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The 'Restauration' is the period of Swiss history lasting from 1814 to 1847. The term refers to the restoration of the ''Ancien Régime'' (federalism), reverting the changes imposed by Napoleon Bonaparte with the centralist Helvetic Republic from 1798 and the partial reversion to the old system with the Act of Mediation of 1803.
When Napoleon's fall appeared imminent, the Act of Mediation was suspended in late December of 1813, and lengthy discussions about future constitutions were initiated in all cantons of Switzerland. Cantonal constitutions were worked out independently from 1814, in general restoring the late feudal conditions of the 17th and 18th century. The Tagsatzung was re-organized by the 'Federal Treaty' (''Bundesvertrag'') of 7 August 1815.
This meant that the Patriciate and the free cities regained much of their former power, to the disadvantage of the rural population, resulting in rebellions and violent conflicts such as the Züriputsch of 1839. Some Republican achievements were preserved, however, such as the abolition of the subject territories, preserving the Aargau and Thurgau as independent cantons, and the guarantee of equal political rights of all (male) citizens of a canton.
In this political conflict, the right-wing Conservative Party representing the Patriciate was pitted against the "free thinking" left-wing "Radical Party", the predecessor of the contemporary Free Democratic Party of Switzerland. The Radicals rose to power during the 1830s, and managed to impose restrictions against the Catholic Church in the Aargau in 1841. Lucerne in retaliation re-admitted the Jesuits as teachers at cantonal schools. Provoked by this (the "Jesuite question") armed Radicals invaded the canton, the '' of 1844 and 1845, led by Wilhelm Snell, the later Federal Councillors Ulrich Ochsenbein and Jakob Stämpfli. Also participating was Gottfried Keller, but he never participated in combat. The invasion of 1845 ended in a disaster for the ''Freischärler'', 35 of their number being killed. The Radical side again reverted to political means, and the Jesuits were again expelled by decree of the federal Tagsatzung on 3 September, 1847 (a decree only repealed in 1973).
The Catholic Sonderbund of 1845 was a reaction to the ''Freischarenzüge''. Due to its violation of inter-cantonal treaties, the confederate army was raised. The confederate forces invaded Sonderbund territory in November 1847, initiating the ''Sonderbundskrieg'', which thanks to the thoughtful campaign by General Guillaume-Henri Dufour resulted in fewer than a hundred casualties on both sides.
After the hostilities ceased, the Catholic side having the disadvantage, Modern Switzerland was formed by the first Federal Constitution.

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See also

★ Switzerland in the Napoleonic era

★ Revolutions of 1848

★ Switzerland as a federal state

External links