PEOPLE KNOWN AS THE FATHER OR MOTHER OF SOMETHING

(Redirected from Father of)

:''Revisions and additions are welcome; please only include historical figures.''
The following is a list of significant men and women known in history for being the 'father, mother, or considered the founders' of something, listed by category. In some fields the title of being the "father" is debatable.

Sciences

Branches

Subject	"Father / Mother of ..."	Reason
'Aerodynamics'	George Cayley^[1] (founder)	Investigated theoretical aspects of flight and experimented with flight a cenurty before the first airplane was built
'Astronomy' (modern)	Nicolaus Copernicus ^[2]	Developed the first explicit heliocentric model in ''De revolutionibus orbium coelestium''
'Bacteriology'	Robert Koch, Ferdinand Cohn, Louis Pasteur^[3] (founders)	For their studies and scientific findings on bacteria and algae
'Biology'	Aristotle
'Chemical thermodynamics' (modern)	Gilbert Lewis, Willard Gibbs Merle Randall, and Edward Guggenheim (founders) Chemical Thermodynamics - Principles and Applications, , Bevan, J., Ott, , 2001, ISBN 0-12-530990-2	Books: ''Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances'' (1923) and ''Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of Willard Gibbs'' (1933); because of the major contributions of these two books in unifying the applications of thermodynamics to chemistry
'Chemistry' (early)	Geber (Jabir ibn Hayyan)^[4]^[5]^[6]	Introduced the experimental method in alchemy (d. 815)
'Chemistry' (modern)	Antoine Lavoisier Affinity , That Elusive Dream - A Genealogy of the Chemical Revolution (Epilogue: A Tale of Three Fathers), , Mi Gyung, Kim, , 2003, ISBN 0-262-11273-6 Robert Boyle Jöns Berzelius^[7]^[8] John Dalton (founders)	Book: ''Elements of Chemistry'' (1787) Book: ''The Sceptical Chymist'' (1661) Development of chemical nomenclature (1800s) Revival of atomic theory (1803)
'Classical mechanics'	Isaac Newton (founder)^[9]	Described laws of motion and law of gravity in ''Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica'' (1687)
'Energetics'	Willard Gibbs^[10]	Publication: ''On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances'' (1876)
'Genetics' (modern)	Gregor Mendel Francis Crick	For his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants For discovering the atomic structure of genes (a segment of DNA)
'Geology'	James Hutton^[11]	For formulating uniformitarianism and the Plutonic theory of thought
'Human anatomy' (modern)	Andreas Vesalius^[12] (founder)	Book: De humani corporis fabrica,(1543)
'Information theory'	Claude Shannon	Article: ''A Mathematical Theory of Communication'' (1948)
'Medicine' (early)	Imhotep^[13]^[14] HippocratesHippocrates, Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2006. Microsoft Corporation. Charaka^[15]	Wrote the first medical treatise, the Edwin Smith papyrus. Prescribed practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Oath, establishing the profession. Wrote the ''Charaka Samhitā'' and founded the Ayurveda system of medicine.
'Medicine' (modern)	Abū Alī ibn Sīnā (Avicenna)^[16]	Introduced systematic experimentation and quantification into physiology and discovered the contagious nature of diseases in the ''The Canon of Medicine'' (1020).
'Microbiology'	Antonie van Leeuwenhoek^[17]	The first to microscopically observe micro-organisms in water and the first to see bacteria
'Nuclear physics'	Ernest Rutherford^[18]	Developed the Rutherford atom model (1909)
'Optics'	Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen)^[19]	Correctly explained vision and carried out the first experiments on light and optics in the ''Book of Optics'' (1021).
'Plastic surgery'	SushrutaA. Singh and D. Sarangi (2003). "We need to think and act", ''Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery''.H. W. Longfellow (2002). "History of Plastic Surgery in India", ''Journal of Postgraduate Medicine''.	Wrote the ''Sushruta Samhita''
'Physical chemistry'	Hermann von Helmholtz,Willard Gibbs(founders)^[20]	Devised much of the theoretical foundation for physical chemistry through their publications off, On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances(1876), and Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgange(1882)
'Physics' (modern)	Galileo Galilei^[21]	His development and use of experimental physics, e.g. the telescope.
'Physiology' (modern)	Claude Bernard^[22]	Publication: ''An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine'' (1865)
'Quantum mechanics'	Max Planck (founder)^[23]	Stated that electromagnetic energy could be emitted only in quantized form
'Relativity'	Albert Einstein(founder)^[24]	Pioneered special relativity (1905) and general relativity (1915)
'Scientific method'	Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen)^[25]	Pioneered an early scientific method in the ''Book of Optics'' (1021).
'Statistical mechanics'	Daniel Bernoulli^[26] (founder)	used statistical arguments with classical mechanics to derive thermodynamic results
'Surgery' (early)	SushrutaA. Singh and D. Sarangi (2003). "We need to think and act", ''Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery''.H. W. Longfellow (2002). "History of Plastic Surgery in India", ''Journal of Postgraduate Medicine''.	Wrote the ''Sushruta Samhita'', the first surgical treatise
'Surgery' (modern)	Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis)^[27] Ambroise Paré^[28]	Publication: ''Kitab al-Tasrif'' (1000). Leader in surgical techniques, especially the treatment of wounds.
'Taxonomy'	Carolus Linnaeus ^[29](founder)	naming of living organisms that became universally accepted in the scientific world
'Thermodynamics'	Sadi Carnot (founder)^[30]	Publication: ''On the Motive Power of Fire and Machines Fitted to Develop that Power'' (1824)
'Virology'	Martinus Beijerinck^[31] (founder)	His studies of agricultural microbiology and industrial microbiology yielded fundamental discoveries in the field of biology

