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'Warmia' (, Latin: ''Varmia'') or 'Erm(e)land' () is a region between Pomerania and Masuria in northeastern Poland. Together with Masuria, it forms the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship.
To the west of Warmia is Pomesania, to the south is Chełmno Land, Sassinia, and Masuria (earlier called Galindia), to the east is Sambia, and to the north is the Vistula Bay. Warmia has been under the dominion of various states and peoples over the course of its history, most notably the Old Prussians, the Teutonic Knights, the Kingdom of Poland, and the Kingdom of Prussia. The history of the region is closely connected to that of the Archbishopric of Warmia.
The area is associated with the Prussian tribe, the Warmians^[1], who settled in the northern part of the area. According to folk etymology, the area of ''Warmia'' is named after the legendary Prussian chief ''Warmo'', the name ''Ermland'', in turn, derives from his widow ''Erma''.

Contents

History

Early history

The beginning of the Northern Crusades

The Teutonic Order

Polish Crown

Prussia

Poland

Major towns

Famous Warmians

See also

References

External links

History

Early history

The first traces of human settlement in the region come from roughly 14 to 15 thousand years ago: traces of settlements made by the Lusatian culture (13th—5th century BC), including above-ground water housings and artificially created islands. By the early Middle Ages, the area was inhabited by the Warmians, an Old Prussian tribe.

The beginning of the Northern Crusades

In the 13th century, the area became a battleground in the Northern Crusades. Having failed to gather an expedition against Palestine, Pope Innocent III resolved in 1207 to organize a new Crusade; beginning in 1209, he called for Crusades against the Albigenses, in against the Almohad dynasty of Spain (1213), and, around that time, the pagans of Prussia[1]. The first Bishop of Prussia, Christian of Oliva, was commissioned in 1209 to convert the Prussians, at the request of Konrad I of Masovia.

The Teutonic Order

After a number of years Duke Konrad I of Masovia invited the Teutonic Knights to Christianize the pagan Prussians in 1226. He supplied the Teutonic Order and allowed the usage of Chełmno Land (''Culmerland'') which as a base for the knights. They were to establish secure borders between Masovia and the Prussians, with perhaps his assumption that conquered territories would be joined to Masovia. The Order waited until they received official authorisation by the empire, which Emperor Frederick II granted by issuing the Golden Bull of Rimini. The grant was confirmed by the papal Golden Bull of Rieti from Pope Gregory IX in 1234, although Konrad of Masovia never recognized the rights of the Order to rule Prussia. Later, the Knights were accused of forging these land grants.
By the end of the 13th century most of the Prussian region, including Warmia, was conquered and Christianized by the Teutonic Order, as was requested by the popes, the ultimate superiors of the Teutonic Order. Of the native Prussians many were reduced to the status of serfs and gradually Germanized. Other native Prussians took on Christianity and had their equal status granted. Over several centuries the colonists, native Prussians and the immigrants gradually developed into German East Prussians.
The Archbishopric of Warmia was one of four dioceses created in 1242 by the papal legate William of Modena. Since the 13th century the two Meistertums of Prussia (with Warmia) and Livonia were colonised by Germans (the from 1525 onwards Lutheran Duchy of Prussia gave refuge to Protestant Lithuanians, Scots, Salzburgers, and Mazurian Poles). The bishopric was exempt and was governed by a prince-bishop, confirmed by Emperor Charles IV. The Bishops of Warmia were usually Germans or Poles, although Enea Silvio Piccolomini, the later Pope Pius II, was an Italian bishop of the diocese.
After the 1410 Battle of Grunwald, Bishop Heinrich Vogelsang of Warmia surrendered to King Jogaila of Poland, and later with Bishop Henry of Sambia gave homage to the Polish king at Marienburg Castle (Malbork). After the Polish army moved out of Warmia, the new Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, Heinrich von Plauen the Elder, accused the bishop of treachery and reconquered the region.[2]

