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Endurance trapped in pack ice during the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
Career
Built:	Framnæs shipyards, Sandefjord, Norway
Launched:	1912
Fate:	Crushed by pack ice in the Weddell Sea in 1915
General Characteristics
Displacement:	350 tons
Length:	144 ft (42.9 m)
Beam:	25 ft (7.6 m)
Draught:	— ft (— m)
Type:	Barquentine
Hull:	Reinforced Wood
Propulsion:	350 hp Coal fired steam and sail
Speed:	10.2 knots
Range:	—
Complement:	28
Armament:	—

The '''Endurance''' was the three-masted barquentine in which Sir Ernest Shackleton sailed for the Antarctic on the 1914 Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. She was launched in 1912 from Sandefjord in Norway and was crushed by ice, causing her to sink, three years later in the Weddell Sea off Antarctica.

Contents

Design and construction

Ownership

Final voyage

Crew

Modern history

External links

References

Design and construction

Designed by Ole Aanderud Larsen, the ''Endurance'' was built at the Framnæs shipyard in Sandefjord, Norway and fully completed on December 17, 1912. She was built under the supervision of master wood shipbuilder Christian Jacobsen, who was renowned for insisting that all men employed under him not just be skilled shipwrights, but also be experienced in seafaring aboard whaling or sealing ships. Every detail of her construction had been scrupulously planned to ensure maximum durability, for example every joint and every fitting cross-braced each other for maximum strength
She was launched on December 17, 1912 and was initially christened the ''Polaris'' (eponymous with Polaris, the North Star). She was 144 feet (43.9 m) long, with a 25 foot (7.6 m) beam and weighed 350 tons (356 metric tons). Though her black hull looked from the outside like that of any other vessel of a comparable size, it was not. She was designed for polar conditions with a very sturdy construction. Her keel members were four pieces of solid oak, one above the other, adding up to a thickness of 7 feet, 1 inch, while her sides were between 2 1/2 feet and 18 inches thick, with twice as many frames as normal and the frames being of double thickness. She was built of planks of oak and Norwegian fir up to two and one half feet thick, sheathed in greenheart, a notably strong and heavy wood. Her bow, where she would meet the ice head-on, had been given special attention. Each timber had been made from a single oak tree chosen for its shape so that is natural shape followed the curve of her design. When put together, these pieces had a thickness of 4 feet, 4 inches.


Of her three masts, the forward one was square-rigged, while the after two carried fore and aft sails, like a schooner. As well as sails, ''Endurance'' had a 350 hp (260 kW) coal-fired steam engine capable of driving her at speeds up to 10.2 knots (19 km/h).
By the time she was launched on December 17, 1912, ''Endurance'' was perhaps the strongest wooden ship ever built, with the possible exception of the ''Fram'', the vessel used by Fridtjof Nansen and later by Roald Amundsen. However, there was one major difference between both ships. The Fram was bowl-bottomed, which meant that if the ice closed in against her she would be squeezed up and out and not be subject to the pressure of the ice compressing around her. But since the ''Endurance'' was designed to operate in relatively loose pack ice she was not constructed so as to rise out of pressure to any great extent.

Ownership

She was built for Adrien de Gerlache and Lars Christensen. They intended to use her for polar cruises for tourists to hunt polar bears. Financial problems leading to de Gerlache pulling out of their partnership meant that Christensen was happy to sell the boat to Ernest Shackleton for GB£11,600 (approx US$67,000), less than cost. He is reported to have said he was happy to take the loss in order to further the plans of an explorer of Shackleton's stature '. After Shackleton's purchasing her, she was rechristened ''Endurance'' after the Shackleton family motto ''"Fortitudine vincimus"'' (By endurance we conquer).