Mathematics

Subject	"Father / Mother of ..."	Reason
'Algebra' See also Father of Algebra	Al-Khwarizmi (Algorismi)^[32]Serish Nanisetti, Father of algorithms and algebra, ''The Hindu'', June 23, 2006. Diophantus^[33]^[34]	Full exposition of solving quadratic equations in ''The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing''. First use of symbolism (syncopation) in the ''Arithmetica''.
'Algorithm'	Al-Khwarizmi (Algorismi)Serish Nanisetti, Father of algorithms and algebra, ''The Hindu'', June 23, 2006.	Wrote the rules of algorism
' Analytic Geometry'	René Descartes Pierre de Fermat^[35](founders)	For their independent invention of the Cartesian Coordinate System
'Calculus'	Isaac Newton^[36] Gottfried Leibniz	See Leibniz and Newton calculus controversy.
'Classical analysis'	Madhava of Sangamagrama^[37]	Developed Taylor series expansions of trigonometric functions
'Descriptive geometry'	Gaspard Monge^[38] (founder)	Developed a graphical protocol which creates three-dimensional virtual space on a two-dimensional plane
'Geometry'	Euclid^[39]	''Euclid's Elements'' deduced the principles of Euclidean geometry from a set of axioms.
'Non-Euclidean Geometry'	János Bolyai, Nikolai Lobachevsky^[40](founders)	Independent development of hyperbolic geometry in which Euclid's fifth postulate is not true
'Projective Geometry'	Gérard Desargues^[41](founder)	By generalizing the use of vanishing points to include the case when these are infinitely far away
'Statistics'	Pierre de Fermat, Blaise Pascal,and Christiaan Huygens ^[42](founders)	For their development of probability theory, from which arises mathematical statistics
'Tensor calculus'	Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro^[43] (founder)	Book: The Absolute Differential Calculus
'Trigonometry'	Hipparchus^[44]^[45]	Constructed the first trigonometric table.
'Vector algebra,' 'Vector calculus'	Willard Gibbs^[20] Oliver Heaviside^[47] (founders)	For their development and use of vectors in algebra and calculus

Other

Subject	"Father / Mother of ..."	Reason
'Electricity'	William Gilbert^[48] Michael Faraday Benjamin Franklin Thomas Edison^[49]	Book: ''De Magnete'' (1600) Discovered electromagnetic induction (1831) Proposed a kite experiment to prove that lightning is electricity (1750) Invented many electrical devices, such as the carbon microphone
'Momentum'	Abū Alī ibn Sīnā (Avicenna)^[50]	Described an early concept of momentum.
'Periodic table'	Dmitri Mendeleev^[51]	Arranged sixty-six elements (known at the time) in order of atomic weight by periodic intervals (1869)

Technology

Subject	"Father / Mother of ..."	Reason
'Architecture'	Imhotep^[52]	Built the first pyramid
'Computing'	Charles Babbage^[53]	Inventor of the Analytical Engine which was never constructed in his lifetime.
'Computer'	Alan Turing^[54] John von Neumann^[55] John V. Atanasoff^[56]	Was a secret code breaker during the WWII and invented the Turing machine (1936) Become "intrigued" with Turing's universal machine and later emphasised the importance of the stored-program concept for electronic computing (1945), including the possibility of allowing the machine to modify its own program in useful ways while running Invented the digital computer in the 1930s
'Computer Program'	Ada Lovelace^[57]	Recognized by historians as the writer of the world's first computer program which was for the Charles Babbage Analytical Engine, but was never complete within either her or his lifetime.
'Engineering' (modern)	Al-Jazari^[58]	Invented devices fundamental to modern engineering, including the crankshaft, connecting rod, reciprocating piston suction pump, valve, combination lock, etc.
'Internet'	Vinton Cerf Robert Kahn^[59]
'Japanese television'	Kenjiro Takayanagi^[60]^[61]
'Pentium microprocessor'	Vinod Dham^[62]^[63]
'Perfumery'^[64]	Al-Kindi (Alkindus)	Founded the perfume industry.
'Programmable logic controller'	Dick Morley
'Radio'	Lee De Forest^[65]^[66]^[67] Guglielmo Marconi^[68] Jagdish Chandra Bose^[69] Nikola Tesla	The research of these pioneers led to the development of the radio
'Radio' (Radio broadcasting)	Reginald Fessenden David Sarnoff
'Radio' (FM radio)	Edwin H. Armstrong	Obtained the first FCC license to operate an FM station in Alpine, New Jersey at approximately 50 megahertz (1939)
'Robotics'	Al-JazariPaul Vallely, How Islamic Inventors Changed the World, ''The Independent'', Mar 11, 2006.	Invented the first programmable humanoid robot.
'SGML'	Charles Goldfarb^[70]
'Telephone'	Alexander Graham Bell^[71]
'Television'	Allen B. DuMont^[72]
'World Wide Web'	Tim Berners-Lee^[73]
'XML'	Jon Bosak^[74]