Polish Crown

Warmia was under the Church jurisdiction of the Archbishopric of Riga until 1512, when Prince-Bishop Lucas Watzenrode received exempt status, placing Warmia directly under the authority of the Pope (in terms of church jurisdiction), which remained until the resolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. The Second Treaty of Toruń (''Thorn'') in 1466 had removed Warmia from the control of the Teutonic Knights and placed it under the sovereignty of the Crown of Poland as part of the province of Royal Prussia, with several privileges though.
Soon after, in 1467, the Cathedral Chapter elected Nicolas von Tüngen against the wish of the Polish king. The Estates of Royal Prussia did not take the side of the Cathedral Chapter. Nicholas von Tüngen allied himself with the Teutonic Order and with King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary. The feud, known as the War of the Priests, was a low scale affair, affecting mainly Warmia. In 1478 Braniewo (Braunsberg) withstood a Polish siege which was ended in an agreement in which the Polish king recognized von Tüngen as bishop and the right of the Cathedral Chapter to elect future bishops, which however would have to be accepted by the king, and the bishop as well as Cathedral Chapter swore an oath to the Polish king. Later in the Treaty of Piotrków Trybunalski (December 7 1512), conceded to the king of Poland a limited right to determine the election of bishops by choosing four candidates from Royal Prussia [3].
After the Union of Lublin in 1569 Duchy of Warmia was officially directly included as part of the Polish crown within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. At the same time the territory continued to enjoy substantial autonomy, with many legal differences from neighbouring lands. For example, the bishops were by law members of Polish Senat and the land elected MP's to the Sejmik of Royal Prussia as well as MP's to the Sejm of Poland.

Prussia

By the First Partition of Poland in 1772, Warmia was politically reunited with the surrounding parts in East Prussia and annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia; the property of the Archbishopric of Warmia was confiscated by the Prussian state. Ignacy Krasicki, the last prince-bishop as well as a Polish writer, friend of Frederick the Great, was nominated to the Archbishopric of Gnesen (Gniezno). The Prussian census in 1772 showed a total population of 96,547, including an urban population of 24,612 in 12 towns. 17,749 houses were listed and the biggest city was Braunsberg (Braniewo).
From 1772-1945 Warmia was part of Lutheran East Prussia, with the exception that the people of Warmia remained largely Catholic. Most of the German population of Warmia spoke High Prussian, while a small area in the north spoke Low Prussian; southern Warmia was mostly populated by Polish-speaking Warmiaks. Warmia became part of the German Empire in 1871.
In 1873 the Polish language was forbidden in all schools in Warmia, including Polish schools founded in the 16th century. In 1900 Warmia's population was 240,000. In the jingoistic climate after World War I, Poles were subject to persecution by the German government, and Germans by the Polish government. Polish children speaking their language were punished in schools and often had to wear signs with insulting names, such as "Pollack".[4]
The reciprocal persecutions of the German and Polish governments and militias worsened in the late 1930s, and the Poles in Warmia were subject to harsher persecution by German authorities and militias, such as attacks on schools and centers. During World War II Germany sought to suppress all elements of social and political life of the Polish minority in Germany by interning and murdering Polish activists and leaders (see Nazi crimes in Warmia).

Poland

After the Potsdam Conference, following World War II, East Prussia was divided into the two parts now known as Oblast Kaliningrad and Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. Most ethnic Germans were evacuated during the war, and most of those remaining were expelled to Germany. Only a small minority of Germans remained in what became Poland.
Because Hohenzollern sovereignty in Prussia lay outside of the Holy Roman Empire, Elector Frederick III was able to elevate the Duchy of Prussia to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701. One aspect of this is that according to constitutional law East Prussia was never a part of Germany but an independent German state in personal union with Electoral Brandenburg except during two rather short periods of time. At first briefly during the revolutions of 1848, and the second time 1871-1950 from the creation of the Second Reich to the victory of the Allies when East Germany accepted the Oder-Neisse line as its eastern border, which was confirmed by the government of the reunited Germany in 1990.

Major towns

★ Biskupiec

★ Braniewo

★ Frombork

★ Lidzbark Warmiński

★ Olsztyn

★ Reszel

Famous Warmians

★ Rainer Barzel, politician

★ Nicolaus Copernicus, astronomer and mathematician

★ Hugo Haase, politician

★ Feliks Nowowiejski, musician and composer

★ Regina Protmann, canonised founder of the Catholic order Congregatio Sanctae Catharinae (CSCA)

★ Georg Cardinal Sterzinsky, Cardinal-bishop

★ Ernst Wiechert, writer

★ Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski, politician

See also

★ Archbishopric of Warmia

★ Bishops of Warmia

★ Nazi crimes in Warmia

References

1. Also called the ''Warms'', ''Varms'', ''Varmi'', ''Warmians'', ''Varmians'', and, in Latvian, the ''Vārmieši''.


★ Erwin Kruk, ''"Warmia i Mazury"'', Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, Wrocław 2003, ISBN 83-7384-028-1

External links

★ Ermland, Heilsberg, Culm, Riesenburg, Samland bishoprics on 1615 list of Imperial Offices (Ordines Imperii)

★ Region of Warmia

★ Warmia and Masuria

★ Catholic Ermlanders page

★ ca. 1547 map of Prussia including Warmia

★ 1690 map of Magnus Prussia Ducatus (with Warmia in center in green)

★ Heilsberg Epicopate Warmia in Prussia map of 1755