ESSEX

'Essex' is a county in the East of England. The county town is Chelmsford, and the highest point of the county is Chrishall Common near the village of Langley, close to the Hertfordshire border, which reaches 482 feet (147 metres).

Contents

Divisions and environs

History

Population and settlement

Transport

Economy

Industry and commerce

Education

Average score at GCSE by council district 2006 results (%)

County emblems

Towns and villages

Places of interest

Twinning

References

See also

External links

Divisions and environs

The area under the control of the county council, or shire county, is divided into a number of local government districts. They are Harlow, Epping Forest, Brentwood, Basildon, Castle Point, Rochford, Maldon, Chelmsford, Uttlesford, Braintree, Colchester and Tendring.^[1] Thurrock and Southend-on-Sea are unitary authorities which form part of the county for various functions such as Lord Lieutenant but do not come under county council control.^[2] Essex Police also covers the two unitary authorities.^[3]
The ceremonial county, the area including the unitary authorities, has boundaries to the east with the coastline of the North Sea; to the south with the northern bank, or estuary, of the River Thames and Kent; to the south west with Greater London; to the west with Hertfordshire across the River Lee and the Stort; to the north west with Cambridgeshire; and to the north with Suffolk, mostly marked by the River Stour.

History

Main articles: History of Essex

The name 'Essex' derives from the ''East Seaxe'' or East Saxons. The Kingdom of Essex was traditionally founded by Aescwine in 527 AD, occupying territory to the north of the River Thames, incorporating much of what would later become Middlesex and Hertfordshire, though its territory was later restricted to lands east of the River Lee.^[4] It is through this origin as one of the 'Saxon' kingdoms that Essex is specifically not part of the region known as East Anglia (the latter comprising Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire), settled by tribes calling themselves 'Anglian'. Colchester in the north east of the county is Britain's oldest recorded town, dating back to before the Roman conquest, when it was known as Camulodunon, and was sufficiently well-developed to have its own mint.
Essex County Council was formed in 1889. However, the County Borough of West Ham, and from 1915 the County Borough of East Ham, formed part of the county but were not under county council control.Vision of Britain - Essex admin county (historic map) Southend-on-Sea also formed a county borough from 1914 to 1974.^[5] The boundary with Greater London was established in 1965 when the former area of the East Ham and West Ham county boroughs and of the Barking, Chingford, Dagenham, Hornchurch, Ilford, Leyton, Romford, Walthamstow and Wanstead and Woodford districts was transferred to form the London boroughs of Barking, Havering, Newham, Redbridge, and Waltham Forest; an area similar to that known as Metropolitan Essex.^[6]
Essex became part of the East of England Government Office Region in 1994 and was statistically counted as part of that region from 1999, having previously been part of the South East England region. In 1998 the districts of Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock separated from the shire county of Essex becoming unitary districts.

Population and settlement

The pattern of settlement in the county is diverse. The London Green Belt has effectively prevented the further sprawl of London into the county, although it contains the new towns of Basildon and Harlow, originally developed to resettle Londoners following the destruction of London housing in World War II but since much expanded. Epping Forest also acts as a protected barrier to the further spread of London. Much of the Epping Forest district, consisting of the residential towns of Chigwell, Waltham Abbey, Loughton and Buckhurst Hill, is more developed and forms part of the Greater London Urban Area.
Because of its proximity to London and the economic magnetism which that city exerts, many of Essex's settlements function as dormitory towns or villages where London workers raise their families. Essex is known for being the origin of the political term Essex man, and of the Essex girl joke.
Part of the south east of the county, already containing the major population centres of Southend and Thurrock, is within the Thames Gateway and designated for further development. To the north of the Green Belt, with the exception of major towns such as Colchester and Chelmsford, the county is rural, with many small towns, villages and hamlets largely built in the traditional materials of timber and brick, with clay tile or thatched roofs.

Transport

The main airport in Essex is London Stansted Airport, serving destinations in Europe and North America; Southend Airport, [1] once one of Britain's busiest airports, is undergoing redevelopment, but still has limited passenger flights to destinations such as the Channel Islands. There are several smaller airfields, some of which owe their origins to air force bases built during World War I or World War II. These are popular for pleasure flights; examples include Clacton Airfield [2] and Stapleford Aerodrome. [3]
The port of Tilbury is one of Britain's three major ports, while the port of Harwich links the county to the Hook of Holland and Esbjerg. A service to Cuxhaven closed in December 2005. Despite the road crossing to Dartford in Kent across the River Thames, a pedestrian ferry to Gravesend, Kent still operates from Tilbury during limited hours, and there are foot ferries operating across some of the county's rivers and estuaries during the summer months.
The M25 motorway and M11 motorway both cross the county, and the A12 and A13 trunk roads are important radial routes from London. There is an extensive public transport network. [4] The main rail routes include two lines from London to Southend-on-Sea, operated by c2c and several routes operated by 'one' including a third route to Southend, the Great Eastern Main Line and the West Anglia Main Line. The Epping Forest district is served by the London Underground Central Line. The routes operated by 'one' and c2c, both of which are owned by National Express, connect to Liverpool Street and Fenchurch Street stations in the east of the City of London.

Economy

This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Essex at current basic prices published (pp.240-253) by ''Office for National Statistics'' with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.

