The back vertical portion of the fork attaches to the carriage most often by means of a hook or latch (Class I to IV forks), while some forks use a shaft mount. The front horizontal portion (which is usually tapered for ease of insertion) is inserted into or under the load, usually on a pallet or skid. Alternatively, a variety of other equipment is available, including ''slipsheet clamps'', ''carton clamps'', ''carpet rams'', ''pole handlers'', ''container handlers'', ''roll clamps'' and others.
★ A ''load back rest'' is fitted when the load is higher than the top of the carriage, and is a rack-like extension either bolted or welded to the carriage to prevent the load from shifting backward.
★ Rider operated machines have a driver's ''overhead guard'', which is a metal roof, supported by posts, that helps protect the operator from any falling objects.
★ The cab, which may contain a seat for the operator, along with the control pedals, steering wheel, levers, and switches for controlling the machine and a dashboard containing operator readouts. The cab may be open, or closed, but is bounded by the cage-like overhead guard assembly.
★ Counterbalance machines have a ''counterweight'', which is a heavy iron mass attached to the rear of the machine, necessary to compensate for the load. In an electric forklift, the large lead-acid battery itself may serve as part of the counterweight.
Forklift trucks are available in many variations and load capacities. In a typical warehouse setting most forklifts used have load capacities of around one to five tons, though machines of over 50 tonnes capacity have been built and operated.
In addition to a control to raise and lower the forks (also known as blades or tines), the operator can tilt the mast to compensate for a load's tendency to angle the blades toward the ground and risk slipping off the forks. Tilt also provides a limited ability to operate on non-level ground. Some machines also allow the operator to move the tines and backrest laterally (side-shift), allowing easier placement of a load. To aid the handling of skids that may have become excessively tilted and other specialty material handling needs, some forklifts are fitted with a mechanism that allows the tines to be rotated. In addition, a few machines offer a hydraulic control to move the tines together or apart, removing the need for the operator to get out of the cab to manually adjust for a differently sized load.
Roll and barrel clamp attachments for handling barrels, kegs, or paper rolls also have a control to operate the clamp pads that grab the load, such attachments also usually have a rotate function so that a vertically stored paper roll can be inserted into the horizontal intake of a printing press.
In some locations (such as carpet warehouses) a long metal pole is used instead of forks to lift large rolls. Similar devices, though much larger are used to pick up 40 tonne metal coils.
Another variation, used in some manufacturing facilities, utilizes forklift trucks with a clamp attachment that the operator can open and close around a load, instead of forks. Products such as cartons, boxes, etc., can be moved with these trucks. The product to be moved is squeezed, lifted, and carried to its destination. These are generally referred to as "clamp trucks".
Skilled forklift operators annually compete in obstacle and timed challenges at regional forklift rodeos.
Forklift safety is subject to a variety of standards world wide. The most important standard is the ANSI B56—of which stewardship has now been passed from the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to the Industrial Truck Standards Development Foundation after multi-year negotiations. ITSDF is a non-profit organization whose only purpose is the promulgation and modernization of the B56 standard.
Other standards have been promulgatd by the U.S Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the United Kindom's Health and Safety Executive. Lift truck operators must be trained and certified.
Forklifts are rated for loads at a specified maximum weight and a specified forward centre of gravity. This information is located on a nameplate provided by the manufacturer, and loads must not exceed these specifications. In many jurisdictions it is illegal to remove or tamper with the nameplate, without the permission of the forklift manufacturer.
An important aspect of forklift operation is that many have rear-wheel steering. While this increases maneuverability in tight cornering situations, it differs from a driver’s traditional experience with other wheeled vehicles as there is no caster action; it is unnecessary to apply steering force to maintain a constant rate of turn.
Another critical characteristic of the forklift is its instability; the forklift and load must be considered a unit, with a continually varying centre of gravity with every movement of the load. A forklift must never negotiate a turn at speed with a raised load, where centrifugal and gravitational forces may combine to cause a disastrous tip-over accident. The forklift will be designed with a load limit for the forks, which is decreased with fork elevation and undercutting of the load (i.e. load does not butt against the fork "L"). A loading plate for loading reference is usually located on the forklift. A forklift must not be used as a personnel elevator without the fitting of specific safety equipment, such as a "cherry picker" or "cage".
Five companies now dominate the counterbalanced forklift market in terms of worldwide sales. They are:
# Toyota Industries Corporation (3.47 M€ in '03/04)[2]
# KION Group (2.94 M€ in '03)
# Jungheinrich (1.35 M€ in '03)
# NACCO Industries, Inc. (NMHG) (1.27 M€ in '03) with Yale and Hyster Brands
# Crown Equipment
Over 300 brands of forklift have existed. Many have disappeared through acquisitions, others have gone bankrupt, and some shut down. A list of manufacturers currently producing industrial trucks in the USA and UK can be found on the ITA website.
