 | Using the TI BA II+ to calculate bond price or yield (YTM) Keep in mind: You need to input four values and solve for the 5th; Be consistent with the period; Unless otherwise specified, a semi-annual assumption is typical (six month periods); If you are computing yield (YTM), remember at the end to convert the answer to its bond-equivalent yield. That is, multiply by two. |
 | Myth vs Reality: AMD on track in 65nm transition, more... At the same AMD press update, director of manufacturing technology Tom Sonderman hit on several myths that are circulating around AMD's capacity to ship its quad core Barcelona chip in volume to OEMs on time (this summer) and on the company's transition to 300mm wafer and 65nm process technology. Sonderman also pointed out that at the end of 2006, AMD had 20% share of the server market with only one 200mm fab versus four advanced 300mm fabs for Intel. Quite impressive I must say. And it just bodes well for the future as AMD will finish the year with three more fabs instead of just one. "We don't just believe that you have to go out and build fabs to be successful. We believe that you have to maximise the investments that you put in place, leverage everything you can out of these investments... We now migrate to 300mm manufacturing and also go from being a single fab company to a multiple fabs company... It's important because basically it costs the same amount of money to build a fab, whether it's AMD or Intel". So here are some of the myths Sonderman was eager to quelch (by the way, they are all wrong... of course): Myth #1: AMD is behind on its 65nm transition. By year end, "everything AMD produces will be on 65nm technology". And that includes, AMD's own Dresden, Germany, fab, IBM Microelectronics and Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing. Myth #2: Quad core is not manufacturable. For Sonderman, everything is on track to deliver Barcelona in volume this summer. OEMs machines from Dell, HP and IBM are expected to ship in the fall. Myth #3: AMD is 18 months behind Intel on 45nm. Just 6 months behind said Sonderman. AMD is already running 45nm pilot lines in its Germany plant (they showed a 45nm wafer during the press briefing) and expect to introduce 45nm in summer 2008, 18 months after AMD introduced 65nm. AMD seems to stick to an 18 months cycle for its processing transitions. Will see if they can keep that pace with 32nm, 22nm, etc. Myth #4: Immersion lithography is too risky at 45nm. AMD is getting equivalent yield with immersion lithography than their current dry lithography. Using immersion lithography is fundamentally more efficient than Intel's approach (double exposure) which increases the number of masking layers, the cycle and the cost of the products because it's taking many more process steps to produce the same result, said Sonderman. He expects the rest of the industry to follow AMD steps at the 32nm generation. |
 | Tsar Bomba - King of the Bombs - 57,000,000 Tonnes of TNT The Tsar Bomba _______________ October 30th 1961 - The Tsar Bomba, King of the Bombs, Царь-бомба or Big Ivan. This footage is courtesy of the documentary "Trinity and Beyond", directed by Peter Kuran, and other footage is courtesy of the Discovery channel. The original footage was from declassified Soviet Archives. The music used is from The Planets Suite composed by Gustav Holst. The movement is 'Mars: the Bringer of War' Before I get into the details of the test, I want to clear up something very important. The title of this video is "Tsar Bomba - King of the Bombs - 57,000,000 Tonnes of TNT". Understand now that this test wasn't the result of a detonation of 57,000,000 Tonnes of TNT, but rather the nuclear yield EQUIVALENT of a detonation of 57,000,000 Tonnes of Trinitrotoluene. The actual weight of the device was 27 tonnes. And coincidentally, one tonne is taken as a metric tonne, or 1000 kilograms - (2200lbs). All units used in physics are metric. The reason the yield equivalent system is used is because the energy released from the explosion of a set amount of TNT is a constant. Second to that: I KNOW THE SCREENSHOTS AT THE END ARE OF THE CLOUD OVER THE GROUND. The reason I made a mistake was because when I made this video I was using a 6 year old CRT monitor with numerous problems, some of which with the shading. I greatly regret it butI cant be bothered removing/re-uploading the video again so Ill just live with it. The bomb was designed as a 100 Megaton device, not a 50 Megaton device. This was due to its 3 stage design: fission-fusion-fission. There is fission initiator that when detonated, begins a fusion reaction. Then there is a further fission detonation of a Uranium tamper which boosts the yield by 50 Megatons. For the test, the Tsar had its Uranium tamper replaced with lead to reduce the maximum yield by half (To 50 Megatons). The blast yield was equal to that of a blast of 57,000,000 Tonnes of TNT....or to put that into context: The weight of 270 Empire State Buildings worth of TNT. This makes the Tsar the most powerful nuclear device ever detonated in history. Think of the destruction at Hiroshima. The Tsar was 3800 times more powerful than Hiroshima. The bomb's weight was 27 tonnes, and its dimensions were: 8 meters (26ft) in length, and 2 meters (6.5ft) in diameter. It was air-dropped, from a modified Tupolev Tu-95 Bear, and it used a nylon parachute