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The 'FSB' (''Federal Security Service'') (Russian: 'ФСБ', Федера́льная слу́жба безопа́сности; ''Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti'') is a domestic state security agency of the Russian Federation and the main successor of the Soviet Cheka, NKVD, and KGB. Its headquarters are in Lubyanka Square, Moscow.

Contents

Overview

Official FSB activities

Counterintelligence

Federal Border Guard Service

Anti-terrorist operations

Fight with corruption and organized crime

Heads of the FSB and its predecessors

Structure

Recent Developments

Criticism of FSB actions

Alleged coup organized by FSB

FSB as ruling political elite

Suppression of internal dissent

Criticism of anti-terrorist operations

Involvement in terrorism acts

Alleged involvement in organized crime

International affairs

History

Initial reorganization of KGB

1997

2000-2004

Trivia

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Overview

The FSB is engaged mostly in domestic affairs, while espionage duties were taken over by the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (former First Chief Directorate of the KGB). However, the FSB also includes the FAPSI agency, which conducts electronic surveillance abroad. In addition, the FSB operates freely at the territories of the former Soviet republics, and it can conduct anti-terrorist military operations anywhere in the World if ordered by the President, according to the recently adopted terrorism law. All law enforcement and intelligence agencies in Russia work under guidance of FSB if needed. For example, GRU, spetsnaz and Internal Troops detachments of Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs work together with FSB in Chechnya.
The FSB is responsible for internal security of the Russian state, counterespionage, and the fight against organized crime, terrorism, and drug smuggling. However, critics claim that it is engaged in suppression of internal dissent, bringing the entire population of Russia under total control, and influencing important political events, just as the KGB did in the past. To achieve these goals, it is said the FSB implements mass surveillance and a variety of active measures, including disinformation, propaganda through the state-controlled mass media, provocations, and persecution of opposition politicians, investigative journalists, and dissidents.
The FSB is a very large organization that combines functions and powers similar to those exercised by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Federal Protective Service, the Secret Service, the National Security Agency (NSA), U.S. Customs and Border Protection, United States Coast Guard, and Drug Enforcement Administration. FSB also commands a contingent of Internal Troops, spetsnaz, and an extensive network of civilian informants. The number of FSB personnel and its budget remain state secrets, although the budget was reported to jump nearly 40% in 2006. The number of Chekists in Russia in 1992 was estimated as approximately 500,000.
Some observers note that FSB is more powerful than KGB was, because it does not operate under the control of the Communist Party as KGB did in the past.^[1] Moreover, the FSB leadership and their partners own most important economic assets in the country and control Russian government and State Duma. According to Ion Mihai Pacepa, "In the Soviet Union, the KGB was a state within a state. Now former KGB officers are running the state. They have custody of the country’s 6,000 nuclear weapons, entrusted to the KGB in the 1950s, and they now also manage the strategic oil industry renationalized by Putin. The KGB successor, rechristened FSB, still has the right to electronically monitor the population, control political groups, search homes and businesses, infiltrate the federal government, create its own front enterprises, investigate cases, and run its own prison system. The Soviet Union had one KGB officer for every 428 citizens. Putin’s Russia has one FSB-ist for every 297 citizens."^[2]
Some critics argue that FSB is now the leading political force in Russia, which simply replaced the Communist Party.^[3] Others claim that FSB became an international criminal organization that actually promotes and perpetrates the terrorism and organized crime in order to achieve its political and financial goals, instead of fighting the terrorism and crime. Yuri Felshtinsky, Alexander Litvinenko, and Geoffrey Andrews. ''Blowing up Russia : Terror from within.'' New York 2002. ISBN 1-56171-938-2.