★ Jughead Jones uses a forklift to destroy a robot supersoldier in the first ''Time Police'' story.
★ Marco/Tarma/Troevor/Nadia use a forklift as a weapon in Metal Slug 4.
★ Ken is attacked with a forklift in ''Fugitive Alien'', the feature shown in episode 310 of ''Mystery Science Theater 3000''. Inspired by this, the show's main characters sing a song containing the lyric "He tried to kill me with a forklift" in episodes 310 and 318, ''.
★ In the ''Family Guy'' episode "A Fish out of Water", Peter decides to go for a walk, but since he's become morbidly obese since he lost his job, his "walk" consisted of Brian carrying him on a forklift.
★ On the Disney Pixar animated film ''Cars'', one of the inhabitants of Radiator Springs is an Italian forklift named Guido, who only knows two words in English, "Pit" and "Stop". He says "Uh oh" and "Boss" in the Cars video game.
★ Comedian Jimeoin's 1997 CD is entitled "Forklift Truck".
1. Yale (Company) History. Accessed 2 April 2007.
2. Daily Telegraph article on new "Tonero" Issue 47,326(2nd August, 2007)
★ EnerSys
★ Pallet
★ Slip Sheet
★ Pallet jack
★ Industrial Truck Standards Development Foundation – steward of the B56 Standard
★ OSHA Standards: Powered Industrial Trucks
★ Industrial Truck Association (North America)
★ Fédération Européenne de la Manutention (Europe)
★ Japan Industrial Vehicles Association (Japan)
★ British Industrial Truck Association (Britain)
★ Preventing Injuries and Deaths of Workers Who Operate or Work Near Forklifts, an alert from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
★ Safety and Health Topic: Powered Industrial Trucks, from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
★ Making your Forklift Work for You: A Ten Minute Checklist for Managers & Supervisors, from WorkCover New South Wales (Australia)
★ Forklift Safety Manual, from ''www.safetyculture.com''
★ Forkliftaction.com (International forklift news)
★ UK article about forklift truck history Retrieved 15 January, 2006
★ US article about forklift truck history Retrieved 15 January, 2006
★ U.S. Department of Labor 29 CFR § 1910.178 Powered industrial trucks
★ Worldwide 2003-2004 Sales Rankings
★ Pallet and Fork Truck History Intertwined: The History of the Fork Truck
★ "Forklift Free Plants...Considerations for Success" by John Neumann, Larry Tyler, Mike Urban
★ History of the Yale Forklift
★ 100 Years of Fork Trucks in 200 Pages - Illustrated
US airman operates forklift at a truck
A worker operating a forklift, moving pallets
A 'forklift truck', a 'lift truck', a 'High/Low' or a 'forklift' and 'sideloader' is a powered industrial truck used to lift and transport materials, normally by means of steel forks inserted under the load. Forklifts are most commonly used to move loads stored on pallets. The forklift was developed in the 1920s by various companies including the transmission manufacturing company Clark (today known as Clark Material Handling Company) and the hoist company Yale & Towne Manufacturing (today known as Yale Materials Handling Corporation)[1]. It has since become an indispensable piece of equipment in manufacturing and warehousing operations.
Design types
There are many national and/or continental associations related to the industrial trucks. The three major ones are the Industrial Truck Association (North America), the Fédération Européenne de la Manutention (Europe), and the Japan Industrial Vehicles Association (Japan). There are many significant contacts among them and they have established joint statistical and engineering programs. One program is the WITS (World Industrial Trucks Statistics) published every month to the association memberships. The statistics are separated by area (continent), country, and class of machine. While the statistics are generic, and do not count production from most of the smaller manufacturers, the information is significant for its depth. These contacts have brought to a common definition of the Class System, which all the major manufacturers adhere to. Following is the list of the more common truck types, from the smallest to the biggest:
★ Hand pallet truck (a "pump truck", or a "chep truck", or a "hand-jack", a simple mechanism whereby hand-pumped hydraulics raise or lower a single pallet simply to provide clearance from the floor for manual (hand) pulling; heavy loads are unwieldy or risk injury to operators.) (Separate article to follow with photographs.)
