ENSCHEDE

'' or ''Eanske'' in the local dialect (Twents) is a municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands, in the province of Overijssel, in the Twente region. The municipality of Enschede consisted of the city of Enschede until 1935, when the rural municipality of Lonneker, which completely enclosed the city, was annexed after the rapid industrial expansion of Enschede, which had begun in the 1860's and involved the building of railways and the digging of the Twentekanaal.
Enschede's latitude and longitude are 52°13'12.51" North, 6°53'47.27" East

Contents

Population centres

History

Fire

Industrialisation

WWII

The end of the industrial age

The fireworks disaster

Economy

Research, education and health care

Transportation

Culture

Sports

International cooperation

Notable people born in Enschede

References

External links

Literature

Population centres

★ Boekelo

★ Enschede

★ Glanerbrug

★ Lonneker

★ Usselo

History

The early history of Enschede is largely unknown, but a settlement existed around the Old marketplace in early medieval times. The name of this settlement is mentioned as ''Anescede'' or Enscede meaning either "near the border" (with Bentheim) or "near the Es) and sported a church, a marketplace and a fortified aristocratic house.
Enschede was granted city rights in 1325 by Jan van Diest, the Bishop of Utrecht and henceforth was allowed to protect itself with a wall. Since a stone wall was too expensive (as stone had to be imported) Enschede had a system of ditches, palisades and hedges instead, which is still reflected in the street-names ''Noorder-hagen'' and ''Zuiderhagen'' (North Hedge and South Hedge, respectively). The city plan of this era is still recognisable in the street-pattern.

Fire

Since the medieval city was largely built of wood and stone houses were the exception, fire was a constant risk and a series of fires in 1517, 1750 and again on May 7, 1862 earned the people from Enschede the nickname ''Brandstichters'' (arsonists).

Industrialisation

The last fire coincided with the start of the growth of the city into a large production center of textiles, originally as a cottage industry, but since the start of the 19th century on an industrial scale, especially the manufacture of ''bombazijn'' (a mixture of cotton and linen) proved an export hit.
The industrialisation stimulated a large increase in population, which at first was rather chaotic. The names of the slums (like ''De Krim'' and ''Sebastopol'') are still notorious, although they have long since been torn down. In 1907 the ''laissez faire'' mentality was dropped and Enschede was the first city in the Netherlands to draw up an official expansion-plan, incorporating the (surrounding) municipality of Lonneker.

WWII

During the second world war Enschede was one of the first dutch cities to be captured by the germans, being the city closest to germany. De ondergrondse (the resistance, litterary the underground) was helping many of the Jews from Enschede to hide on farms in the vicinity. Out of approximately 1300 Jews in Enschede, 500 were saved (38.5%), compared to less than 20% in the rest of Holland. This high survival rate is attributed to three members of the Jewish Council of Enschede, Sig Menco, Gerard Sanders and Isidoor Van Dam who took the initiative, against the advice of the Jewish Council of Amsterdam, of urging their community to go into hiding and not to answer the call-up of the Germans for "labor in the East". They were in a position to support these directions to their flock since they had access to funds, to power in the community and to a well-developed underground movement headed by a prominent Protestant minister, Leendert Overduin (Yad Vashem). Due to carelessness De ondergrondse was betrayed by an infiltrant and all the members where killed by german soldiers while gathered in a basement, the Germans threw in some grenades, a few day before the allied troops liberated the city. Even though de ondergrondse was the main resistance, many citizens risked their life, by for example rescuing allied pilots who where shot down on a bombing mission.
Because it was close to germany and housed a german command center Enschede was frequently bombed by allied troops, aiming for the german command center or mistaking Enschede for a german city because it was only a few kilometers from germany.
Enschede was liberated in the fall of 1944 by allied, mainly canadian, troops.

The end of the industrial age

In the 1970 the textile production in Enschede came to a halt and was transferred to the far east. This had a profound effect on the populace and Enschede became one of the poorest municipalities in the Netherlands and (de facto) went bankrupt. Large area's of industrial wasteland now marked the city.
With the support of the government, this property was acquired and rebuilt, the city center was rendered a ''car-free'' zone and the importance of Enschede as a ''Euregional Centre'' was stimulated and Enschede managed to rise from the ashes.

The fireworks disaster

On May 13, 2000, a fireworks storage in Enschede exploded, destroying an entire neighborhood (Roombeek) and killing 22 people, including 4 firemen. This catastrophe is known in the Netherlands as the Vuurwerkramp, Dutch for ''fireworks disaster''.
In 2001 a referendum confirmed the proposal of the city council to expand the built-up area into the Usseler Es, an area of some historic (agri-)cultural importance and of geological importance here the Usselo horison was discovered.
Large scale construction and renovation activities in the city center have been ongoing for several years.