Official FSB activities

Counterintelligence

FSB Director Nikolay Kovalev said in 1996: "There has never been such a number of spies arrested by us since the time when German agents were sent in during the years of World War II." The FSB reported that around 400 foreign intelligence agents were uncovered in 1995 and 1996. ^[4] In 2006 the FSB reported about 27 foreign intelligence officers and 89 foreign agents whose activities were stopped. ^[5]
An increasing number of scientists have been accused of espionage and illegal technology exports by FSB during the last decade: researcher Igor Sutyagin^[6], physicist Valentin Danilov^[7] , physical chemist Oleg Korobeinichev ^[8], academician Oskar Kaibyshev ^[9], and physicist Yury Ryzhov ^[10]. Some other widely covered cases of political prosecution include investigator Mikhail Trepashkin ^[11] and journalist Vladimir Rakhmankov ^[12]. All these people are either under arrest or serve long jail sentences. Human rights groups also identified Mikhail Khodorkovsky as a political prisoner.
Ecologist and journalist Alexander Nikitin, who worked with the Bellona Foundation, was accused of espionage. He published material exposing hazards posed by the Russian Navy's nuclear fleet. He was acquitted in 1999 after spending several years in prison (his case was sent for re-investigation 13 times while he remained in prison). Other cases of prosecution are the cases of investigative journalist and ecologist Grigory Pasko ^[13]
[14], Vladimir Petrenko who described danger posed by military chemical warfare stockpiles, and Nikolay Shchur, chairman of the Snezhinskiy Ecological Fund ^[4]
Other arrested people include Viktor Orekhov, a former KGB officer who assisted Soviet dissidents, Vladimir Kazantsev who disclosed illegal purchases of eavesdropping devices from foreign firms, and Vil Mirzayanov who had written that Russia was working on a nerve gas weapon
It has been reported that the FSB uses drugs to erase the memories of people who had access to secret information ^[16]

Federal Border Guard Service

Federal Border Guard Service (FPS) has been part of the FSB since 2003. Russia has 61,000 kilometers of sea and land borders, 7,500 kilometers of which is with Kazakhstan, and 4,000 kilometers with China. One kilometer of border protection costs around 1 million rubles per year. Vladimir Putin called on the FPS to increase the fight against international terrorism and "destroy terrorists like rats". ^[17]

Anti-terrorist operations

Over the years, FSB and affiliated state security organizations have killed all elected and appointed presidents of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria including Dzhokhar Dudaev, Zelimkhan Yandarbiev, Aslan Maskhadov, and Abdul-Khalim Saidullaev. Just before his death, Saidullaev claimed that the Russian government "treacherously" killed Maskhadov, after inviting him to "talks" and promising his security "at the highest level." ^[18]
A few dozen people have been convicted in courts for alleged terrorist activities or for "promoting national hatred". Islamist guerrilla leader Shamil Basaev was reportedly killed by FSB forces. During the Moscow theater hostage crisis and Beslan school hostage crisis, all hostage takers were executed on the spot by FSB spetsnaz forces. Only one of the suspects, Nur-Pashi Kulayev, survived and was convicted later by the court. It is reported that more than 100 leaders of terrorist groups have been killed during 119 operations on North Caucasus during 2006.
On July 28, 2006 the FSB presented a list of 17 terrorist organizations recognized by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, to Rossiyskaya Gazeta newspaper, which published the list that day. The list had been available previously, but only through individual request. ^[19][20] Commenting on the list, Yuri Sapunov, head of anti-terrorism at the FSB, named three main criteria necessary for organizations to be listed. ^[21]

Fight with corruption and organized crime

The FSB cooperates with Interpol and other national and international law-enforcement agencies. It has provided information on many Russian criminal groups operating in Europe. FSB has also been involved in preparation of requests for extradition of high-profile suspects who escaped abroad, such as Aleksander Litvinenko, Oleg Kalugin, Akhmed Zakayev, Leonid Nevzlin, and Boris Berezovsky. However, these requests have been denied by UK, US, Danish, and Israeli courts.

Heads of the FSB and its predecessors

On June 20, 1996, Boris Yeltsin fired FSB Director Mikhail Barsukov and appointed Nikolay Kovalyov acting Director and later Director of the FSB. Russian president Vladimir Putin was head of the FSB from July 1998 to August 1999.

★ Viktor Barannikov January 1992 - July 1993

★ Nikolai Golushko July 1993 - February 1994

★ Sergei Stepashin February 1994 - June 1995

★ Mikhail Barsukov July 1995 - June 1996

★ Nikolai Kovalev July 1996 - July 1998

★ Vladimir Putin July 1998 - August 1999

★ Nikolai Patrushev since August 1999

Structure

Structure of the Federal Office (incomplete):

★ Counterintelligence Service (Department) - chiefs: Oleg Syromolotov (since Aug 2000), Valery Pechyonkin (September 1997 – August 2000)
::Military Counterintelligence Directorate - chiefs: Alexander Bezverkhny (at least since 2002), Vladimir Petrishchev (since January 1996)

★ Service (Department) for Protection of the Constitutional System and the Fight against Terrorism – chiefs: Alexey Sedov (since March 2006), Alexander Bragin (2004 – March 2006), Alexander Zhdankov (2001 - 2004), German Ugryumov (2000-2001)
:: Directorate for Terrorism and Political Extremism Control – chiefs: Mikhail Belousov, before him Grafov, before the latter Boris Mylnikov (since 2000)

★ Economic Security Service (Department) – chiefs: Alexander Bortnikov (since March 2, 2004), Yury Zaostrovtsev (January 2000 – March 2004), Viktor Ivanov (April 1999 – January 2000), Nikolay Patrushev (1998 – April 1999), Alexander Grigoryev (August 28 – October 1, 1998).