Humanities

Subject	"Father / Mother of ..."	Reason
'Anthropology'	Abū Rayhān al-BīrūnīAkbar S. Ahmed (1984). "Al-Beruni: The First Anthropologist", ''RAIN'' '60', p. 9-10.^[75]
'Demography'	Ibn KhaldunH. Mowlana (2001). "Information in the Arab World", ''Cooperation South Journal'' '1'.	''Muqaddimah'' (''Prolegomena'') (1377)
'Egyptology'	Jean-François Champollion
'Geodesy'	Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
'Grammar'	Pāṇini^[76]	Wrote the ''Ashtadhyayi''
'Historiography'	Ibn Khaldun^[77]	''Muqaddimah'' (''Prolegomena'') (1377)
'History'	Herodotus^[78]
'History of science'	George Sarton^[79]	Founded ''Isis'' (1912) and wrote ''Introduction to the History of Science'' (1927)
'Indology'	Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī^[75]	Wrote the ''Indica'' and ''Critical study of what India says''
'Informatics'	Pāṇini^[81]	Wrote the ''Ashtadhyayi''
'Linguistics'	Pāṇini^[82]	Wrote the ''Ashtadhyayi''
'Microcredit'	Muhammad Yunus^[83]	Founded Grameen Bank
'Military strategy'	Hannibal^[84]	Pioneered double envelopement manoeuver at Battle of Cannae
'Philosophy of history'	Ibn KhaldunDr. S. W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", ''Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture'' '12' (3).	''Muqaddimah'' (''Prolegomena'') (1377)
'Psychoanalysis'	Sigmund Freud^[85]
'Sociology'	Ibn Khaldun Auguste Comte^[86]	Wrote the first sociological book, the ''Muqaddimah'' (''Prolegomena''). Introduced the scientific method into sociology.

Arts

Subject	"Father / Mother of ..."	Reason
'Bluegrass music'	Bill Monroe^[87]
'Country music'	Jimmie Rodgers^[88]^[89]^[90]
'Funk'	George Clinton (godfather)^[91]
'Grunge'	Kurt CobainNeil Young: Godfather of Grunge?
'Jazz'	Buddy Bolden^[92] Jelly Roll Morton^[93] Theodore August Metz^[94]
'Soul music'	James Brown (godfather)^[95]

Sports

Subject	"Father / Mother of ..."	Reason
'Baseball'	Henry Chadwick^[96]^[97]^[98]^[99]
'Karting'	Art Ingels^[100]	Developed the world's first kart (1956)

Miscellaneous

Alphabetic list

Note: These are slowly being converted to 'category list' (and many are being removed).