Economy

The city is a former centre of textile production. When this industry left the area for cheaper production centers in South-East Asia, Enschede became one of the poorest municipalities in the Netherlands. The biggest challenge of the city is to prevent higher educated (wealthy) citizens from moving to the west (Randstad). Decades of renovation work in the city center have been carried out with the goal of making Enschede more attractive to this group. Modern shopping centers and department stores that until now were only found in much larger cities have been opened. Enschede is host to many yearly festivals and the Old Market Square is often the venue for events, live music and other activities on the weekend. After some hesitation on the part of the city council, Enschede was able to host Roze Zaterdag in the summer of 2004 which was a huge success. This not only gave the local economy a boost, but also drew positive attention to Enschede's gay community, the largest in the east of the Netherlands. In many aspects, Enschede is admittedly trying to present itself as the Amsterdam of the east. In reality Enschede has more in common with Berlin. Like the German capital Enschede has a troubled urban economy, but is still home to a vibrant artistic scene. Also the city's laid-back attitude, by some contributed to the relatively low economic activity of it's inhabitants (labour participation was about 57% in 2006) and the large numbers of students, artists and (semi-) government employees, make for a 'Berlinesque' athmosphere.
The proximity to Germany has, historically, been another major factor in economic activity, ranging from the smuggling of coffee and tobacco in the 19th and 20th century, to large numbers of Germans, who visit the cities shops and (especially) the weekly markets. Natives of Enschede can therefore be expected to speak German more or less fluently.
The city is cooperating with the nearby municipalities of Almelo, Borne and Hengelo as ''Netwerkstad Twente''. A governmental plan to merge with Hengelo was discarded by local opposition.

Research, education and health care

The Universiteit Twente (University Twente), a university with mostly technical studies, is located in Enschede. It is one of the three technical universities in the Netherlands (besides Delft University of Technology and Eindhoven University of Technology) and there are plans to merge them for financial reasons. The Universiteit Twente is also the only large campus university in The Netherlands
The university both has courses in pure technical studies such as Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, but also courses in Communication, Psychology, Economical Sciences, Business, Public Administration, Applied Medicine and Biomedical Technology which attracts a broader public. Since 2006, the programme of European Studies has been added to the university's programme.
Enschede is also home to one of the three campuses of Saxion University (Saxion Hogeschool Enschede), a polytechnical school offering internationally recognized Bachelors and Masters degrees in a wide range of fields including engineering, economics and health care. The other campuses are located in Deventer and Apeldoorn.
The International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (known by its abbreviation ITC) is famous for its MSc, Masters, Diploma and PhD courses in Geo-information Science for developing countries. Students from all over the world attend the ITC.
Enschede also has a conservatory and an academy of arts and design.
The Medisch Spectrum Twente (MST) hospital is one of the largest top-clinical hospitals of the Netherlands and features important tertiary care departments, fulfilling a supraregional role. It includes a level I trauma center as well. The hospital is strongly involved in higher medical education, with up to 300 medical students following their internships in the hospital at any given time.

Transportation

Enschede is a terminal station of the NS railway network to the west.
To the east there is a line to Gronau, Germany, with two more stations of the latter in the Netherlands: "Enschede De Eschmarke" and "Glanerbrug". The line is served by:

★ DB Regionalbahn Westfalen (part of the German Deutsche Bahn), to Münster

★ Prignitzer Eisenbahn (PE Holding AG, Arriva) to Dortmund.
There is no track connection between the two systems. The through line had been retained for eventual NATO use during the Cold War even after through passenger service was ended (September 1981), although in great disrepair in later years. With the renewal of service to Germany (May 2001) the track was severed; there is about a 3 m gap between them [1].
See also and 407 and 412.
Enschede has a combined regional civil airport, Enschede Airport, and Airbase Twenthe of the Royal Netherlands Air Force. The latter will be closed in 2007; whether the former can remain open is under consideration. Enschede is situated at the south-east terminus of the Twentekanaal.

Culture

There are several museums in Enschede, among them the Rijksmuseum Twenthe for art. A museum of natural history and a museum dedicated to the history of the textiles industry, both closed in January 2007, have merged, and will reopen in December 2007 on a new location under the name Twentse Welle ( Wave of Twente). The new location is situated in Roombeek, where a fireworks disaster took place in 2000. The new museum is being placed in partly an old textile factory, due to the textile history Enschede has, and partly in a new building next to the old factory.

Sports

★ Enschede is well-known for its local association football club, FC Twente.

★ The oldest marathon of the Netherlands is the Enschede Marathon.

★ The Student Rowing Club D.R.V. Euros has produced several national champions and one Olympic Champion.

★ The female Fieldhockeyers of EHV play in the second highest competition, "Overgansklase", of the Netherlands.

★ DOS-WK plays in the highest competition of korfball, the 'Korfbal League'.

International cooperation

Palo Alto, California (USA) is a sister city of Enschede since 1980.

Notable people born in Enschede

:''See also ''

★ Willem Wilmink (1936-2003) – poet and writer

★ Jan Cremer (1940) – writer and traveller

★ Bert Doorn (1949) – politician

★ Noor Holsboer (1967) – field hockey defender

★ Sander Westerveld (1974) – football (soccer) goalkeeper

★ Nico Molenkamp (1920) – artist latterly of Tilburg

★ Joost Doevelaar (1980) – renowned intercultural scholar

References

External links

★ Official website

★ Enschede cityscape and architecture

★ Visit Enschede

★ Enschede Touristic Info

★ University of Twente

★ ITC (International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation)

★ Saxion Universities

★ Promotional campaign of Enschede - Kleur de stad

★ Enschede on the Sea

★ Geschiedenis van Enschede (History of Enschede)

★ Rijksmuseum Twenthe

★ The Telematica Instituut

★ List of 1029 Enschede holocaust victims

★ Video footage of the fireworks disaster

Literature

★ Alfred Hagemann/Elmar Hoff (Hg.):'' Insel der Träume. Musik in Gronau und Enschede (1895-2005)'', Klartext-Verlag, Essen 2006.