(Redirected from Euro-sceptic)
'Euroscepticism' has become a general term for opposition to the process of
European integration. It originated in the
United Kingdom, and at first referred to those within the
Labour Party and
Conservative Party who were
sceptical of their parties’ official support for UK membership of the then
European Economic Community. Since then, the meaning has expanded, to cover most opposition to the
European Union, to its policies, to the introduction of the
euro, and to any future
pan-European entity in the form of a
superstate, a
federation, or a
confederation. The term entered other European languages as a
loan word or
calque, for instance ''Europaskepsis'' in
German.
Euroscepticism is often associated with support for the
nation-state and for national
sovereignty, and is typically motivated by concern that the “ever closer union†enshrined in the
preamble of the
Treaty of Rome will erode that sovereignty. However euroscepticism is not a well-defined
ideology, and eurosceptics differ on both their vision of Europe and on the manner in which it is perceived to fail. Thus, for instance, some seek a different form of European “Union†(with perhaps a new name), some seek reversal of the process of European integration, some seek withdrawal of their own country from the EU, whilst others seek the complete dissolution of the EU. Some see EU politics as highly bureaucratic and undemocratic and therefore want change within the EU rather than its dissolution.
Eurosceptic influences on European politics
Euroscepticism was at first stronger in
Northern Europe. The UK,
Sweden, and
Denmark, for example, declined full participation in the
Economic and Monetary Union. Non-members
Norway,
Iceland and
Switzerland, especially the
German-speaking cantons, were reluctant to expand ties with the EU or accept membership. In recent years, euroscepticism has grown in the new EU member states in central and eastern Europe, and even in
Turkey, which is still a long way from EU membership.
According to
Eurobarometer surveys, fewer than 3 in 10 citizens of Sweden and just over 4 in 10 citizens in the UK feel their countries have benefited from membership of the EU. Most
continental European countries tend to be more pro-EU, although eurosceptic movements exist in all European countries in some form. Among the new member states who acceded in 2004, the
Czech Republic is the most eurosceptic.
Anti EU constitution poster
Euroscepticism is likely to have been a factor (at least in part) of:
★ the French and Dutch rejection of the
European Constitution by referendums held in 2005
★ the
Norwegian rejection of EU membership, on both occasions
★ the
Swiss rejection of membership in the
European Economic Area
★ the initial
Danish rejection of the
Maastricht Treaty (later approved)
★ the Danish rejection of the
euro
★ the
Irish rejection of the
Nice Treaty in the first referendum (later approved). See
Ireland’s “No†Vote, (it is debatable as to whether or not this was euroscepticism)
★ the
Swedish rejection of the euro in the
national referendum on
September 14 2003
★ the fact that
Iceland has never applied for membership
★ the fact that
Greenland chose not to remain in the EU (then the
EEC) when it was granted
home rule by Denmark in
1979
★ the
United Kingdom’s unwillingness to be a part of the
Schengen Agreement or the
Economic and Monetary Union
★ the
Finnish presidential election, where
Timo Soini gained 3.4% share of votes (more than preceding opinion polls expected)
Eurosceptic issues
The issues on which eurosceptics focus vary from country to country.
In European countries outside the EU, eurosceptics focus attention on the perceived disadvantages of Union membership; for instance, in the case of
Norway, the greatest concern is the effect of the EU’s
Common Fisheries Policy. In those countries which are already members, but have chosen to retain independent currencies (the
United Kingdom,
Denmark and
Sweden), eurosceptics focus on the disadvantages of
euro membership as well as on other aspects of involvement with the EU. Some arguments against the
Economic and Monetary Union are built on complaints that the
Growth and Stability Pact has been inconsistently applied, and on the recent underperformance of the
eurozone when compared with those economies that have chosen to remain outside.
While many eurosceptics take issue with particular characteristics of the EU as it stands, some maintain in principle that the very concept of the EU is an invention of bureaucrats seeking to create a bureaucratic and undemocratic superstate.
Centralisation
Eurosceptics oppose the idea of a centralised European superstate,a United States of Europe]] akin to the
United States of America, which many see as the inevitable outcome of current
integrationist trends. This is a perception disputed by some, but by no means all, pro-Europeans.
Compromising sovereignty
Eurosceptics often disagree with current or proposed measures that they see as compromising national sovereignties, including:
★ the proposed
European Rapid Reaction Force
★ the draft
European Constitution
★ the proposed establishing of a European Public Prosecutor, or the establishing of
Eurojust
★ any extension of
Europol to include enforcement powers
★ harmonising taxation or welfare benefits
★ reduction to the number of policy areas subject to agreement by unanimity in the
European Council, where each country may veto proposed legislation
Eurosceptics often propose either radical modifications to the structure of the EU, including more influence for national parliaments, or the withdrawal of their country from the Union altogether.