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

V

W

Y

References

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2. Danielson, Dennis, "The First Copernican: Georg Joachim Rheticus and the Rise of the Copernican Revolution", Walker & Company, 2006
3. Drews G (1999). "Ferdinand Cohn, a Founder of Modern Microbiology". ASM News 65 (8).
4. John Warren (2005). "War and the Cultural Heritage of Iraq: a sadly mismanaged affair", ''Third World Quarterly'', Volume 26, Issue 4 & 5, p. 815-830.
5. Dr. A. Zahoor (1997). JABIR IBN HAIYAN (Geber). University of Indonesia.
6. Paul Vallely. How Islamic inventors changed the world. ''The Independent''.
7. Berzelius, Jöns (1779-1848) - Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography
8. Jons Jacob - Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2 Aug 2007
9. Christianson, Gale (1984). In the Presence of the Creator: Isaac Newton & his times. New York: Free Press.
10. Josiah Willard Gibbs - Britannica, 1911
11. Jack Repcheck: The Man Who Found Time: James Hutton and the Discovery of the Earth's Antiquity. London and Cambridge, Massachusetts: Simon & Schuster (2003).
12. Vallejo-Manzur F et al. (2003) "The resuscitation greats. Andreas Vesalius, the concept of an artificial airway." Resuscitation" 56:3-7
13. How Imhotep gave us medicine, ''The Daily Telegraph'', 10/05/2007.
14. Jimmy Dunn, ''Imhotep, Doctor, Architect, High Priest, Scribe and Vizier to King Djoser.[1]
15. Nirupama Laroia, M.D. and Deeksha Sharma (June 2006). "The Religious and Cultural Bases for Breastfeeding Practices Among the Hindus", ''Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.'' '1' (2), p. 94-98.
16. Cas Lek Cesk (1980). "The father of medicine, Avicenna, in our science and culture. Abu Ali ibn Sina (980-1037)", ''Becka J.'' '119' (1), p. 17-23.
17. Madigan M, Martinko J (editors) (2006). Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 11th ed., Prentice Hall.
18. Ernest Rutherford: Father Of Nuclear Science (Great Minds of Science), , Naomi, Pasachoff, , 2005, ISBN 0-7660-2441-5
19. R. L. Verma (1969). ''Al-Hazen: father of modern optics''.
20. Wheeler, Lynde, Phelps (1951). Josiah Willard Gibbs - the History of a Great Mind. Ox Bow Press.
21. Weidhorn, Manfred (2005). The Person of the Millennium: The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History. iUniverse, p. 155. ISBN 0595368778.
22. Bernard, Claude. An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine, 1865. First English translation by Henry Copley Greene, published by Macmillan & Co., Ltd., 1927; reprinted in 1949. The Dover Edition of 1957 is a reprint of the original translation with a new Foreword by I. Bernard Cohen of Harvard University.
23. Heilbron, J. L. ''The Dilemmas of an Upright Man: Max Planck and the Fortunes of German Science'' (Harvard, 2000)
24. [2]. URL accessed December 5 2006.
25. Rosanna Gorini (2003). "Al-Haytham the Man of Experience. First Steps in the Science of Vision", ''International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine''. Institute of Neurosciences, Laboratory of Psychobiology and Psychopharmacology, Rome, Italy.
26. Mathematik.ch Biography: http://www.mathematik.ch/mathematiker/daniel_bernoulli.php
27. Martin-Araguz, A.; Bustamante-Martinez, C.; Fernandez-Armayor, Ajo V.; Moreno-Martinez, J. M. (2002). "Neuroscience in al-Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine", ''Revista de neurología'' '34' (9), p. 877-892.
28. Pare, Ambroise." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 25 Aug. 2007 .
29. Hovey, Edmund Otis. The Bicentenary of the Birth of Carolus Linnaeus. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1908.
30. A to Z of Thermodynamics, Perrot, Pierre, , , Oxford University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-19-856552-6
31. Chung, King-Thom and Ferris, Deam Hunter (1996). Martinus Willem Beijerinck (1851-1931): pioneer of general microbiology. AMS News 62, 539-543.
32. Solomon Gandz (1936), ''The sources of al-Khwarizmi's algebra'', Osiris 'I', p. 263–277: "In a sense, Khwarizmi is more entitled to be called "the father of algebra" than Diophantus because Khwarizmi is the first to teach algebra in an elementary form and for its own sake, Diophantus is primarily concerned with the theory of numbers."
33. A History of Mathematics, , Carl B., Boyer, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1991,
34. Unknown Quantity: A Real And Imaginary History of Algebra, , John, Derbyshire, Joseph Henry Press, 2006,
35. Gullberg, Jan (1997). Mathematics From The Birth Of Numbers. W. W. Norton
36. Bell, E.T. [1937] (1986). Men of Mathematics, Touchstone edition, New York: Simon & Schuster, pp. 91–2.
37. George Gheverghese Joseph (2000). ''The Crest of the Peacock''. Princeton University Press.
38. "Monge, Gaspard, comte de Peluse." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 24 Aug. 2007 .
39. Artmann, Benno (1999). Euclid: The Creation of Mathematics. New York: Springer.
40. Marvin Jay Greenberg, Euclidean and Non-Euclidean geometries: Development and history New York: W. H. Freeman, 1993.
41. O'Connor, John J; Edmund F. Robertson "Gérard Desargues". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
42. Stigler, Stephen M. (1990). The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900. Belknap Press/Harvard University Press.
43. O'Connor, John J; Edmund F. Robertson "Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
44. A History of Mathematics, , , Boyer, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1991,