★ Operational Information and International Relations Service (Analysis, Forecasting, and Strategic Planning Department) – chiefs: Viktor Komogorov (since 1999), Sergei Ivanov (1998-1999)

★ Organizational and Personnel Service (Department) – chiefs: Yevgeny Lovyrev (since 2001), Yevgeny Solovyov (before Lovyrev)

★ Department for Activity Provision – chiefs: Mikhail Shekin (since September 2006), Sergey Shishin (before Shekin), Pyotr Pereverzev (as of 2004), Alexander Strelkov (before Pereverzev)

★ Border Guard Service – chiefs: Vladimir Pronichev (since 2003)

★ Control Service – chiefs: Alexander Zhdankov (since 2004)
::Inspection Directorate – chiefs: Vladimir Anisimov (2004-May 2005), Rashid Nurgaliyev (July 12 2000 - 2002),
::Internal Security Directorate – chiefs: Alexander Kupryazhkin (until September 2006), Sergei Shishin (before Kupryazhkin since December 2002), Sergei Smirnov (April 1999 – December 2002), Viktor Ivanov (1998 – Aril 1999), Nikolay Patrushev (1994-1998)

★ Science and Engineering Service (Department) – chiefs: Nikolai Klimashin

★ Investigation Directorate – chiefs: Nikolay Oleshko (since December 2004), Yury Anisimov (as of 2004), Viktor Milchenko (since 2002), Sergey Balashov (until 2002 since at least 2001), Vladimir Galkin (as of 1997 and 1998)
Besides the services (departments) and directorates of the federal office, the territorial directorates of FSB in Federal subjects of Russia are also subordinate to it.
Of these, St. Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast Directorate of FSB and its predecessors (historically covering both Leningrad/Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast) have played especially important roles in the history of this organization, as many of the officers of the Directorate, including Vladimir Putin and Nikolay Patrushev, later assumed important positions within the federal FSB office or other government bodies. After the last Chief of the Soviet time, Anatoly Kurkov, the St. Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast Directorate were led by Sergei Stepashin (November 29, 1991 - 1992), Viktor Cherkesov (1992 –1998), Alexander Grigoryev (October 1, 1998 – January 5, 2001), Sergei Smirnov (January 5, 2001 – June 2003), Alexander Bortnikov (June 2003 – March 2004) and Yury Ignashchenkov (since March 2004).

Recent Developments

In September 2006, the FSB was shaken by a major reshuffle, which, combined with some earlier reassignments (most remarkably, those of FSB Deputy Directors Yury Zaostrovtsev and Vladimir Anisimov in 2004 and 2005, respectively), were widely believed to be linked to the Three Whales Corruption Scandal that had slowly unfolded since 2000. Some analysts considered it to be an attempt to undermine FSB Director Nikolay Patrushev's influence, as it was Patrushev's team from the Karelian KGB Directorate of the late 1980s – early 1990s that had suffered most and he had been on vacations during the event.^[22][23][24]