★ Walkie low lift truck (powered pallet truck, usually electrically powered)
★ Rider low lift truck
★ Towing tractor
★ Walkie stacker
★ Rider stacker
★ Reach truck (small forklift, designed for small aisles, usually electrically powered)
★ Electric counterbalanced truck
★ IC counterbalanced truck
★ Sideloader
★ Telescopic handler
★ Slip Sheet machine
★ Walkie Order Picking truck
★ Rider Order Picking truck (commonly called an "Order Picker"; like a small forklift, except the operator rides up to the load and transfers it article by article)
★ Very narrow aisle truck (usually a reach truck designed for aisles less than five feet wide)
For a common (North American) reference, Home Depot, Lowes and Rona generally employ reach trucks inside the store and "traditional" forklifts when the store is closed. Most employees of such warehouse stores will happily explain the differences between the machines.
Characteristics
A typical forklift may be generally described as follows:
★ The truck proper, which is a motive machine with wheels and/or tracks powered through a drive train.
★ A liquefied petroleum gas–, petrol- or diesel fueled internal combustion engine, or an electric motor(s) either direct current or alternating current powered by either a battery or fuel cells.
★ The ''mast'', which is the vertical assembly that does the work of raising, lowering, and tilting the load; the mast is either hydraulically operated consisting of one or more cylinder(s) and interlocking rails for lifting and lowering operations and for lateral stability, or it may be chain operated with a hydraulic motor providing motive power.
★ The ''carriage'', which comprises flat metal plate(s) and is moved along the mast either by means of chains, or by being directly attached to the hydraulic cylinder.
★ One or more forks, which are the L-shaped members that engage the load. The back vertical portion of the fork attaches to the carriage most often by means of a hook or latch (Class I to IV forks), while some forks use a shaft mount. The front horizontal portion (which is usually tapered for ease of insertion) is inserted into or under the load, usually on a pallet or skid. Alternatively, a variety of other equipment is available, including ''slipsheet clamps'', ''carton clamps'', ''carpet rams'', ''pole handlers'', ''container handlers'', ''roll clamps'' and others.
★ A ''load back rest'' is fitted when the load is higher than the top of the carriage, and is a rack-like extension either bolted or welded to the carriage to prevent the load from shifting backward.
★ Rider operated machines have a driver's ''overhead guard'', which is a metal roof, supported by posts, that helps protect the operator from any falling objects.
★ The cab, which may contain a seat for the operator, along with the control pedals, steering wheel, levers, and switches for controlling the machine and a dashboard containing operator readouts. The cab may be open, or closed, but is bounded by the cage-like overhead guard assembly.
★ Counterbalance machines have a ''counterweight'', which is a heavy iron mass attached to the rear of the machine, necessary to compensate for the load. In an electric forklift, the large lead-acid battery itself may serve as part of the counterweight.
Control and capability
Forklift trucks are available in many variations and load capacities. In a typical warehouse setting most forklifts used have load capacities of around one to five tons, though machines of over 50 tonnes capacity have been built and operated.
In addition to a control to raise and lower the forks (also known as blades or tines), the operator can tilt the mast to compensate for a load's tendency to angle the blades toward the ground and risk slipping off the forks. Tilt also provides a limited ability to operate on non-level ground. Some machines also allow the operator to move the tines and backrest laterally (side-shift), allowing easier placement of a load. To aid the handling of skids that may have become excessively tilted and other specialty material handling needs, some forklifts are fitted with a mechanism that allows the tines to be rotated. In addition, a few machines offer a hydraulic control to move the tines together or apart, removing the need for the operator to get out of the cab to manually adjust for a differently sized load.
Roll and barrel clamp attachments for handling barrels, kegs, or paper rolls also have a control to operate the clamp pads that grab the load, such attachments also usually have a rotate function so that a vertically stored paper roll can be inserted into the horizontal intake of a printing press.
In some locations (such as carpet warehouses) a long metal pole is used instead of forks to lift large rolls. Similar devices, though much larger are used to pick up 40 tonne metal coils.
Another variation, used in some manufacturing facilities, utilizes forklift trucks with a clamp attachment that the operator can open and close around a load, instead of forks. Products such as cartons, boxes, etc., can be moved with these trucks. The product to be moved is squeezed, lifted, and carried to its destination. These are generally referred to as "clamp trucks".
Skilled forklift operators annually compete in obstacle and timed challenges at regional forklift rodeos.
Forklift safety
Standards
Forklift safety is subject to a variety of standards world wide. The most important standard is the ANSI B56—of which stewardship has now been passed from the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to the Industrial Truck Standards Development Foundation after multi-year negotiations. ITSDF is a non-profit organization whose only purpose is the promulgation and modernization of the B56 standard.
