ERIC OF POMERANIA

'Eric of Pomerania', ''Erik af Pommern'', ''Erik VII'' (Danish title), '' Erik av Pommern (Eirik III)'' (Norwegian title) ''Erik av Pommern (Eric XIII)'' (Swedish title) or ''Eryk Pomorski'' (Polish title), was king of Norway (1389–1442), elected king of Denmark (1396–1439), and of Sweden (1396–1439). He was the first king of the Nordic Kalmar Union
He was born in 1382 in Rügenwalde (''Darłowo'') in Pomerania (''Pomorze''). Initially named Bugislav, he was the son of Vratislav of Pomerania and Mary of Mecklenburg, the only surviving granddaughter of Valdemar IV of Denmark and also a descendant of Magnus I of Sweden and Haakon V of Norway. Eric's maternal grandfather was Duke Henry of Mecklenburg, who was a rival of Olaf Haakonsson in regard to the Danish succession in 1375.
In 1387, Olaf, King of Norway and Denmark, died without issue. The next in line of succession to the throne of Norway was the Swedish king, Albrecht of Mecklenburg, but he was resented by the Norwegian nobility. Denmark was an elected kingdom, with no clear candidates to the throne. Olaf's mother, Queen Margaret had herself elected regent of both Denmark and Norway. In Norway it was decided that the inheritance to the throne was to be reckoned from her. Young Bugislav was the grandson of her sister. In 1389 he came to Denmark to be brought up by Queen Margaret. His name was changed to the more Nordic-sounding ''Erik''. On 8 September 1389 he was hailed as King of Norway at the thing of ''Eyrathing'' in Trondheim. He may have been crowned King of Norway in Oslo in 1392, but this is disputed. In 1396 he was hailed as king in Denmark and then in Sweden. On 17 June 1397 he was crowned as king of the three Nordic countries in the cathedral of Kalmar. At the same time, a union treaty was drafted, declaring the establishment of what has become known as the Kalmar Union. Queen Margaret, however, remained the ''de facto'' ruler of the three kingdoms until her death in 1412.
In 1402, Queen Margaret entered into negotiations with the King of England, Henry IV about the possibility of a double wedding alliance between England and the Nordic union. The proposal was for a double wedding, whereby King Eric would marry King Henry's daughter, Philippa, and King Henry's son, the Prince of Wales and future King Henry V would marry King Eric's sister, Catherine. The English side wanted these weddings to seal an offensive alliance between the Nordic kingdoms and England, which could have led to the involvement of the Nordic union on the English side in the ongoing Hundred Years' War against France. Queen Margaret led a consistent foreign policy of not getting entangled in binding alliances and foreign wars. She therefore rejected the English proposals. The double wedding did not come off, but Eric's wedding to Philippa was successfully negotiated. On 26 October 1406 King Eric married the 13-year-old Philippa, daughter of Henry IV of England and Mary de Bohun, at Lund. The wedding was accompanied by a purely defensive alliance with England.
From contemporary sources King Eric appears an intelligent, visionary, energetic and a firm character. That he was also a charming and well-speaking man of the world was shown by a great European tour of the 1420s. The reverse of his character seems to have been his hot temper, his lack of diplomatic sense and an obstinacy that bordered on mulishness. Those are some of the explanations why this king who was inheriting perhaps the greatest power that any Danish ruler has received was able to lose everything.
Almost the whole of Eric’s sole rule was affected by his long-standing conflict with the Holstein counts. He tried to regain South Jutland (Schleswig) which Margaret had been winning but he chose a policy of warfare instead of negotiations. The result was a devastating war that not only ended without conquests but even lost the South Jutlandic areas that he had already obtained. During this war he showed much energy and steadiness but also a remarkable lack of adroitness. A German Imperial verdict of 1424 recognising him as the legal ruler of South Jutland was ignored by the Holsteiners. The long war was a strain on the Danish economy as well as on the unity of the North.
Perhaps his most far-ranging act was the introduction of the Sound Dues (''Øresundtolden'') 1429 which was to last until 1857. By this he secured a large stable income for his kingdom that made it relatively rich and which made the town of Elsinore flowering. It showed his interest of Danish trade and naval power but of course also permanently challenged the other Baltic powers especially the Hanseatic cities against which he also fought. Another important event was that he definitely made Copenhagen a royal possession 1417. This was its final access of becoming the capital of Denmark.
During the 1430s the policy of the king fell apart. The farmers and mine workers of Sweden began a national and a social rebellion 1434 which was soon used by the Swedish nobility in order to weaken the power of the king. He had to yield to the demands of both the Holsteiners and the Hanseatic League and when at last also Danish noblemen began opposing his rule he quite simply left Denmark 1439 and settled at his castle Visborg in Gotland (now Gotland County in Sweden), apparently a kind of a “royal strike” which at last led to his deposition.
In 1440 Eric, having been deposed in all his kingdoms, was succeeded by his nephew, Christopher of Bavaria, who had been chosen for the thrones. At the time when he was deposed as king in Sweden and Denmark, he was offered the position of Norwegian king only. It is said he refused the offer by saying it is better to be a pirate chieftain on Gotland than to be the king of Norway.
Christopher, his successor, died in 1448, long before Eric himself.
The next monarch (reigned 1448–81) was Eric's kinsman, Christian I of Denmark, who was son of Eric's earlier rival Count Theodoric of Oldenburg. To him Eric handed over Gotland in return for the permission to leave for Pomerania.
From 1449 to 1459, Eric ruled the Duchy of Stolp (part of the Duchy of Pomerania) as Eric I.
He died in 1459 at Rügenwald Castle in Pomerania, and was buried in Rügenwalde (now Darłowo, Poland).
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