Criticism of FSB actions

Alleged coup organized by FSB

Main articles: Russian apartment bombings

Starting from 1998, people from state security services came to power as Prime Ministers of Russia: a KGB veteran Yevgeny Primakov; former FSB Director Sergei Stepashin; and finally former FSB Director Vladimir Putin who was appointed in August 8 1999.
In August 7, separatist guerrilla leader Shamil Basaev began an incursion into Dagestan leading to the start of the Dagestan War which was regarded by Anna Politkovskaya as a provocation initiated from Moscow to start war in Chechnya, because Russian forces provided safe passage for Islamic fighters back to Chechnya ^[25]. It was reported that Aleksander Voloshin of the Yeltsin administration paid money to Shamil Basayev to stage this military operation ^{[26] [27] [28]} (Basaev reportedly worked for Russian GRU at this time and earlier ^{[29]
[30] [31]}).
On September 4, a series of four Russian apartment bombings began. Three FSB agents were caught while planting a large bomb in the basement of an apartment complex in the town of Ryazan in September 22. That was last of the bombings. Russian Minister of Internal Affairs Rushailo congratulated police with preventing the terrorist act, but FSB Director Nikolai Patrushev declared that the incident was a training exercise just an hour later, when he had learned that the FSB agents were caught.
The next day, Boris Yeltsin received a demand from 24 Russian governors to transfer all state powers to Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, according to Sergei Yushenkov ^[32] Second Chechen War began on September 24. This war made Prime Minister Vladimir Putin very popular, although he was previously unknown to the public, and helped him to win a landslide victory in the presidential elections on March 26 2000.
This was a successful coup d'état organized by the FSB to bring Vladimir Putin to power, according to former FSB officer Alexander Litvinenko, lawmaker Sergei Yushenkov, and journalist David Satter, a Johns Hopkins University and Hoover Institute scholar ^{[33] [32] [35]}. All attempts to independently investigate the Russian apartment bombings were unsuccessful. Journalist Artyom Borovik died in a suspicious plane crash. Vice-chairman of the Sergei Kovalev commission created to investigate the bombings, Sergei Yushenkov, was assassinated. Another member of this commission Yuri Shchekochikhin died presumably from poisoning by thallium. Investigator Mikhail Trepashkin hired by relatives of victims was arrested and convicted by Russian authorities for allegedly disclosing state secrets.

FSB as ruling political elite

According to former Russian Duma member Konstantin Borovoi, "Putin's appointment is the culmination of the KGB's crusade for power. This is its finale. Now the KGB runs the country." Olga Kryshtanovskaya, director of the Moscow-based Center for the Study of Elites, has found that up to 78% of 1,016 leading political figures in Russia have served previously in organizations affiliated with KGB or FSB . She said: "If in the Soviet period and the first post-Soviet period, the KGB and FSB people were mainly involved in security issues, now half are still involved in security but the other half are involved in business, political parties, NGOs, regional governments, even culture... They started to use all political institutions."
"Like cockroaches spreading from a squalid apartment to the rest of the building, they have eventually gained a firm foothold everywhere," said Sergei Grigoryants, a Soviet dissident.
This situation is very similar to that of the former Soviet Union where all key positions in the government were occupied by members of the Communist Party. The KGB or FSB members usually remain in the "acting reserve" even if they formally leave the organization ("acting reserve" members receive second FSB salary, follow FSB instructions, and remain "above the law" being protected by the organization, according to Kryshtanovskaya ^[36]). As Vladimir Putin said, ''"There is no such thing as a former KGB man"'' ^[37]. GRU defector and writer Victor Suvorov explained that members of Russian security services can leave such organizations only in a coffin, because they know too much. Soon after becoming prime minister of Russia, Putin also claimed that ''"A group of FSB colleagues dispatched to work undercover in the government has successfully completed its first mission."'' ^[38].
The idea of the KGB acting as a leading political force rather than a security organization has been discussed by historian Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov ^[39], journalist John Barron, writer and former GRU officer Victor Suvorov, retired KGB Major General Oleg Kalugin ^[40], and Evgenia Albats. According to Avtorkhanov, ''"It is not true that the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party is a superpower... An absolute power thinks, acts and dictates for all of us. The name of the power — NKVD — MVD — MGB. ...Chekism in ideology, Chekism in practice. Chekism from top to bottom." ''
According to Albats, most KGB leaders, including Lavrenty Beria, Yuri Andropov, and Vladimir Kryuchkov, have always struggled for the power with the Communist Party and manipulated the communist leaders. Moreover, FSB has formal membership, military discipline, an extensive network of civilian informants
^[41], hardcore ideology, and support of population (60% of Russians trust FSB ^[42]), which makes it a perfect totalitarian political party ^[43] However the FSB party does not advertise its leading role because the secrecy is an important advantage.
With regard to death of Aleksander Litvinenko, the highest-ranking Soviet Bloc intelligence defector, Lt. Gen. Ion Mihai Pacepa stated that there is "a band of over 6,000 former officers of the KGB — one of the most criminal organizations in history — who grabbed the most important positions in the federal and local governments, and who are perpetuating Stalin’s, Khrushchev’s, and Brezhnev’s practice of secretly assassinating people who stand in their way." ^[44]