Harmonising of justice and home affairs
Eurosceptics generally consider the harmonising of criminal justice systems in Europe unnecessary. They dispute pro-Europeans’ claims that enhanced judicial co-operation could provide additional protection against terrorists or organised criminal gangs. They believe that moves towards centralised decisions on issues of justice and law are examples of the EU’s lack of choice and poor cultural awareness.
While most eurosceptics acknowledge that all current systems of justice in the EU offer adequate protection despite their differences, others, including members of the British Parliament, contend that
common law systems of justice are incompatible with
civil law systems which, according to them, do not provide enough protections with respect to
presumption of innocence and other guarantees. (These guarantees, however, are laid out in the
European Convention of Human Rights, which all EU members must sign.)
Eurosceptics in the European Parliament
In 2004, 37
MEPs from the
UK,
Poland,
Denmark and
Sweden founded a new
European Parliament group called “
Independence and Democracy†from the old
Europe of Democracies and Diversities (EDD) group. The main goals of this group are to reject the
Treaty establishing a constitution for Europe and to oppose further
European integration. Some delegations within the group, notably the
United Kingdom Independence Party, advocate the complete withdrawal of their country from the EU.
The group’s leaders are
Nigel Farage of UKIP (10 MEPs) and
Jens Peter Bonde of Denmark.
The right-wing
Union for Europe of the Nations Group is also eurosceptic as are some parties within the left-wing Confederal Group of the
European United Left—Nordic Green Left and the
European Greens—European Free Alliance. The UK’s largely eurosceptic
Conservative Party are part of the
European People’s Party and European Democrats which has mainly a pro-European agenda.
Euroscepticism in France
1970s
In
1978,
Jacques Chirac, a rival of then president
Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, published the
Call of Cochin in which he clearly alluded to Giscard’s party as the “party of the foreigners.†Giscard is a well-known pro-European.
Recent events
On the
left of the political spectrum, the ''
Parti des Travailleurs'',
Jean-Pierre Chevènement and the
French Communist Party are eurosceptic. They see the European Union as a means through which unpopular economic measures of
free markets,
free trade, the gradual demolition of
public services and
Social security and increasing
technocracy, all of which they see as part of a
right-wing agenda, are imposed on the French public. The Left is split along similar lines on the topic of the
proposed European Constitution: the Communist Party, and parts of the
Socialist Party, oppose the Constitution as carving “''ultra-libéral''†free market policies in stone; but the majority of the Socialist party considers the constitution an improvement, according to an internal vote.
On the
right,
Jean-Marie Le Pen (
Front National) and
Philippe de Villiers are eurosceptic. They are against compromising French independence and the possible integration into the European Union of countries that they contend are not European in essence, such as
Turkey. Le Pen is also opposed to the
Common Agricultural Policy and would rather have
protectionist measures against imports of foreign agricultural products into France, and other imports as well. While the integration of Turkey was supported by former president
Jacques Chirac, it is opposed by many, including 2007-elected president
Nicolas Sarkozy.
Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom
Main articles: Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom
The debate around euroscepticism has been a major political issue in the
United Kingdom since the inception of the European Union (then the
European Economic Community or EEC), and has not reduced significantly following UK membership of the Union.
The appropriate use of the term ''eurosceptic'' is sometimes disputed by those on both sides of the pro-/anti-EU debate. Eurosceptics who feel that their position should emphasise a desire for greater national and parliamentary independence over specific criticisms of the EU sometimes argue that the positive-sounding antonym ''pro-European'' contrasts with the more negative ''eurosceptic'', giving a rhetorical advantage to those who advocate European integration.
In order to avoid this, ''euro-realist'' has been coined as an alternative. However, in recent years this term has sometimes come to denote a milder form of euroscepticism, according to which it is not necessarily in countries’ interests to withdraw from the EU or disband it completely, but rather to modify its structure to some extent.
Other synonyms that are sometimes encountered include ''euro-critic'' and the much more pejorative ''europhobe''. The simple adjective ''anti-EU'' can also be used, although in most cases this is not a synonym since many British eurosceptics do not seek for the UK to leave the EU, only for the pushing for considerable reform of the EUs organisations.
Many eurosceptics disapprove of the term pro-Europeans to denote their opponents. They maintain that their pro-democracy ideology is more “pro-Europe†than the federalist position. They prefer to call their opponents “europhiles†or euro-fantics and their philosophy as pro-EU, federalist (cf. the
f word), integrationist or euro-centralist.