to slow its decent to give the crew time to escape. The bomb was dropped from an altitude of 34,500 feet AGL (10,500 meters), and it detonated a little over three minutes later at an altitude of 13,100 feet AGL (4,000 meters). In this time: The Tu-95, travelling at a ground speed of 480kts (552mph, 864kph), travelled into the safe zone (about 45km from ground zero) and was therefore 79km away from the blast. When the bomb detonated, immediately the temperature directly below and surrounding the detonation would have risen to millions of degrees. The pressure below the blast was 300 pounds per square inch, over three times the pressure in a car tyre. The light energy released was so powerful that it was visible even at 1000km (621 miles), with cloudy skies. The shockwave was powerful enough to break windows at even up to 900 kilometres (560 miles) from the blast. The shockwave was recorded orbiting the earth 3 times. The mushroom cloud rose to an altitude of 64,000 meters (210,000 feet) before levelling out. The thermal energy from the blast was powerful that it could cause 3rd degree burns to a human standing 100 km (62 miles) away from the blast. The radius of the fireball was 2.3 kilometres (1.4 miles). The blast radius (area in which total destruction ensured) was 13km (8 miles). The most important thing to note is that this bomb was designed as a 100 Megaton device (Yield equivalent of 0.1 trillion tonnes of TNT). If detonated, everything within a 48 kilometer (30 mile) diameter would be vaporised. Everything within a 195 kilometer (120 mile) diameter would be incinerated in a fireball. This would ensure total destruction of a large city like New York, Paris or London, as well as devastation on its outskirts. Look at my other video to get more information about the test history. http://au.youtube.com/watch?v=LOwEcLiK4cA |
 | Nuclear Test (Atomic Bomb) - WWW.OLOSCIENCE.COM [ http://www.oloscience.com ] Nuclear tests are experiments carried out to determine the effectiveness, yield and explosive capability of nuclear weapons. Throughout the twentieth century, most nations that have developed nuclear weapons have tested them. Testing nuclear weapons can yield information about how the weapons work, as well as how the weapons behave under various conditions and how structures behave when subjected to nuclear explosions. Additionally, nuclear testing has often been used as an indicator of scientific and military strength, and many tests have been overtly political in their intention; most nuclear weapons states publicly declared their nuclear status by means of a nuclear test. The first atomic test was detonated by the United States at the Trinity site on July 16, 1945, with a yield approximately equivalent to 20 kilotons. The first hydrogen bomb, codenamed "Mike", was tested at the Enewetak atoll in the Marshall Islands on November 1, 1952, also by the United States. The largest nuclear weapon ever tested was the "Tsar Bomba" of the Soviet Union at Novaya Zemlya on October 30, 1961, with an estimated yield of around 50 megatons. In 1963, all nuclear and many non-nuclear states signed the Limited Test Ban Treaty, pledging to refrain from testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, underwater, or in outer space. The treaty permitted underground nuclear testing. France continued atmospheric testing until 1974, while China continued up until 1980. The last underground test by the United States was in 1992, the Soviet Union in 1990, the United Kingdom in 1991, and both France and China continued testing until 1996. After adopting the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty in 1996, all of these states have pledged to discontinue all nuclear testing. Non-signatories India and Pakistan last tested nuclear weapons in 1998. The most recent nuclear test was announced by North Korea on October 9, 2006. See 2006 North Korean nuclear test for more information. |
 | Best Way To Invest Money Calculator http://investing-tax-free.com/ways-to-invest-money/best-way-to-invest-money.html - video of how to use the best way to invest money calculator. This calculator compares taxable bonds to tax free bonds using the tax equivalent yield calculation. |
 | Remembering Hiroshima & Nagasaki HIROSHIMA & NAGASAKI BOMBING Facts about the Atomic Bomb: Length: 3 metres Diameter: 0.7 metres Weight: 4 tons Element: Uranium 235 Energy: Equivalent to 20 kilotons of TNT explosive power (it has been estimated that the yield was equivalent to approx. 13 kilotons.) Death Toll About 140,000 +/- 10,000 (including 20,000 soldiers) were dead by the end of December 1945; 90% of these are thought to have been killed within 2 weeks after the bombing. Destruction of Buildings There were approx. 76,000 buildings in the city at the time, and 92% of these were destroyed by the blast and fire. The blast was so powerful that it did a great deal of damage to 60% of the buildings as far as 5 kilometers away from the hypocentre. It is said that only 6,180 buildings (8%) remained suitable for use in and around the city. An area of 13 square kilometers was transformed into a wide stretch of A-bomb-affected ruins. Since the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki there has been a struggle for memory. The story of the bombings differs radically between what has been told in America and how the survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki recount this tragedy. America's rendition is a story of triumph -- triumph of technology and triumph in war. It views the bomb from above, from the perspective of those who dropped it. For the vast majority of US citizens, the creation of the bomb has been seen as a technological feat of extraordinary proportions, giving rise to the most powerful weapon in the history of warfare. From this perspective, the atomic bombs made possible the complete defeat of Japanese imperial power and brought World War II to an abrupt end. |