45. Boyer's opinion may constructively be compared to Øystein Ore's opinion, that the Babylonians constructed trigonometric tables ''ca'' 1600 BCE ( Number Theory and its History, , , Ore, Dover Publications, Inc., 1988, )
46. Wheeler, Lynde, Phelps (1951). Josiah Willard Gibbs - the History of a Great Mind. Ox Bow Press.
47. Michael J. Crowe (1994). A History of Vector Analysis : The Evolution of the Idea of a Vectorial System. Dover Publications; Reprint edition.
48. Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 2000, CD-ROM, version 2.5.
49. Kurland, Gerald. 91972). ''Thomas Edison, father of electricity and master inventor of our modern age'', Charlotteville, N.Y.: SamHar Press.
50. Seyyed Hossein Nasr, "Islamic Conception Of Intellectual Life", in Philip P. Wiener (ed.), ''Dictionary of the History of Ideas'', Vol. 2, p. 65, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1973-1974.
51. ''Chemistry Contexts''. by Irwin, D; Farrelly, R; Garnett, P. Longman Sciences, (2001)
52. Albert Gallatin Mackey, ''The Builder Magazine'', December 1922, Volume VIII, Number 12, Part XVI.
53. International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers, , J.A.N., Lee, Fitzroy Dearborn, 1995, ISBN 1-884964-47-8
54. 'Father of the computer' honoured - BBC News, Monday, 7 June, 2004
55. The Modern History of Computing - Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
56. Atanasoff, father of the computer, dies at 91
57. Ada Lovelace
58. 1000 Years of Knowledge Rediscovered at Ibn Battuta Mall, MTE Studios.
59. Kahn do, No (2007). " Father of internet warns against Net Neutrality", ''The Register'', Thursday 18th January
60. Kenjiro Takayanagi: The Father of Japanese Television
61. Kenjiro Takayanagi, Electrical Engineer, 91 (obituary)
62. The Technology Trailblazer: Vinod Dham. University of Cincinnati.
63. Priya Ganapati at Techfest 99, IIT Bombay. Rediff.com.
64. Martin Levey (1973), ''Early Arabic Pharmacology'', EJ Brill, Leiden.
Dunlop, D.M. (1975), ''Arab Civilization'', Librairie du Liban.
(cf. Womens Arabian Perfume)
65. Father of Radio: The Autobiography of Lee de Forest, , Lee, De Forest, Wilcox & Follett, 1950, (This book sold fewer than a thousand copies and is accordingly rare and expensive today).
66. Radio—The Forgotten Medium, , Everette E.., Dennis, Transaction Publishers, 1994, ISBN 1-56593-873-9 , p. 198: "the egotistical Lee De Forest who discovered, however unwittingly, the audion tube that allowed him to proclaim himself 'the father of radio'"
67. Engines of the Mind: The Evolution of the Computer from the Mainframes to Microprocessors, , Joseph, Shurkin, W. W. Norton and Company, 1996, ISBN 0-393-31471-5 , p. 132: "De Forest, who was not a modest man, called himself the 'Father of Radio,' an epithet whose accuracy is debatable."
68. Guglielmo Marconi - the "father of radio"
69. A. K. Sen (1997). "Sir J.C. Bose and radio science", ''Microwave Symposium Digest'' '2' (8-13), p. 557-560.
70. http://www.idealliance.org/papers/xml02/dx_xml02/papers/03-01-01/03-01-01.html
71. Asterisk: The Future of Telephony, , Jim, Van Meggelen, O'Reilly, 2005, ISBN 0-596-00962-3 , p.190: "Although Alexander Graham Bell is most famously remembered as the father of the telephone, the reality is that during the latter half of the 1800s dozens of minds were at work on the project of carrying voice over telegraph lines."
72. Allen B. DuMont. Society of Television Engineers. URL accessed January 23, 2007.
73. Three loud cheers for the father of the web, 28/01/2005, Telegraph.co.uk
74. http://www.xml.com/pub/a/2000/02/xtech/bosak.html
75. Zafarul-Islam Khan, At The Threshhold Of A New Millennium – II, ''The Milli Gazette''.
76. Grammar Development Process. Xambala: The Semantic Processing Company.
77. S. Ahmed (1999). ''A Dictionary of Muslim Names''. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 1850653569.
78. Cicero, ''De legibus'' I,5.
79. E. Garfield (2003). "The life and career of George Sarton: the father of the history of science", ''J Hist Behav Sci'' '21' (2), p. 107-117.
80. Zafarul-Islam Khan, At The Threshhold Of A New Millennium – II, ''The Milli Gazette''.
81. Prof. Gerard Huet, Contemporary Relevance of Panini, INRIA, France.
82. Mark Brasher, PhD. Different language / different epistemology?, TransPacific Hawaii College.
83. Expanding Microcredit in India: A Great Opportunity for Poverty Alleviation, Grameen Dialogue.
84. D. Billau, D. Graczyk (2003). "Hannibal: The Father of Strategy Reconsidered", ''Comparative Strategy'' '22' (4), p. 335-353. Routledge.
85. [3]
86. Auguste Comte, Britannica Student Encyclopedia. Accessed October 5, 2006.
87. Country Music Hall of Fame article on Monroe.
88. the official Jimmie Rodgers website
89. Father of Country Music - Amazon.com (record)
90. Jimmie Rodgers: The Father of Country Music - Mississippi History Now
91. Johnson, Jeff. (2001). "Godfather of Funk still tears the roof off", Chicago Sun-Time, 01 July.
92. Louisiana Music: A Journey from R&B to Zydeco, Jazz to Country, Blues to Gospel, Cajun Music, , Rick, Koster, Da Capo Press, 2002, ISBN 0-306-81003-4 , p. 5: "Anyone seriously interested in the history of music will hear many times that Buddy Bolden was the father of jazz, or that Jelly Roll Morton ''claimed'' he was the father of jazz (in 1902, in fact)..." See also Theodore August Metz, Jelly Roll Morton
93. The Tango in the United States: A History, , Carlos C., Groppa, McFarland and Compay, 2002, ISBN 0-7864-1406-5 , p.62: "Morton, a pool shark, composer, piano player and part-time pimp, called by many the Father of Jazz...". See also Buddy Bolden, Theodore August Metz.