Suppression of internal dissent

Many Russian opposition lawmakers and investigative journalists have been assassinated while investigating corruption and alleged crimes conducted by FSB and state authorities: Sergei Yushenkov, ‎Yuri Shchekochikhin, Galina Starovoitova, Anna Politkovskaya, Alexander Litvinenko, Paul Klebnikov, Nadezhda Chaikova, Nina Yefimova, and many others
^{[45] [46]}, . Former KGB officer Oleg Gordievsky believes that murders of writers Yuri Shchekochikhin (author of ''"Slaves of KGB"'' [1]), Anna Politkovskaya, and Aleksander Litvinenko show that FSB has returned to the practice of political assassinations [2] which were conducted in the past by the Thirteenth KGB Department.^[47] Just before his death, Alexander Litvinenko accused Vladimir Putin of personally ordering the assassination of Anna Politkovskaya.
Political dissidents from the former Soviet republics, such as Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, are often arrested by FSB and extradited to these countries for prosecution, despite protests from international human rights organizations.
^[48] Special services of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan also kidnap people at the Russian territory, with the implicit approval of FSB ^[49]

Criticism of anti-terrorist operations

Use of excessive force by the FSB spetsnaz was criticized with regard to resolving Moscow theater hostage crisis and Beslan hostage crisis. According to Sergey Kovalev, the Russian government kills its citizens without any hesitation. He provided the following examples: murdering of hostages by the poison gas during Moscow theater hostage crisis; burning school children alive by spetsnaz soldiers who used RPO flamethrowers during Beslan school hostage crisis; crimes committed by death squads in Chechnya^[50]; and assassination of Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev ^[51]. Anna Politkovskaya and Irina Hakamada, who conducted unofficial negotiations with terrorists, stated that the hostage takers were not going to use their bombs to kill the people and destroy the building during Moscow theater hostage crisis. [3]
According to Anna Politkovskaya, most of the "Islamic terrorism cases" were fabricated by the government, and the confessions have been obtained through the torture of innocent suspects. "The plight of those sentenced for Islamic terrorism today is the same as that of the political prisoners of the Gulag Archipelago... Russia continues to be infected by Stalinism", she said. ^[52].

Involvement in terrorism acts

Former FSB officer Aleksander Litvinenko and investigator Mikhail Trepashkin alleged that Moscow theater hostage crisis was directed by a Chechen FSB agent ^{[53] [54]} Yulia Latynina and other journalists also accused the FSB of staging many smaller terrorism acts, such as market place bombing in the city of Astrakhan, bus stops bombings in the city of Voronezh, and the blowing up the Moscow-Grozny train ^{[55] [56]}, whereas innocent people were convicted or killed. Journalist Boris Stomakhin claimed that a bombing in Moscow metro in 2004
^[57]
was probably organized by FSB agents rather than by the unknown man who called the Kavkaz Center and claimed his responsibility ^[58]. Stomakin was arrested and imprisoned for writing this and other articles. ^[59]
Many journalists and workers of international NGOs were reported to be kidnapped by FSB-affiliated forces in Chechnya who pretended to be Chechen terrorists: Andrei Babitsky from Radio Free Europe, Arjan Erkel and Kenneth Glack from Doctors Without Borders, and others ^[60]

Alleged involvement in organized crime

Former FSB officer Aleksander Litvinenko accused FSB personnel of involvement in organized crime, such as drug trafficking and contract killings. ^[61] It was noted that FSB, far from being a reliable instrument in the fight against organized crime, is institutionally a part of the problem, due not only to its co-optation and penetration by criminal elements, but to its own absence of a legal bureaucratic culture and use of crime as an instrument of state policy
^[62]

International affairs

FSB collaborates very closely with secret police services from some former Soviet Republics, especially Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan ^{[63] [64]}
The FSB is accused of working to undermine governments of Baltic states and Georgia ^[65]. During the 2006 Georgian-Russian espionage controversy, several Russian GRU officers were accused by Georgian authorities of preparations to commit sabotage and terrorist acts. Historian J. R. Nyquist believes that "The KGB president of Russia wants to reestablish the USSR. Whether America likes it or not, this very fact leads us to a new Cold War." ^[66]
Chairman of the United Nations Special Commission Richard Butler found than many Russian state-controlled companies were involved in the Oil-for-Food Programme-related fraud. As a part of this affair, former FSB Director Yevgeny Primakov had received large kickbacks from Saddam Hussein according to Butler [4]. The KGB, FSB and Russian government had very close relationships with Saddam Hussein and Iraqi Intelligence Service Mukhabarat according to Yossef Bodansky, the Director of Research of the International Strategic Studies Association.