Final voyage

Shackleton sailed with ''Endurance'' from Plymouth, England on August 6, 1914 and set course for Buenos Aires, Argentina. This was ''Endurance's'' first major cruising since her completion and amounted to a shakedown cruise. The trip across the Atlantic took more than two months. Built for the ice, her hull was considered by many of its crew too rounded for the open ocean.
On October 26, 1914 ''Endurance'' sailed from Buenos Aires to her last port of call, the Grytviken whaling station on the island of South Georgia off the southern tip of South America, where she arrived on November 5. She departed from Grytviken for her final voyage on December 5, 1914 towards the southern regions of the Weddell Sea.
Two days after leaving from South Georgia, ''Endurance'' encountered polar pack ice and progress slowed down. For weeks ''Endurance'' twisted and squirmed her way through the pack. She kept moving but averaged less than 30 miles per day. By January 15, ''Endurance'' was within 200 miles of its destination, Vahsel Bay. However by the following day heavy pack ice was sighted in the morning and in the afternoon a blowing gale developed. Under these conditions it was soon evident progress could not be made, and ''Endurance'' took shelter under the lee of a large grounded berg. During the next two days ''Endurance'' dogged back and forth under the sheltering protection of the berg.
On January 18 the gale began to moderate and thus ''Endurance'', one day short of her destination, set the topsail with the engine at slow. The pack had blown away. Progress was made slowly until hours later ''Endurance'' encountered the pack once more. It was decided to move forward and work through the pack, and at 5pm ''Endurance'' entered it. However it was noticed that this ice was different from what had been encountered before. The ship was soon engulfed by thick but soft ice floes. The ship floated in a soupy sea of mushy brash ice. The ship was beset. The gale now increased its intensity and kept blowing for another six days from a northerly direction towards land. By January 24, the wind had completely compressed the ice in the whole Weddell Sea against the land. The ice had packed snugly around ''Endurance''. All that could be done was to wait for a southerly gale that would start pushing, decompressing and opening the ice in the other direction. Instead the days passed and the pack remained unchanged.

''Endurance'' drifted for months while remaining beset in the ice in the Weddell Sea and drifted with it. The ice kept compressing it until ''Endurance'' could not endure the pressure and was crushed on October 27, 1915. She finally sank on November 21, 1915.
The ''Endurance'' is considered the last ship of her kind.

Crew

The crew of the Endurance in its final voyage was made up of the 28 men listed below:

★ Sir Ernest Shackleton, Leader ★ Frank Wild, Second-in-Command ★ Frank Worsley, Captain ★ Lionel Greenstreet, First Officer ★ Tom Crean, Second Officer ★ Alfred Cheetham, Third Officer ★ Hubert Hudson, Navigator ★ Louis Rickinson, Engineer ★ Alfred Kerr, Engineer

★ Alexander Macklin, Surgeon ★ James McIlroy, Surgeon ★ James Wordie, Geologist ★ Leonard Hussey, Meteorologist ★ Reginald James, Physicist ★ Robert Clark, Biologist ★ Frank Hurley, Photographer ★ George Marston, Artist ★ Thomas Orde-Lees, Motor Expert and Storekeeper ★ Harry "Chippy" McNish, Carpenter

★ Charles Green, Cook ★ Walter How, Able Seaman ★ William Bakewell, Able Seaman ★ Timothy McCarthy, Able Seaman ★ Thomas McLeod, Able Seaman ★ John Vincent, Boatswain ★ Ernest Holness, Stoker ★ William Stephenson, Stoker ★ Perce Blackborrow, Steward

Blackborrow was originally refused a post aboard the vessel due to his young age and inexperience and decided to stow away, helped to sneak aboard by William Bakewell, a friend of his, and Walter How. By the time he was found, the expedition was far enough out that Shackleton had no choice but to make him a steward. Blackborrow eventually proved his worth, earning the Bronze Polar Medal, and the honor of becoming the first human being ever to set foot on Elephant Island. His name is also the matter of some debate -it is sometimes spelled Percy, or Blackboro, or in other ways.

Modern history

Alfred Lansing wrote a book titled '' about the ordeal that Shackleton and his men endured aboard the ship. It became a bestseller when first published in 1959. Subsequent reprints have made it a recurrent bestseller; the last time being in the late 1990s.
Two Antarctic patrol ships of the British Royal Navy have been named ''Endurance'' in honour of Shackleton's ship. The first ''HMS Endurance'' (originally named ''Anita Dan'') was launched in May 1956 and awarded Pennant number A171 sometime later. She acted as an ice patrol and hydrographic survey ship until 1986. Today's modern ''HMS Endurance'', nicknamed ''The Red Plum'', is a class 1A1 ice-breaker, bought from Norway in 1992 where she had been known as MV Polar Circle. She is based at Portsmouth but makes annual forays to Antarctica where she can penetrate through 0.9 metres of ice at a speed of 3 knots. She has a complement of 126 marine personnel and carries two Westland Lynx helicopters.

External links

★ Website of the Royal Geographic Society Holders a large collection of pictures of the ''Endurance''.

★ American Museum of Natural History Quotes from the diary of Frank Hurley: ''Aboard Endurance.

★ American Museum of Natural History Quotes from the diary of Henry "Chippy" McNeish about Endurance beset on January 18.

★ American Museum of Natural History Two Computer animations of Endurance beset.

★ Information on Alfred Lansing's Book: Endurance (ISBN 0-7867-0621-X)

★ Trans-Antarctica Expedition 1914 - 1917

★ British Antarctic Territory stamps honoring Endurance

★ Royal Navy's website of HMS Endurance

★ Endurance's crew

References

★ Lansing, Alfred. (1999) 2nd ed. ''. Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-0621-X