94. "Theatrical Notes," ''The New York Times,'' April 26, 1932, p.25: "Theodore August Metz, who is often called the father of jazz and is the composer of the song 'There'll Be A Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight,' is scheduled to attend a reception backstage at Loew's State Theatre...'" See also Buddy Bolden, Jelly Roll Morton.
95. Godfather of Soul - website
96. "Henry Chadwick, Chad, The Father of Base Ball [sic]"; National Baseball Hall of Fame bio,[4]. Not a player, but a journalist and organizer, the Hall of Fame credits him as "inventor of the box score" and "author of the first rule-book."
97. : "Henry Chadwick, the veteran journalist, upon whom the honored sobriquet of 'Father of Base Ball[sic]' rests so happily and well, appears in portraiture, and so well preserved in his physical manhood that his sixty-three years rest lightly upon his well timed life."
98. ''"Matty" at Harvard''; ''The New York Times,'' February 16, 1909, p. 7: "Charles H. Ebbets, Chairman of the Chadwick Monument Committee, has announced that the contract has been awarded for a suitable monument to be placed on the plot in Greenwood[sic] Cemetery where the remains of the late Henry Chadwick, 'the Father of Baseball,' repose."
99. Collins, Glen (2004): "Ground as Hallowed as Cooperstown," ''The New York Times,'' April 1, 2004. (Article on baseball notables interred in the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn) "Among the nearly 600,000 people buried there are no less than four pioneers who were accorded the title 'Father of Baseball' in the popular press: Henry Chadwick, Duncan Curry, William Tucker and William Wheaton....The memorial for Henry Chadwick bears a 'Father of Base Ball' inscription.... [Duncan] Curry, first president of the Knickerbocker Baseball Club, is immortalized with a monument that proudly dubs him 'Father of Baseball' because he headed the club that scholars say first codified many of the game's rules...."
100. http://www.vintagekarts.com/ingels.htm - vintagekarts.com
101. The School As a Safe Haven, , Rollin J., Watson, Bergen Garvey/Greenwood, 2002, ISBN 0-89789-900-8 p. 30}}: "The modern school bus began in a conference in 1939 called by Frank W. Cyr, the 'Father of the Yellow School' bus, who was a professor at Teachers College, Columbia University. At that meeting, Cyr urged the standardization of the school bus. Participants came up with the standard yellow color and some basic construction standards. Cyr had... found that children were riding in all sorts of vehicles—one district, he found, was painting their busses red, white, and blue to instill patriotism."
102. "Abildgaard, Nikolaj Abraham," entry in 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica, online[5]: "ABILDGAARD, NIKOLAJ ABRAHAM (1744–1800), called 'the Father of Danish Painting,' ... a cold theorist... As a technical painter he attained remarkable success, his tone being very harmonious and even, but the effect, to a foreigner's eye, is rarely interesting. His works are scarcely known out of Copenhagen, where he won an immense fame in his own generation."
103. ''A Great Man of Finland's History,'' at "Agricola 2007 Anniversary" site (in Finnish) of University of Turku, Finland
104. A Guide to the Study of Fishes, , David Starr, Jordan, Henry Holt and Company, 1905, , online at [6], p.390: "Far greater than either of these... was he who has been justly called the Father of Ichthyology, Petrus (Peter) Artedi (1705–35)."
105. Route 66, , Tim, Steil, MBI Publishing Company, 2000, ISBN 0-7603-0747-4 , p. 18, "Avery, though dubbed the 'Father of Route 66' by some, was a political appointee who also left office the next year."
106. Bakunin, the Father of Anarchism, , Anthony, Masters, Saturday Review Press, 1974, ISBN 0-8415-0295-1
107. Mason, Terri: "Trail Blazers - Earl Bascom, Rodeo's Greatest Innovator", ''Canadian Cowboy Country'', April 2006, p.24
108. Essentials of Abnormal Psychology, , Jim, Durand, V. Mark, Thomson Wadsworth, 2005, ISBN 0-495-03128-3 , p. 235: "In developing ways to do this, Beck became the father of cognitive therapy, one of the most important developments in psychotherapy in the last 50 years."
109. http://www.stxlacrosse.com/theculture/history.cfm
110. http://www.hickoksports.com/history/lacrosse.shtml
111. http://www.collegesportsscholarships.com/history-lacrosse.htm
112. http://www.schoolnet.ca/aboriginal/handbook/arts_lacrosse.html
113. http://www.phantomranch.net/folkdanc/teachers/beliajus_v.htm
114. Language and Politics, , Noam, Chomsky, AK Press, 2004, ISBN 1-902593-82-0 , p. 344–5: "...an explicit ideology was constructed justifying what was called... 'the engineering of consent' (Edward Bernays, founding father of the public relations industry in the United States)"
115. James Hankins (ed.). ''History of the Florentine People'', See "Editor Introduction".
116. http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa081797.htm
117. Handbook of Otoacoustic Emissions, , James W., Hall, Thomson Delmar Learning, 1999, ISBN 1-56593-873-9 , p. 2: ''the Father of Audiology himself, Raymond Carhart at Northwestern University..."
118. Audiologists Desk Reference: Audiolologic Management, Rehabilitation and Terminology, , James W., Hall, Thomson Delmar Learning, 1998, ISBN 1-56593-711-2 , p. 912: "'Carhart notch:' A decrease in the bone-conduction hearing at the 2000 Hz region of patients with otosclerosis first reported by and therefore named after the father of audiology, Raymond Carhart."