History

Initial reorganization of KGB

Following the attempted coup of 1991 against Mikhail Gorbachev, the KGB was dismantled and formally ceased to exist after November 1991.^[67] Its successor, the FSK (''Federalnaya Sluzhba Kontrrazvedki'' (''Федера́льная Слу́жба Контрразве́дки''), Federal Counterintelligence Service, which had been known for some time as the Security Ministry of Russia) was reorganized into the FSB by the Federal Law of April 3, 1995, "On the Organs of the Federal Security Service in the Russian Federation", making the new FSB a more powerful organization.
This law described the FSB role in the regions:

★ Clarified the FSB role in the Armed Forces

★ Gave the FSB director ministerial status and the rank of army general

★ Allowed it to conduct intelligence work and to protect Russian citizens and enterprises abroad

★ Obliged the FSB to inform the president and the prime minister about national threats

★ Gave the FSB powers of detention and the right to enter any premises or property "if there is sufficient evidence to suppose that a crime is being been perpetrated there" without a warrant

★ Permitted the FSB to set up special units, carrying firearms, and to train security personnel in private companies

★ Established the control structures over the FSB.
The FSB reforms were rounded out by decree No. 633, signed by Boris Yeltsin on June 23, 1995. The decree made the tasks of the FSB more specific, giving the FSB substantial rights to conduct cryptographic work, and described the powers of the FSB director. The number of deputy directors was increased to 8: 2 first deputies, 5 deputies responsible for departments and directorates and 1 deputy director heading the Moscow City and Moscow regional directorate. Yeltsin appointed Colonel-General Mikhail Ivanovich Barsukov as the new director of the FSB.

1997

In May 1997, the FSB was reorganized again following a political power struggle. The FSB structure was changed into five departments and six directorates:

★ Counterintelligence Department

★ Anti terrorist Department

★ Analysis, Forecasts and Strategic Planning Department

★ Personnel and Management Department

★ Operational Support Department

★ Directorate of Analysis and Suppression of the Activity of Criminal Organizations

★ Investigation Directorate

★ Operational-Search Directorate

★ Operational-Technical Measures Directorate

★ Internal Security Directorate

★ Administration Directorate

★ Prison

★ Scientific-Technical centre
The FSB was not to recruit civilian personnel and the number of places offered by the FSB Academy was cut back.

2000-2004

FSB has a complex structure, which has been reorganized several times.
On June 172000, President Vladimir Putin signed a decree, according to which the FSB was supposed to have a director, a first deputy director and eight other deputy directors, including one stats-secretary and the chiefs of six departments (Economic Security Department, Counterintelligence Department, Organizational and Personnel Service, Department of activity provision, Department for Analysis, Forecasting and Strategic Planning, Department for Protection of the Constitutional System and the Fight against Terrorism). On June 112001, the President introduced one more deputy director position.
According to a decree signed by Putin on March 112003, by July 1 Border Guard Service of Russia had been transferred to FSB while FAPSI, agency of government telecommunications, had been abolished, granting FSB with a major part of its functions.
On August 122003 Putin allowed the FSB to have three first deputy directors, including the Chief of the Border Guard Service (Vladimir Pronichev), and specified that a deputy director position must be assumed by the Chief of the Inspection Directorate.
On July 112004, the President reorganized FSB again. [5] It was prescribed to have a director, two first deputy directors (Sergei Smirnov and Vladimir Pronichev), one of whom should be the Chief of the Border Guard Service (Pronichev), and two other deputy directors (Vladimir Anisimov and Vyacheslav Ushakov) including one stats-secretary (Ushakov). Seven other deputy director positions ceased to exist. By the same decree the departments were renamed to services (and the Department for Analysis, Forecasting and Strategic Planning to Operational Information and International Relations Service). The previously independent Military Counterintelligence Directorate was subordinated to the Counterintelligence Directorate, and the Control Service was created out of the Inspection Directorate, Internal Security Directorate as well as some other subdivisions that had previously been subordinate directly to the FSB Chief.
On December 22005, Putin authorized FSB to have one more deputy director. This position was assumed by Vladimir Bulavin on March 32006.

Trivia

In the beginning of 2006 the Italian news agency ANSA reported the publication on the FSB website of an offer, open to Russian citizens working as spies for a foreign country, to work as double agents.

