FüHRER

(''Fuehrer'' when the ü-umlaut is not used, but never ''Fuhrer'') is a proper noun meaning "leader" in the German language. The IPA transcription of the standard German pronunciation is , but in English it is usually pronounced .
It is mainly used in English as the term for Nazi Germany's absolute ruler Adolf Hitler. Though the word remains common in German, it does come with some social stigma attached (though not when used as meaning ''guide''), and under Hitler was part of the title of many positions in the various (para)military and governmental organizations of Germany.

Contents

Historic Nazi titles

State & Party Leader Hitler

(Para)Military usage of the word Führer

Equivalent historic titles

Contemporaries

Later parallels

Satirical Use

Usage in modern German

See also

Sources and references

Historic Nazi titles

State & Party Leader Hitler

Führer was the title granted by Chancellor Hitler to himself by the Enabling Law which gave him supreme power in the German Reichstag (Parliament), as part of the process of ''Gleichschaltung'', following the death of the last Reichspräsident of the Weimar Republic, Paul von Hindenburg, on August 2, 1934. The new position, fully named ''Führer und Reichskanzler'' (Leader and Chancellor of the (Third) Reich), unified the offices of President and Chancellor, formally making Hitler Germany's Head of State as well as Head of Government respectively; and, in practice, the Dictator of the Nazi Third Reich.
Nazi Germany cultivated the ''Führerprinzip'' (leader principle), and Hitler was generally known as just ''der Führer'' ("the Leader"). One of the Nazis' most-repeated political slogans was ''Ein Volk, Ein Reich, Ein Führer' - 'One People, One State, One Leader'.
For military matters, Hitler used the style ''Führer und Oberster Befehlshaber der Wehrmacht'' ('Leader and Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht'), until that addition was dropped in May 1942 by decree of the Führer. The style of the Head of State for use in foreign affairs was ''Führer und Reichskanzler'' (Leader and National Chancellor) until July 28, 1942, when it was changed to ''Führer des Grossdeutschen Reichs'' ('Leader of the Greater German Nation').

(Para)Military usage of the word Führer

Führer has been used as a military title (compare Latin Dux) in Germany since at least the 18th century.
Ironically, given the context of the word to refer to Adolf Hitler as supreme ruler of Germany, in the context of a company sized military subunit in the German Army, the term "Führer" referred to a commander lacking the qualifications for permanent command. For example, the commanding officer of a company was titled "Kompaniechef" (literally, Company Chief in English), but if he did not have the requisite rank or experience, or was only temporarily assigned to command, he was officially titled "Kompanieführer."
Thus operational commands of various military echelons were typically referred to by their formation title followed by the title ''Führer'', in connection with mission-type tactics used by the German military.
The term Führer was also used at lower levels, regardless of experience or rank; for example, a ''Gruppenführer'' was the leader of a squad of infantry (9 or 10 men). Aside from this generic meaning, "Gruppenführer" was also an official rank title for a specific grade of general in the Waffen SS.
The word ''Truppenführer'' was also a generic word referring to any commander or leader of troops, and could be applied to NCOs or officers at many different levels of command.
Under the Nazis, the title ''Führer'' was also used in paramilitary titles (see Freikorps). Almost every Nazi paramilitary organization, in particular the SS and SA, had Nazi party paramilitary ranks incorporating the title of Führer.

Equivalent historic titles

Contemporaries

Hitler's choice for this political title was unprecedented in German. Like much of the early symbolism of Nazi Germany, it was modeled after Benito Mussolini's Fascist Italy, which impressed Hitler but soon proved its military incompetence. Mussolini's chosen nickname ''il Duce'' ("the Leader") was widely used, though unlike Hitler he never made it his official title. Note that the Italian word ''duce'' (unlike the German word ''Führer'') is no longer used as a generic term for a leader, but almost always refers to Mussolini himself.
Remarkably different authoritarian political leaders in various official positions assumed, formally or not, similar titles -- in their own languages, as nationalism dictates -- suggesting the power to speak for the nation itself, and justifying a more than ordinary exercise of power.
Such titles used by nationalist heads of state and/or government during the Second World War include:

★ ''el Caudillo de España'' (self-styled "the Chieftain of Spain") Generalísimo Francisco Franco Bahamonde, ''Jefe de Estado'' (Chief of State) and Prime Minister. He was the only one who stayed comfortably in power after winning his extremely bloody civil war, and remained neutral during World War II.

★ ''Vodca'' ("Leader") monsignor Jozef Tiso, from 1942 self-styled, in Slovakia, President 1939 - 1945 (acting to 26 October 1939).

★ ''Poglavnik Nezavisne Drzave Hrvatske'' (Leader of the Independent State of Croatia) Ante Pavelic, in power in Croatia 10 April 1941 - 6 May 1945

★ Vidkun Quisling, ''Fører'' ("leader", "guide"), Minister-president of the Nazi puppet government in Norway, and, after Reichskommissar Josef Terboven, the highest official in occupied Norway, reporting directly to Hitler.

★ Conducător ("leader"), a title used by Ion Antonescu in Romania.

★ ''Leider'' ("leader"), a title used by Anton Mussert, the leader of Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging (National Socialist Movement) in the Netherlands.

★ ''Nemzetvezető'' ("leader of the nation"), a title used by Ferenc Szalasi, the chief of the ''Nyilaskeresztes Párt'' (Arrow Cross Party) who succeeded Miklos Horthy in Hungary.