Many British eurosceptics are
opposed to metrication, which they see as an EU imposition.
[1]
Euroscepticism in central and eastern Europe
A vandalised EU sign in Poland, seen 2003.
One common argument raised by eurosceptics in the new EU member states from
Central Europe is that the European Union’s
bureaucracy and perceived
socialist tendencies may be sustainable for mature
Western European economies, but will bring the still fragile post-
communist economies to a grinding halt. These viewpoints have often been encouraged when governments tried to excuse increases to the
fiscal burden as harmonising law with EU requirements, even when those laws had not been introduced for old EU member countries. Pro-Europeans argue the increased regulatory burden is feasible through post-accession increased economic growth, and that now inside the EU they will be able to help reform it.
Other issues include the need for new entrants to initiate EU-level border controls with non-accession neighbours. This has a big impact on
Poland’s border with
Ukraine. The introduction of the EU’s visa regime has often greatly reduced cross-border trade with these neighbours, thus bankrupting many small family business in one of the poorest regions of Poland. Some consider Poland’s joining the EU to be an act of disloyalty towards Ukraine, ultimately pushing the latter further into the
Russian sphere of influence. Many economists believe that, on a country wide level, these disadvantages will eventually be offset by the freedom to travel and do business across the EU, though the benefits may be distributed unequally.
Other criticisms of the European Union are related to its inability to prevent the recent increase in
ethnic nationalism across Eastern Europe; the example of
Kosovo is often cited. The EU is sometimes accused of trying to impose models that worked in the Western European countries without any regard for the different reality of Eastern European life, and it is claimed that this approach produces more problems than it solves.
Some Romanians, Slovaks and Croatians claim that Hungarian
irredentists have found a new platform built by the European Union in Eastern Europe. Alleged irredentist Hungarian politicians are claimed to be helped by European regulations in involving themselves in the internal affairs of neighbouring countries. The main practice denounced is that Hungary is trying use the legitimate concept of ethnic minority rights in order to promote various forms (mostly subtle) of
revanchism in the region. The claim is supported by Hungary’s amending the status law trying to redefine the idea of nation and extending special economic, social and cultural benefits to ethnic Hungarians in neighbouring states (Romania, Slovakia, Croatia and Ukraine), who had objected to the law in 2001. The European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission), a body of the
Council of Europe, was called in by Romania and criticised the Hungarian initiative.
Euroscepticism from religious groups
The EU has received strong criticism from members of some religious groups, most notably
evangelical Christians with
dispensationalist views.
[1]They complain that the EU is rooted too strongly in
secular humanism and undermines traditional
Christianity with its policies. Some go as far to describe the EU as the beginnings of the one-world empire allegedly foretold in
Bible prophecy. According to their interpretation of the Apocalypse, it is believed that such an empire will eventually be led by a single ruler, the
Antichrist. Arguments for this view include a perceived
occultic significance of EU symbolism
[2], an allegedly “un-Christian†nature of EU policies
[3], the refusal to mention the
Christian God in official documents
[4] and the effort to encourage the people of
Europe to reject their national identity in favour of a European one. Also the Polish religious sect known as the
Radio Maryja Family, and led by Father
Rydzyk, strongly opposed the EU.
See also
★
History of the European Union
★
Pan-European identity
★
European Constitution
★
Sovereignty
★
Nationalism
★
Nation-state
★
Patriotism
★
United States of Europe
References
1. UK Independence Party Manifesto for the 2001 General Election
External links
Studies of public opinion
★
Euroscepticism statistics from the European Commission
★
Europe and the Ballot:Voting Behaviour in Referendums on European Integration
Eurosceptic sites
★
Independence/Democracy Group in the European Parliament
★
The Better Off Out Campaign
★
The Democracy Movement
★
Democracy in Europe
★
Sovereignty
★
The European Foundation
★
Free Europe Vote Initiative
★
UK Independence Party
★
English Democrats
★
Eurorealist
★
Bruges Group
★
Research Centre Free Europe
Specific criticisms of the EU
★
Criticism of EU “propagandaâ€
★
Problems with CAP
★
Welfare shopping in Ireland
★
Put an end to the moving circus to Strasbourg
Euroscepticism rebuttals
★
The European Commission’s Press Office in London
★
Benefits of European Union membership
العربية
ä¸å›½
Français
Deutsch
Ελληνική
हिनà¥à¤¦à¥€
Italiano
日本語
Português
РуÑÑкий
Español