See also

★ Numbers station

★ Spetsnaz

★ GRU

★ OMON

★ SVR

★ Federal Protective Service

★ FSK

★ KGB

★ FAPSI

★ SORM

★ Active measures

★ Russian apartment bombings

★ Three Whales Corruption Scandal

★ Alexander Litvinenko poisoning

References

1. Symposium: KGB Resurrection, interview with Vladimir Bukovsky, Ion Mihai Pacepa, and R. James Woolsey, Jr., FrontPageMagazine.com, April 30, 2004.
2. Symposium: When an Evil Empire Returns, interview with Ion Mihai Pacepa, R. James Woolsey, Jr., Yuri Yarim-Agaev, and Lt. Gen. Tom McInerney, FrontPageMagazine.com, June 23, 2006.
3. ''In Russia, A Secretive Force Widens'' - by P. Finn - Washington Post, 2006
4. Counterintelligence Cases- by GlobalSecurity.org
5. Story to the Day of Checkist - by Vladimir Voronov, for grani.ru, December 2006.
6. Case study: Igor Sutiagin
7. AAAS Human Rights Action Network
8. Russian Scientist Charged With Disclosing State Secret
9. Oskar Kaibyshev convicted
10. Researchers Throw Up Their Arms
11. Trepashkin case
12. Russia: 'Phallic' Case Threatens Internet Freedom
13.
Grigory Pasko site
14. The Pasko case
15. Counterintelligence Cases- by GlobalSecurity.org
16. "A nuclear chemist has been returned to a childhood state". - by Aleksei Tarasov - Novaya Gazeta (Russian)
17. Putin Calls On FSB To Modernize Border Guards by Victor Yasmann for Radio Free Europe, December 2005.
18. Russia Used 'Deception' To Kill Maskhadov, March 8, 2006 (RFE/RL)
19. 17 particularly dangerous
20. ‘Terror’ list out; Russia tags two Kuwaiti groups
21. Russia names 'terrorist' groups
22. http://2005.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2005/46n/n46n-s00.shtml
23. http://www.kommersant.com/p704751/r_1/Mass_Dismissals_at_the_FSB/]
24. http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.html?docId=704751
25. Politkovskaya, Anna (2003) ''A Small Corner of Hell: Dispatches from Chechnya''
26. The Second Russo-Chechen War Two Years On - by John B. Dunlop, ACPC, October 17, 2001
27. Paul Klebnikov: Godfather of the Kremlin: The Decline of Russia in the Age of Gangster Capitalism, ISBN 0-15-601330-4
28. The Operation "Successor" by Vladimir Pribylovsky and Yuriy Felshtinsky (in Russian).
29. Western leaders betray Aslan Maskhadov - by Andre Glucksmann. Prima-News, March 11, 2005
30. CHECHEN PARLIAMENTARY SPEAKER: BASAEV WAS G.R.U. OFFICER The Jamestown Foundation, September 08, 2006
31.
Analysis: Has Chechnya's Strongman Signed His Own Death Warrant? - by Liz Fuller, RFE/RL, March 1, 2005
32. Sergei Yushenkov: That was a coup in 1999.
33. Yuri Felshtinsky, Alexander Litvinenko, and Geoffrey Andrews. Blowing up Russia : Terror from within. New York 2002. ISBN 1-56171-938-2.
34. Sergei Yushenkov: That was a coup in 1999.
35. David Satter. ''Darkness at Dawn: The Rise of the Russian Criminal State.'' Yale University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-300-09892-8.
36. Interview with Olga Kryshtanovskaya (Russian) "Siloviks in power: fears or reality?" by Evgenia Albats, Echo of Moscow, 4 February 2006
37. ''A Chill in the Moscow Air'' - by Owen Matthews and Anna Nemtsova - Newsweek International, Feb. 6, 2006
38. ''The KGB Rises Again in Russia'' - by R.C. Paddock - Los Angeles Times, January 12, 2000
39. "Idea which is worth of dying for it", The Chechen Times №17, 30.08.2003
40. ''The Triumph of the KGB'' by retired KGB Major General Oleg D. Kalugin The Centre for Counterintelligence and Security Studies
41. Slaves of KGB. 20th Century. The religion of betrayal (Рабы ГБ. XX век. Религия предательства), by Yuri Shchekochikhin Moscow, 1999.
42. Archives explosion by Maksim Artemiev, grani.ru, December 22, 2006
43. Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia--Past, Present, and Future. 1994. ISBN 0-374-52738-5.
44. The Kremlin’s Killing Ways - by Ion Mihai Pacepa, National Review Online, November 28, 2006
45. Amnesty International condemns the political murder of Russian human rights advocate Galina Starovoitova
46. Yushenkov: A Russian idealist
47.
★ Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, ''The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West'', Gardners Books (2000), ISBN 0-14-028487-7
48. FSB serves to Islam - by Aleksander Podrabinek - Novaya Gazeta
49. "Special services of former Soviet republics at the Russian territory" - by Andrei Soldatov - Novaya Gazeta (Russian)
50. Russia Condemned for Chechnya Killings
51. Sergey Kovalev - Interview to Radio Free Europe
52. Stalinism Forever - by Anna Politkovskaya - The Washington Post
53. Terrorism takes front stage — Russia’s theatre siege
54. М. Трепашкин: «Создана очень серьезная группа»
55. Special services stage undermining activities - by Yulia Latynina, Novaya Gazeta, 03 April, 2006.
56. The marketplace was blown up by photorobots by Vjacheslav Izmailov, Novaya Gazeta, 07 November, 2005.
57. The Moscow metro bombing - by Roman Kupchinsky, RFE/RL Reports, 12 March, 2004
58. Pay back for genocide (Russian) - by Boris Stomakhin
59. ARTICLE 19’S Statement on the conviction of Russian newspaper editor Boris Stomakhin, 23 November 2006
60. Special services of delivery (Russian) - by Vyacheslav Ismailov, Novaya Gazeta 27 January, 2005
61. A. Litvinenko and A. Goldfarb. ''Gang from Lubyanka'' GRANI, New York, 2002. ISBN 0-9723878-0-3.
Full book in Russian
62. Russia's Great Criminal Revolution: The Role of the Security Services - by J. M. Waller and V. J. Yasmann, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 11, No. 4, December 1995.
63. Special services of the former Soviet Union work in Russian Federation (Russian) - by Andrei Soldatov and Irina Dorogan, Novaya Gazeta, 27 February, 2006.
64. Special services of Russian Federation work in the former Soviet Union (Russian) - by Andrei Soldatov and Irina Dorogan, Novaya Gazeta, 27 March, 2006.
65. Moscow Accused of Backing Georgian Revolt - by Olga Allenova and Vladimir Novikov, Kommersant, Sep. 07, 2006.
66. Eternal Recurrence by J. R. Nyquist, Geopolitical Global Analysis, April 29, 2005
67. But see N. Gevorkian, ''The KGB: "They still need us"'', 49 Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 36 (1993)).