★ ''Arhigos'' ("chief" or "leader"), a title used by General Ioannis Metaxas of Greece's 4th of August Regime.
Other 'leaders' of contemporary nationalist political groups who never achieved power:

★ ''Capitanul'' 'The Captain' Corneliu Zelea Codreanu of the "Iron Guard" in Romania.

★ ''El Jefe'' 'The Chief' Jorge González von Marées of the Chilean ''Nacistas'' (Chilean-Spanish word for "Nazis"), who failed a coup d'état in 1932

★ ''Vozhd'' 'Leader' Konstantin Rodzaevsky of the Russian Fascist Party, only active in exile in Manchuria, most admired Mussolini but saw action only in the anti-Communist service of the Japanese Empire.

★ the ''American Führer'' Fritz Kuhn.

★ ''Chief'' William Dudley Pelley of the U.S. Silver Legion of America.

★ Adrien Arcand, self-proclaimed ''Canadian Führer''

★ ''Netaji'' (Leader) Subhas Chandra Bose of the Indian National Army in British India tried to seize independence from the British Empire by arms while the British Forces were engaged against the Axis Powers, but failed.

★ ''Tindis'' or ''Tandis'' (leader of a confederation of ''barangays'') used by the Sakdalista Party leader Benigno Ramos during the Commonwealth of the Philippines (from 1935, under US sovereignty).
In areas occupied by the Axis powers, some states or ethnic-cultural communities aspiring to national self-determination found they were not handed real power by their victorious German allies as they had hoped. Their nationalist leaders, too weak to gain control independently, were simply used as pawns.
Such Nazi collaborators include ''De Leider'' "leader" Staf De Clercq of the VNV (Flemish National League) in Flanders (the Dutch-speaking northern majority of Belgium), who had dreamed of a 'Diets' nation uniting Flanders, the Netherlands and ''Frans-Vlaanderen'' (the French part of historic Flanders, united with Belgium into one military occupation zone and ''Reichskommissariat''). Even when the Germans decided in December 1944, after the allied breakthrough, to carve up Belgium, leaving only bicultural capital Brussels under the Reichskommissar, the post of ''Landsleider van het Vlaamsche Volk'' ('Land leader of the Flemish people') of the new ''Reichsgau'' (integral 'Germanic' part of the Reich, in this case merely on paper) (Flandern, ''Vlaanderen'' in Dutch; capital Anwerp) went to another collaborating party, Devlag, in the person of Jef Van de Wiele (1902 - 1979), 15 December 1944 - 1945, in exile in Germany as the Allied controlled all Belgium since September 1944; meanwhile in the Francophone south of Belgium, partially reconquered by German troops (December 1944 - January 1945), the equivalent post of ''Chef du Peuple Wallon'' ('Leader of the Walloon People'), at the head of the ''Reichsgau Wallonien'', went to Léon Degrelle (in exile in Germany) of the rather Belgicist Rex party.

Later parallels

The use of the word "leader" to denote a position of absolute political power was not invented by the Nazis, and it did not end with their defeat in World War II. Many leaders have continued to use such titles as part of maintaining a personality cult, including ''Başbuğ'' (commander) Alparslan Türkeş of the Turkish Nationalistic Front.
The same style was sometimes followed by leaders with nationalist inclinations elsewhere in the political spectrum, not in the least rulers of Marxist 'dictatures of the proletariate'; thus Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il of North Korea, who are both historically and geographically far removed from any European influence, use the titles ''Great Leader'' and ''Dear Leader'', respectively.
In Romania, communist party leader and president Nicolae Ceauşescu even had the same title, ''Conducător'' (Romanian for leader), as earlier marshal Ion Antonescu.
Saparmurat Niyazov, the late president for life of the Republic of Turkmenistan, and former leader of the Soviet communist party and later of the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan (the country's only political party), assumed from 22 October 1993 the unique, paternalistic national title ''Turkmenbashi'' (''Türkmenbaşy'' in Turkmen), which means "Father of the Turkmens".
Such official titles must not be confused with informal, often ironical epithets bestowed by others, such as "El Maximo Lider" for Cuban communist party leader and president Fidel Castro.
In the sporting world, Michael Schumacher's dominance of Formula 1 from the late 1990s to as late as 2006 ; led his fans to affectionately call Schumacher 'Führer' - the ultimate leader in F1.

Satirical Use

During the Apollo era (1967-1975), the German-American engineer Guenther F. Wendt, who served as the leader of the launch pad "close out" crew, was nicknamed by the Kennedy Space Center personnel as ''"Führer of the Pad."''

Usage in modern German

Due to its excessive use in Nazi Germany, the term ''Führer'' is not common in modern Germany. ''Führer'' itself is almost exclusively used in compound words, e.g.

★ ''Lok[omotiv]führer'' (engine driver)

★ ''Zugführer'' (railway guard, platoon leader [in military context])

★ ''Bergführer'' (mountain guide)

★ ''Spielführer'' (team captain)

★ ''Fremdenführer'' (tourist guide)

★ ''Geschäftsführer'' (director)

★ ''Führerschein'' (driver's license)

★ ''Führerstand'' or ''Führerhaus'' (driver's cab)

★ ''Reiseführer'' (travel guide book)

★ ''Wanderführer'' (trekking guide book)
Instead of ''Führer'', the following terms are used nowadays:

★ ''Chef'' (e.g. ''Chef des Bundeskanzleramtes'')

★ ''Leiter'' (often in composites like ''Amtsleiter'', ''Projektleiter'', ''Referatsleiter'')

★ ''Anführer'' (rarely)

See also

★ List of German expressions in English

★ Deputy Führer

★ Oberste SA-Führer

Sources and references

(incomplete)

★ WorldStatesmen