119. http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/geoffrey-chaucer.htm
120. Great thinkers of our time - Noam Chomsky
121. A Changed Noam Chomsky Simplifies
122. Helpern, Charna [7]
123. Cooper, Alan, Why I am called "the Father of Visual Basic" "Mitchell Waite called me the "father of Visual Basic" in the foreword to what I believe was the first book ever published for VB, called the Visual Basic How-To (now in its second edition, published by The Waite Group Press). I thought the appellation was an appropriate one, and frequently use the quoted phrase as my one-line biography."
124. http://www.npg.si.edu/docs/aapexplorers.pdf
125. http://www.iaea.org/Resources/Women/famous.html
126. The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science, , M. Susan, Barger, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8018-6458-5 p. 20, "Louis Jacques Monde Daguerre: The second father of photography is Daguerre..."
127. Nichols, Amber M. Richard M. Dorson. ''Minnesota State University, Mankato eMuseum''. URL accessed April 21 2006.
128. Federal Highway Administration [8]. URL accessed July 21 2006.
129. Eno Transportation Foundation [9]. URL accessed August 23 2006.
130. [10]. "that van Eyck—"the father of oil painting"—exploited the new medium and his own patient talent to paint Arnolfini by traditional methods."
131. Philo T. Farnsworth: The Father of Television, , Donald G., Godfrey, University of Utah Press, 2001, ISBN 0-87480-675-5
132. The Pierre Fauchard Academy Monsieur Jean Claude de Vaux
133. Take Today; the Executive as Dropout, , Marshall, McLuhan, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972, ISBN 0-15-187830-7 "Fessenden, the Forgotten Father of 'Wireless' Telephony" (section heading)[11]
134. Zuill, William S. (2001): ''The Forgotten Father of Radio", ''American Heritage of Science and Technology, 17(1)40–47, as cited in Lindbergh's Artificial Heart: More Fascinating True Stories From Einstein's Refrigerator, , Steve, Silverman, Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2003, ISBN 0-7407-3340-0 p. 160
135. Hugo Gernsback, Father of Modern Science Fiction: With Essays on Frank Herbert and Bram Stoker, , Mark Richard, Siegel, Borgo Pr, 1988, ISBN 0-89370-174-2
136. [12]
137. Father of Faith Missions: The Life and Times of Anthony Norris Groves, , Robert Bernard, Dann, Paternoster, Authentic Media, 2004, ISBN 1-884543-90-1
138. Gary Gygax Interview - Part I
139. Munich's official internet site, ''Straßenneubenennung Kurt-Haertel-Passage''. Consulted on June 19, 2007.
140. Web site of the ''Kurt-Haertel-Institut für geistiges Eigentum an der FernUniversität in Hagen'', Kurt Haertel. Consulted on June 19, 2007.
141. [13]
142. Also known as "Papa Haydn".
143. The New Grove Haydn, , Jens Peter, Larsen, W. W. Norton, 1950, ISBN 0-393-30359-4 p.79: "For years, the name 'Papa Haydn' has characterized the composer."
144. The Lives of the Great Composers
by Schonberg, Harold C, , Harold C., Schonberg, W. W. Norton, 1997, ISBN 0-393-03857-2 p.83: "It is not for nothing that he is called the Father of the Symphony. With equal justice he could be called the Father of the String Quartet, or the Father of Sonata Form."
145. "Haydn, for example, is called the father of the quartet; close investigation, however, would show that he was only a link, and certainly not the first one in a long evolution."
146. Binyamin Ze-ev (Theodor) Herzl - Father of Zionism
147. Pareles, Jon (1983): "Earl Hines Dead; Top Jazz Pianist—Redefined the Style in the 1920s Working with Armstrong—Later Led Major Band", ''The New York Times,'' April 23, 1983, p.10: "Earl (Fatha) Hines, the father of modern jazz piano, died yesterday in Oakland, Calif. after a heart attack."
148. G. Evelyn Hutchinson a.k.a. Father of modern limnology and the modern Darwin (1903–1991)
149. University of Edinburgh: "James Hutton, who was born in June 1726, is considered to be the father of modern geology."
150. [14]: "(Baba-e-Urdu) Maulvi Abdul Haq"
151. [15]
152. Hoover Library, "Revolutionary America! Where Did We Go From There? The Continental Navy -- John Paul Jones"
153. Bretall, Robert Ed. "A Kierkegaard Anthology". Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1973. p. xviii.
154. Hicken, J.O. Ed. "Raymond Roundup 1902-1967". Lethbridge, Alberta Canada: The Lethbridge Herald Company, Ltd., 1967. pages 243 and 519.
155. Father of fitness, Jack La Lanne, turns 90, MSNBC, September 24, 2004. "He continues to live by his motto, 'I can't die, it would ruin my image!'"
156. Handbook Of Public Relations, , Robert L., Heath (ed)., Sage Publications, Inc., 2004, ISBN 1-4129-0954-6 , p. 391: "Ivy Lee, considered the father of public relations..."
157. Soviet Russia
158. The Support of Breastfeeding: Module 1, , Rebecca, Black, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, , ISBN 0-7637-0208-0 , p.9: "Justus Von Liebig, the 'father of modern nutrition', developed the perfect infant food. It consisted of wheat flour, cow's milk, malt flour and bicarbonate of potash."
159. The Growth of Biological Thought:Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance, , Ernst, Mayr, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1982, ISBN 0-674-36445-7 , p. 171: "No other naturalist has had as great a fame in his own lifetime as Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), sometimes called the 'father of taxonomy.'"
160. The History of Science Fiction, , Adam, Roberts, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, ISBN 0-333-97022-5 , p. 27: "The classical author most consistently cited as a 'father of science fiction' is Lucian..."