Further reading

★ Yuri Felshtinsky, Alexander Litvinenko, and Geoffrey Andrews. ''Blowing up Russia : Terror from within.'' 2002. ISBN 1-56171-938-2

★ Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. ''The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia--Past, Present, and Future.'' 1994. ISBN 0-374-52738-5.

★ David Satter. ''Darkness at Dawn: The Rise of the Russian Criminal State.'' Yale University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-300-09892-8.

External links

★ Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, official homepage in Russian

★ Poison pins, rocks and fake logs: the secret arsenal of a long, silent war by Jeremy Page, The Times, March 02, 2006

★ Slaves of KGB. 20th Century. The religion of betrayal (Рабы ГБ. XX век. Религия предательства), Moscow, 1999.

★ Funding for the Russian secret services Agentura.Ru

★ RUSSIAN SECURITY SERVICES (AIA information agency)

★ Russian Secret Services' Links With Al-Qaeda (AIA information agency)

★ FSB Reform: Changes Are Few and Far between Agentura.Ru

★ Terrorism prevention in Russia: one year after Beslan Agentura.Ru Studies and Research Centre

★ In Russia, A Secretive Force Widens - Washington Post

★ FAS site about FSB

★ Russian Security Services

★ GlobalSecurity about FSB

★ Spy Scare - from Oleksy to Sutyagin. How failed KGB/SVR agents served on the jury in the trial of Igor Sutyagin

★ Agentura.Ru about FSB

★ Crash Course in KGB/SVR/FSB Disinformation and Active Measures

★ FSB RESTRUCTURING MORE MODEST THAN EXPECTED

★ "The Triumph of the KGB" - by Oleg Kalugin

★ Russia: High-Profile Killings, Attempted Killings In The Post-Soviet Period, ''Radio Free Europe'', October 19, 2006