Other standards have been promulgatd by the U.S Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the United Kindom's Health and Safety Executive. Lift truck operators must be trained and certified.
General
Forklifts are rated for loads at a specified maximum weight and a specified forward centre of gravity. This information is located on a nameplate provided by the manufacturer, and loads must not exceed these specifications. In many jurisdictions it is illegal to remove or tamper with the nameplate, without the permission of the forklift manufacturer.
An important aspect of forklift operation is that many have rear-wheel steering. While this increases maneuverability in tight cornering situations, it differs from a driver’s traditional experience with other wheeled vehicles as there is no caster action; it is unnecessary to apply steering force to maintain a constant rate of turn.
Another critical characteristic of the forklift is its instability; the forklift and load must be considered a unit, with a continually varying centre of gravity with every movement of the load. A forklift must never negotiate a turn at speed with a raised load, where centrifugal and gravitational forces may combine to cause a disastrous tip-over accident. The forklift will be designed with a load limit for the forks, which is decreased with fork elevation and undercutting of the load (i.e. load does not butt against the fork "L"). A loading plate for loading reference is usually located on the forklift. A forklift must not be used as a personnel elevator without the fitting of specific safety equipment, such as a "cherry picker" or "cage".
Today's market
Five companies now dominate the counterbalanced forklift market in terms of worldwide sales. They are:
# Toyota Industries Corporation (3.47 M€ in '03/04)[2]
# KION Group (2.94 M€ in '03)
# Jungheinrich (1.35 M€ in '03)
# NACCO Industries, Inc. (NMHG) (1.27 M€ in '03) with Yale and Hyster Brands
# Crown Equipment
Manufacturers
Old French Manitou forklift in the harbour of Pors-Éven, France
Over 300 brands of forklift have existed. Many have disappeared through acquisitions, others have gone bankrupt, and some shut down. A list of manufacturers currently producing industrial trucks in the USA and UK can be found on the ITA website.
Popular culture
★ Jughead Jones uses a forklift to destroy a robot supersoldier in the first ''Time Police'' story.
★ Marco/Tarma/Troevor/Nadia use a forklift as a weapon in Metal Slug 4.
★ Ken is attacked with a forklift in ''Fugitive Alien'', the feature shown in episode 310 of ''Mystery Science Theater 3000''. Inspired by this, the show's main characters sing a song containing the lyric "He tried to kill me with a forklift" in episodes 310 and 318, ''.
★ In the ''Family Guy'' episode "A Fish out of Water", Peter decides to go for a walk, but since he's become morbidly obese since he lost his job, his "walk" consisted of Brian carrying him on a forklift.
★ On the Disney Pixar animated film ''Cars'', one of the inhabitants of Radiator Springs is an Italian forklift named Guido, who only knows two words in English, "Pit" and "Stop". He says "Uh oh" and "Boss" in the Cars video game.
★ Comedian Jimeoin's 1997 CD is entitled "Forklift Truck".
Notes
1. Yale (Company) History. Accessed 2 April 2007.
2. Daily Telegraph article on new "Tonero" Issue 47,326(2nd August, 2007)
See also
★ EnerSys
★ Pallet
★ Slip Sheet
★ Pallet jack
External links
Standards
★ Industrial Truck Standards Development Foundation – steward of the B56 Standard
★ OSHA Standards: Powered Industrial Trucks
Organizations
★ Industrial Truck Association (North America)
★ Fédération Européenne de la Manutention (Europe)
★ Japan Industrial Vehicles Association (Japan)
★ British Industrial Truck Association (Britain)
Safety Information
★ Preventing Injuries and Deaths of Workers Who Operate or Work Near Forklifts, an alert from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
★ Safety and Health Topic: Powered Industrial Trucks, from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
★ Making your Forklift Work for You: A Ten Minute Checklist for Managers & Supervisors, from WorkCover New South Wales (Australia)
★ Forklift Safety Manual, from ''www.safetyculture.com''
News and History
★ Forkliftaction.com (International forklift news)
★ UK article about forklift truck history Retrieved 15 January, 2006
★ US article about forklift truck history Retrieved 15 January, 2006
★ U.S. Department of Labor 29 CFR § 1910.178 Powered industrial trucks
★ Worldwide 2003-2004 Sales Rankings
★ Pallet and Fork Truck History Intertwined: The History of the Fork Truck
★ "Forklift Free Plants...Considerations for Success" by John Neumann, Larry Tyler, Mike Urban
★ History of the Yale Forklift
★ 100 Years of Fork Trucks in 200 Pages - Illustrated
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