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In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, the 'First Age', or 'First Age of the Children of Ilúvatar' in full, is the first documented time period and the setting of ''The Silmarillion''.
The beginning of the Age was the Awakening of the Elves^[1], and it ended with the final overthrow of Morgoth by the combined armies of Valinor and Beleriand.^[2] It covered a long period of Valian Years^[3], followed by approximately 590 Years of the Sun. Depending on which of the conversion factors that Tolkien used at different times is applied, that could equal a period from 4,902 to 65,390 solar years. The greater number is supported by the Appendices to ''The Lord of the Rings'' and later writings, the lesser by earlier writings. The First Age was also known as the 'Elder Days', although this term was (starting with the Fourth Age) also applied to all first three Ages combined.
A common misconception is that the First Age only started with the Years of the Sun, and it is sometimes referred to as the 'First Age of the Sun', beginning with the first rising of the Sun and continuing until Morgoth's defeat.^[4] This interpretation is not supported by any of Tolkien's writings, and contradicts references to the First Age being the longest by far.^[5]
Tolkien describes primarily the events that occurred in Beleriand, or in his words, "the last six centuries of the First Age." These were centred around a series of wars waged by the Sindar, the Noldor and the Three Houses of the Edain, against the armies of Angband and the evil Men. The wars had actually begun during the Years of the Trees, but continued with renewed fury after the arrival of the Noldor in Beleriand. There had been Elves in Beleriand for uncounted millennia and they warred with Morgoth after his return, but the Noldor, particularly the Sons of Fëanor, had come with the express purpose of defeating Morgoth.
The chief battles of the First Age are:

★ The First Battle of Beleriand, otherwise unnamed, was fought before the return of the Noldor between the Sindar and the forces of Morgoth. Denethor, king of the Laiquendi, was slain during the battle, causing the Laiquendi to forsake war with Morgoth, and the Girdle of Melian was established to protect Doriath thereafter. The cities of the Falas would remain under siege until the Dagor-nuin-Giliath.

★ The Dagor-nuin-Giliath (''Battle under the Stars'', so named because it was fought before the rising of the Sun) was fought soon after the arrival of the Noldor. Morgoth sent a raiding party from Angband to attack the Noldor encampment in Hithlum, but the Elves drove it back. Fëanor was killed.

★ The Dagor Aglareb (''Glorious Battle'') was fought about sixty years after the return of the Noldor. Morgoth again attacked the Noldor, and again with no success. The Noldor became so bold as to besiege Angband. However, the Siege was of limited effectiveness, because the northern side of Angband was on the north side of the Ered Engrin, and was unapproachable.

★ The Dagor Bragollach (''Battle of Sudden Flame'') began when Morgoth poured rivers of fire out of Angband, ruining the besieging Noldorin armies. The Noldor eventually mustered a defence, but their losses were severe. For instance, the green plain of Ard-galen had been permanently laid waste by the rivers of fire, and was now called ''Anfauglith'', the Choking Dust; and the highlands of Dorthonion, which had been inhabited by Edain, were made inhospitable.

★ The Nirnaeth Arnoediad (''Unnumbered Tears'') was the first battle to be initiated by the Noldor. They massed an army composed of Elves, Edain, and the houses of Bór and Ulfang allied to the Sons of Fëanor. The Elves and their allies advanced very close to Angband, but Morgoth's trickery had upset their battle plan, and Ulfang proved treacherous. The name "Unnumbered Tears" comes from the fact that the Elves' last hope of victory was destroyed. The land of Hithlum was lost, the Sons of Fëanor were largely scattered, and the peoples of Beleriand had been decimated. Morgoth's Orcs made a heap of the Elven and Mannish dead in the centre of Anfauglith.

★ The War of Wrath took place after Eärendil sailed to Valinor and persuaded the Valar to help those whom they had forsaken. The Valar gathered an army of Maiar, Vanyar, and those Noldor who had stayed in Valinor. The Teleri refused their aid, due to an old offence dealt them by the Noldor of Beleriand, but consented to ferry the armies of the Valar in their famous ships. This battle marked the first appearance of the winged dragons, most notably Ancalagon the Black, but the Valar had the day. Morgoth was captured, and cast out of Arda, but his lands, as well as most of Beleriand, had been destroyed and sunk under the sea in the heat of battle.
''See also: Timeline of the First Age''.

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References

References

1. page 51
2. Appendix B: ''The Tale of Years''
3. , pages 342-343
4. As for example in The Encyclopedia of Arda
5.