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The 'Flag of Ulster', one of the four provinces of Ireland,
The arms of the historic province of Ulster is a composite achievement, combining the heraldic symbols of two of that province’s best known families, namely the cross of de Burgo and the dexter hand of O Neill(''Ua Néill'', later 'Ó Néill') Kings of Ailech and Tír Eoghan.
The celebrated ‘Red Hand’ badge of O’Neill was probably grounded on a theme in Gaelic mythology. It may have originally symbolized the pre-christian Celtic sun-god Nuadu – ‘he who dwells in the clouds’. The latter’s well-known designation, Argatlámh signified ‘shining Hand’ and his alias Bolg had a son, mythologically speaking named Lámhdearg-Labraid Red Hand. Nuadu and Bolg were appellations of the Érainn or Ivernic, sun-god, the equivalent term in the Gaelic language being Nél.
The open right hand, the Dexter Dei, has, of course, also been employed as a Christian symbol. In early Christian iconography God the father was frequently represented by the open right hand occasionally within a circle or nimbus. An example of this motif can be seen on one of the arms of the 10th century High Cross of Muiredach at Monasterboice, County Louth. It signifies the support of God the Father for the Kingdom of Christ on earth. An early heraldic use in Ireland of the open right hand can be seen in the seal of Odonis (Hugh) O Neill, king of the Irish of Ulster, 1344-1364.
When Walter de Burgh, Lord of Connacht, became Earl of Ulster in 1243 the de Burgo cross became inseparably linked with the province of Ulster. The seal of his son Richard, for example, appended to a deed dated 1282, shows the heraldic cross in triplicate together with what may well be a portrait head of the Earl himself.

Contents

The Uí Néill

Origin legend

Present forms and uses

Notes

The Uí Néill

The term Uí Néill denotes ''"grandsons/descendants of Niall"'', the ancestor noted being Niall of the Nine Hostages ('Niall Noigíallach'), a Connacht king active in the first half of the 5th century. His sons, grandsons and great-grandsons attacked the kingdoms of In Tuisceairt, Airgíalla, Ulaid, Cenél Maine, Tethba, Mide and Leinster in the generations after his death, either ruling directly or via vassal kings. The dynasty subsequently divided into two main divisions: the ''Clann Cholmáin'' Kings of Mide, who later adopted the surname 'Ua Maél Séchlainn' and ruled central Ireland; and the ''Uí Néill In Tuisceart'' (the Uí Néill of The North), whose senior line took the surname 'Ó Néill' and ruled as Kings of Tir Eoghan till 1607.
Coats of arms used by individuals bearing surnames of families of Uí Néill descent - Ó Cathain (now Keane), Ó Maelsechlainn (now McLoughlin), Mac Loughlin (now McLaughlin), Ó Catharnaigh of Donegal (now Kearney) and Ó Neill/O'Neill, to name just a few - all feature the red hand in some manner, recalling their common descent.

Origin legend

The story of the Red Hand of Ulster reputedly dates to the arrival of Heremon, Heber and Ir - sons of King Milesius of Spain (Galicia), who were dispatched to conquer Ireland in 504 BC. One of them supposedly cut off his hand and tossed it ashore, that he might be the one to have first claim to the land. There is another story about the hand belonging to one of two giants engaged in battle, whose hand was cut off in the process and left a red imprint on the rocks. A third story^[1] recounts how Uí Néill and a man named Dermott both wished to be king of Ulster. The High King suggested a horse race across the land. As the two came in sight of the ending point, it seemed that Dermott would win, so Uí Néill cut his hand off and threw it. It reached the goal ahead of Dermott's horse, winning for Uí Néill the crown of Ulster. Ultimately, the story derives from Celtic mythology, viz. the Silver Hand of Lir.
However its actual original form was probably based on the division of the ''"derbfhine"'', which came to place more importance on dynastic rather than ''"tuatha"'' affiliation as early as the 4th century, and was thus reflective of wider changes then current in Irish society (see Tanistry).

Present forms and uses

It is usually displayed alongside the flags of Leinster, Munster, Connacht, or as part of the combined flag of the Provinces of Ireland.
The "Ulster Banner", the flag of the former Government of Northern Ireland, is based on this flag.

Notes

1. http://www.arthurmckeown.com/redhand.htm

The National Library of Ireland[1]