Year	Regional Gross Value Added[7]	Agriculture[8]	Industry[9]	Services[10]
1995	'11,422'	282	3,424	7,716
2000	'14,998'	205	4,335	10,458
2003	'18,588'	258	5,158	13,172

Industry and commerce

The Lakeside Shopping Centre at Thurrock was one of England's first out-of-town shopping centres; it remains popular despite congestion on the nearby M25 motorway and direct competition from Bluewater Shopping Centre.
Industry is largely limited to the south of the county, with the majority of the land elsewhere being given over to agriculture. Harlow is a centre for electronics, science and pharmaceutical companies, while Chelmsford is the home of Marconi (now called telent plc and owned by Ericsson of Sweden since 2005), and Brentwood home to the Ford Motor Company's European HQ. Loughton is home to the production facility for British and foreign banknotes. Chelmsford has been an important location for electronics companies since the industry was born, and is also the location for a number of insurance and financial services organisations, and is the home of the soft drinks producer Britvic. Other businesses in the county are dominated by light engineering and the service sector.
Colchester is a garrison town, and the local economy is helped by the army's personnel living there.

Education

Essex has an essentially comprehensive education system. However there are four selective schools with two in Colchester and two in Chelmsford, all being single sex. They produce exceedingly good A level results, far outstripping any nearby independent schools, and often in the top ten for English state schools and are the top four in Essex (and the East of England), being in a league of their own. Nearby Southend on Sea also has selective schools. Due to Uttlesford's good results, it can be safely concluded that this district also has the highest house prices in Essex, although house prices will vary considerably within individual districts. Chelmsford is the largest district by school population, and Maldon the smallest (with only two secondary schools). At GCSE, Epping Forest is helped by the Davenant Foundation School in Loughton, and Brentwood is helped by the single sex Brentwood Ursuline Convent High School; these schools produce results similar to selective schools. At A level, the best performing comprehensive is St Martin's School in Brentwood, followed by the St John Payne Catholic Comprehensive School in Chelmsford. Essex's worst performing school is the Barstable School in Basildon with 13% of pupils achieving 5 grades at A-C including Maths and English, followed by the Alderman Blaxill School in Colchester with 14%.
Essex has a comprehensive and selective education system. There are eight selective schools with two in Colchester, two in Chelmsford, two in Southend on Sea and two in Westcliff on Sea, all being single sex. There are selective streams in several other schools in the county. Examination results are much higher than the UK average, particularly in the selective schools.

Average score at GCSE by council district 2006 results (%)

★ Uttlesford 58.8

★ Chelmsford 57.5

★ Brentwood 55.0

★ Rochford 53.4

★ (Southend on Sea Unitary Authority 49.9)

★ Colchester 48.4

★ Epping Forest 44.4

★ Castle Point 42.6

★ Braintree 40.2

★ (Thurrock Unitary Authority 38.5)

★ Basildon 36.9

★ Tendring 36.3

★ Maldon 32.6

★ Harlow 32.4

County emblems

The County's coat of arms consists of three Saxon seax daggers arranged on a red background; the three-seaxe device is also used as the official logo of Essex County Council.[5].
The traditional county flower of Essex is the Cowslip, locally known as the paigle or peggle, and frequently mentioned in the writings of Essex bucolic authors such as Samuel Bensusan and C. H. Warren. As part of a 2002 marketing campaign, the plant conservation charity Plantlife chose the Common Poppy as the county flower. .
Samuel Bensusan and others have suggested that if Essex had a county bird, it would be the Lapwing (known locally as the peewit) whose lonely cry characterises the Essex marshes known as saltings.
Most English counties have nicknames for people from that county, such as a Tyke from Yorkshire and a Yellowbelly from Lincolnshire; the traditional nickname for a person from Essex is an Essex Calf, so named because the county was famous for rearing beef cattle for sale in London meat markets; calves from the county were famed for their large size and known as 'Essex lions' [6].

Towns and villages

''See the List of places in Essex

Places of interest

★ Abberton Reservoir

★ Arena Essex Raceway

★ Audley End

★ Colchester Castle, Colne Valley Railway

★ East Anglian Railway Museum

★ Epping Forest

★ Harlow New Town

★ Hedingham Castle

★ Gorillaz Kong Studios (fictional)

★ Mangapps Railway Museum (Burnham-on-Crouch)

★ Mistley towers

★ St Peter-on-the-Wall

★ University of Essex (Wivenhoe Park, Colchester)

★ Waltham Abbey

★ Colchester Zoo

★ North Weald Airfield

★ Southend Pier

★ Marsh Farm Country Park

★ Kelvedon Hatch (Secret Nuclear Bunker)

Twinning

★ 'Jiangsu', the People's Republic of China

★ 'Picardy', France

★ 'Thuringia', Germany

★ 'Henrico County', Virginia

References

1. Essex County Council - District or Borough Councils
2. OPSI - The Essex (Boroughs of Colchester, Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock and District of Tendring) (Structural, Boundary and Electoral Changes) Order 1996
3. OPSI - The Essex (Police Area and Authority) Order 1997
4. Vision of Britain - Essex ancient county boundaries map
5. Vision of Britain - Southend-on-Sea MB/CB
6. British History Online - Metropolitan Essex since 1850, (1966).
7. Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
8. includes hunting and forestry
9. includes energy and construction
10. includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

See also

★ Earl of Essex

★ GHQ Line - World War II fortification

★ Essex County Cricket Club - 2006 pro40 champions

★ Secondary schools in Essex

External links

★ Essex Guides and Directories

★ Essex County Council

★ The Essex Website

★ BBC Essex

★ Evening Echo (for south of county)

★ Essex Music Links (for whole of county)

★ Evening Gazette (for north of county)