 | The Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki 09/08/1945 Codename "Fat-Man", the 2nd and last nuclear weapon to be used in combat. The weapon at 11:02 local time 500 meters above the city with a yield equivalent to 21,000 tons of TNT. |
 | Nuclear Weapons Test-Ranger-Able 1Kt This was the first ever test at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) and the first test on US soil since Trinity, The intensifying Cold War, which spread into direct nuclear competition in 1949 with the first Soviet atomic test, spurred the U.S. to expand its efforts to produce more and better nuclear weapons. For the first time true mass production of nuclear weapons began with the Mk 4 in 1950 which, though much improved in reliability and ease of stockpiling, was basically equivalent in weight and yield to the wartime Fat Man. By late 1950, programs were in full swing to increase the yield, and to reduce the weight and size of nuclear weapons. These new designs were planned for testing in the Pacific Proving Ground at Enewetak Atoll in a series to be called Greenhouse, planned for April-May 1951. As preparations proceeded, two concerns were raised: With the outbreak of the Korean War in 25 June 1950, fears developed of a wider war that would make operations in the Pacific impossible; Weapon designers began to feel that insufficient technical data was available and that a systematic series of atomic tests was called for to study how various parameters affected yield in fission weapons. The first concern led to the selection of an alternate testing ground in the continental United States - Frenchman Flat in the Las Vegas Bombing and Gunnery Range (now part of the Nevada Test Site, or NTS). The second led to Operation Ranger, a hastily organized test operation to collect data in preparation for Greenhouse. Operation Ranger carried out the first tests in the United States proper since the Trinity test in 1945. It was proposed during technical discussions at Los Alamos on 6 and 11 December 1950. Approval was requested by LASL Director Norris Bradbury on 22 December, Preidential approval was received on 11 January 1951. The first Ranger test shot was 16 days later. All five were fired in just eight days. The Able device was a compression vs critical mass test using an all-oralloy core. Used a type D pit, in a Mk 4 high explosive assembly. A yield of 1.3 kt was predicted before the shot. This test configuration was used again repeatedly in weapon effects tests in later years when an accurate, predictable 1 kt yield was desired. |
 | The Seekers - What Have They Done To The Rain People now think of this as a song about acid rain, but it was originally written as part of a campaign to stop aboveground nuclear testing, which was putting strontium-90 in the air, where it was washed down by the rain. The number of nuclear explosions in the United States, at the Nevada Test Site is over 900. Fallout from tests by the US, the Soviet Union and Britain between 1951 and 2000 were reportedly responsible for a total of 80,000 cancer cases in the US alone. Nuclear Hot spots were scattered across the United States from California and Oregon, Washington in the west to New Hampshire, Vermont and North Carolina in the east. farm children drinking goat's milk in high fallout areas in the 1950s were as severely exposed to radiation as the worst exposed children after the Chernobyl power plant disaster in the USSR in 1986 It is estimated that the total yield of all the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests conducted is 438 megatons. That's equivalent to 29,200 Hiroshima size bombs. In the 36 years between 1945 and 1980 when atmospheric testing was being conducted this would have been equivalent to exploding a Hiroshima size bomb in the atmosphere every 11 hours. |
 | An American Bomb Music and film by Ice Core scientist [song available on iTunes,see main profile page for album link] In memory of the first civilian victims of Nuclear Warfare in Japan 1945. In memory of the madness of the so called Cold War. Between 1949 and 1992 over 3000 atmospheric nuclear tests were conducted by USA, USSR, China,France.The total yield was 438 megatons, or an equivalent of 29,200 Hiroshima size explosions. The damage to the environment equalled that of a Global Thermonuclear war.The official fall-out estimate in the USA alone can be viewed here: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:US_fallout_exposure.png Nuclear test footage courtesy of Prelinger public domain archive.Check it out here http://www.archive.org/details/prelinger |
العربية
中国
Français
Deutsch
Ελληνική
हिन्दी
Italiano
日本語
Português
Русский
Español
![Daily flights from NYC to Mont Tremblant\](images/articles/thumbs/nytremblantthumb.jpg "Daily flights from NYC to Mont Tremblant\")
