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The 'European lion' (''Panthera leo europaea'') or (''Panthera leo tartarica'') could be an extinct subspecies of lion that inhabited southern Europe until historic times. This population is generally considered part of the Asiatic lion (''Panthera leo persica''), but others consider it a separate subspecies, the European lion (''Panthera leo europaea''). They also could possibly have been the last remnants of the Cave lion (''Panthera leo spelea'').
Two prehistoric lions lived in Europe, namely the Early Middle Pleistocene European cave lion ''Panthera leo fossilis'' and the Upper Pleistocene European cave lion ''Panthera leo spelaea''.

Contents

Distribution

Extinction

See also

References

Distribution

The European lion in historic times inhabited the Iberian Peninsula, southern France, Italy and Balkans south to northern Greece.(In russian) This was the northermost of the subspecies of lion until its extinction. Its habitat was the Mediterranean and temperate forests of the area, with prey that included the wisent, elk, aurochs, deer and other European ungulates.

Extinction

Due to their remote extinction, little is known about these subspecies of lion. Aristotle and Herodotus wrote that lions were found in the Balkans in the middle of the first millennium B.C. When Xerxes advanced through Macedon in 480 B.C. he encountered several lions. Before 20 B.C. they became extinct from Italy and around the year 1 from Western Europe.[1] Around the year 70 they were restricted to northern Greece, in the area between the rivers Aliakmon and Nestus. Finally, in the year 100 they became extinct in Eastern Europe too.[2] After that lions in the European continent became restricted to the Caucasus, where a population of the Asiatic lion survived until the 10th century.
The European Lion became extinct due to excessive hunting (lion hunting was popular among the Macedonians, Greeks and Romans), over-exploitation, and competition with feral dogs. Along with the Barbary lion and the Asiatic lion the European lion was used in the Roman arenas, where they fought against ''bestiarii'', and animals like the Caspian tiger, the aurochs and bears. Due to geographical distribution they were more accessible to Romans than North African and Middle Eastern lions. When the European lion was walking toward extinction, Romans began to import lions from North Africa and the Middle East to fight in the arenas. Further details about their extinction are unknown.

See also

★ Asiatic Lion

★ Cave Lion

★ Lion

References

★ Burger J, Rosendahl W, Loreille O, Hemmer H, Eriksson T, Götherström A, Hiller J, Collins MJ, Wess T, Alt KW. (2004). Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion Panthera leo spelaea. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 30, 841–849. Online pdf

★ Asiatic Lion Information Centre. 2001 Past and present distribution of the lion in North Africa and Southwest Asia. Downloaded 1 June 2006 from http://www.asiatic-lion.org/distrib.html.

★ Guggisberg, C.A.W. 1961. Simba: the life of the lion. Howard Timmins, Cape Town.