161. The Many Faces of Faith: A Guide to World Religions and Christian Traditions, , Richard R., Losch, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2002, ISBN 0-8028-0521-3 , p. 93: "Martin Luther (1483–1546) is generally identified as the father of Protestantism. While he was not the first to confront the authority of the Roman Catholic Church, it was he who crystallized the growing unrest and began what is known as the Protestant Reformation."
162. Father Flanagan of Boys Town, , Fulton, Oursler, Doubleday, 1949, , p.270: "It delighted the heart of our old friend Bernarr Macfadden, 'the Father of Physical Culture,' when we told him how much athletic activity and good sportsmanship had to do with the rehabilitation of boys."
163. See, e.g., Brant, Irving. ''James Madison: Father of the Constitution, 1787-1800''. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1950.
164. Harry Markowitz, "the father of Modern Portfolio Theory," To Highlight Investment Consultants Conference
165. [16]
166. Lewis, Charles Lee, associate professor of the United States Naval Academy: ''Pathfinder of the Seas'' (book).
167. Biography of Robert Napier
168. The Thomas Nast Society
169. The Daguerreotype: Nineteenth-Century Technology and Modern Science, , M. Susan, Barger, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8018-6458-5 p. 17, "The first father of photography was Nicéphore Niépce...."
170. http://africavenir.com/news/2006/03/371/afrisecal-movement-2
171. [17]
172. http://history1900s.about.com/cs/robertoppenheimer/p/oppenheimer.htm
173. UK ''Daily Telegraph'' obituary 12/29/2004.
174. [18]
175. [19]
176. [20]
177. Petrarch
178. Rereading the Renaissance: Petrarch, Augustine, and the Language of Humanism
179. Mother of the Blues, , Sandra R., Lieb, University of Massachusetts Press, 1983, ISBN 0-8050-7459-7 , p. 10, "Years later, as a Paramount recording star, Ma Rainey would be touted as 'the Mother of the Blues,' a title no doubt dreamed up by some press agent, but generally true in historical terms."
180. Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr, , John, Jeffries, Fordham Univ Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8232-2110-5 , p.162: "'Admiral Rickover', said Powell, '"father of the atomic submarine", is a a great naval officer... It is not equally clear that he is a careful and thorough student of American education.'"
181. "Submarine Range Called Unlimited; Rickover Says Atomic Craft Can Cruise Under Ice To North Pole and Beyond," ''The New York Times'', December 6, 1957, p.33: "The admiral, who is often called the 'Father of the Atomic Submarine'..."
182. Submarine Admiral: From Battlewagons to Ballistic Missiles, , I. J., Galantin, University of Illinois Press, 1997, ISBN 0-252-06675-8 , p. 217: "Chet Holifield... member of the JCAE... said 'Of all the men I dealt with in public service, at least one will go down in history: Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, the father of the nuclear Navy.'"
183. "Charles S. Roberts: The Founding Father"
184. http://www.jimmierodgers.com/home.html
185. http://www.amazon.com/Father-Country-Music-Jimmie-Rodgers/dp/B000000X1C
186. http://teacherexchange.mde.k12.ms.us/MHNLP/jimmierodgerslp.htm
187. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/diseases/benjamin.html
188. Ernest Rutherford: Father Of Nuclear Science (Great Minds of Science), , Naomi, Pasachoff, , 2005, ISBN 0-7660-2441-5
189. Andrei Sakharov: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons, and Human Rights
190. Santelli bio including several references backing up the statement, including a quote from Dr. William Gaugler Dec. 1997: "I am, in fact, only two generations removed from the 'father of modern sabre' [referring to Santelli]".
191. [21]
192. , , , Schuh, Cornell University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-8014-2066-0 , p. 11
193. Murzi, Mauro (2006). Philosophy of Logical Positivism. Page 26. Retrieved May 22, 2007.
194. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/479892
195. http://www.library.wisc.edu/libraries/WomensStudies/bibliogs/hws/hws070401.htm
196. http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/09/30/1411227
197. Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond, , Martin A., Lee, Grove Press, 1986, ISBN 0-8021-3062-3 , p.6: "After Wernher von Braun, he was the top Nazi scientist employed by the American government, and he was subsequently hailed by NASA as the 'father of space medicine'". See also Harry Armstrong.
198. Bernstein, Barton J: "Introduction" to ''The Voice of the Dolphins and Other Stories'' (expanded edition), by Leo Szilard. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992, p.5: "Its author, Leo Szilard, now dead nearly three decades, was a Hunganian émigré scientist and one of many putative fathers of the A-bomb."
199. Who's Who in Victorian Britain, , Roger, Ellis, Stackpole Books, 2001, ISBN 0-8117-1640-6 , p. 116: cites book title: "A. H. Booth: William Henry Fox Talbot: father of photography, 1965".
200. "'Father of H-Bomb' Agrees to Rally Scientific Talent." ''The New York Times,'' December 31, 1965, p.19. Story opens: "Albany, Dec. 30—Governor Rockefeller will make an intensified attack on air pollution with the help of Dr. Edward Teller, the 'father of the hydrogen bomb.'"
201. Lindsay, David: "Terror Bound", ''American Heritage'' 49(5), September, 1998 [22] "Thompson was an unlikely candidate for the title show people bestowed on him: the father of gravity..."

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