EMPEROR UDA
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'Emperor Uda' (宇多天皇 ''Uda-tennÅ'') (May 5, 867- July 19, 931) was the '59th' emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He reigned from November 7, 887 to July 3, 897. [1]
Emperor Uda was the third son of Emperor KÅkÅ. His mother was Empress Dowager Hanshi, a daughter of Prince Nakano (who was himself a son of Emperor Kammu).[2]
His personal name before he ascended to the Chrysanthemum Throne was Sadami (定çœ).[3]
He had several wives and concubines and had many children, include
★ Prince Atsumi is one of Uda's sons.[4]
★ Prince Atsuzane (897-966) is one of Uda's sons.[5]
Most of his grandchildren left the imperial house and founded their own clan, granted the surname ''Minamoto''. Minamoto is the most used surname for ex-royal. For distinction of other Minamoto clan family (æºæ°) or Genji, his descendant is known as the Uda Genji (宇多æºæ°). Some of the Uda Genji moved to ÅŒmi province and known as ÅŒmi Genji (近江æºæ°).
Among the Uda Genji, Minamoto no Masanobu, a son of Prnce Atsuzane succeeded in the court. Masanobu became Sa daijin, one of highest offices in the court. One of Masanobu's daughter, Minamoto no Rinshi (æºå€«å) married Fujiwara no Michinaga and from this marrige three empresses dowegers and two regents (sesshÅ) were born.
From Masanobu, several kuge families origined including Niwata, AyanokÅji, Itsutsuji, ÅŒhara and JikÅji. From him, pricesely from his forth son Sukeyosi, also Sasaki clan origined, and thus KyÅgoku clan origined, which are known as ÅŒmi Genji today. From this line, Sasaki Takauji made a success at Muromachi shogunate and Amako clan origined from his brother.
Uda's father, Emperor KÅkÅ, demoted his sons from the rank of imperial royals to that of subjects in order to reduce the state expenses, as well as their political influence. Then Sadami was given the clan name of Minamoto and named Minamoto no Sadami. Later, in 887, when KÅkÅ needed to appoint his successor, Sadami was once again promoted to the Imperial Prince rank with support of Kampaku Fujiwara no Mototsune, since Sadami was adopted by a half-sister of Mototsune. After the death of his father in November of that year, Sadami''-shinnÅ'' ascended to the throne.
★ '''Ninna 3''', on the 26th day of the 8th month (887): Emperor KÅkÅ died; and his third son received the succession (‘‘senso’’). Shortly thereafter, Emperor Uda formally acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’).[6]
★ '''Ninna 3''', on the 17th day of the 11th month (887): Mototsune asks Uda for permission to retire from his duties; but the emperor is said to have responded, "My youth limits my ability to govern; and if you stop offfering me your good counsel, I will be obliqed to abdicate and to retire to a monastery." Therefore, Mototsune continued to serve as the new emperor's ''kampaku''.[7]
★ '''Ninna 4''', in the 8th month (887): Construction of the newly created Buddhist temple of was completed; and a former disciple of KÅbÅ-daishi was installed as the new abbot.[7]
★
★ '''KanpyÅ 1''', in the 10th month (899): The former emperor YÅzei was newly attacked by the mental illness. YÅzei would enter the palace and address courtiers he would meet with the greatest rudeness. He became increasingly furious. He garroted women with the strings of musical instruments and then threw the bodies into a lake. While riding on horseback, he directed his mount to run over people. Sometimes he simply disappeared into the mountains where he chased wild boars and red deer.[9]
In the beginning of his reign, Mototsune held the office of Kampaku, serving as regent. After Mototsune's death, Fujiwara no Tokihira and Sugawara no Michizane were in Uda's favor.
Having founded the temple at Ninna-ji, Uda made it his new home after his abdication.
In 897 he abdicated in favor of his eldest son by a Fujiwara consort, Prince Atsuhito.
Uda died in 931 at the age of 65.[10]. The former emperor is buried amongst the "Seven Imperial Tombs" at Ryoan-ji Temple in Kyoto. The mound which commemorates the Hosokawa Emperor Uda is today named ''O-uchiyama.''[11]
'KugyÅ'' (å…¬å¿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.-- ''kugyÅ'' of Uda-tennÅ (in French)
In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Uda's reign, this apex of the ''DaijÅ-kan'' included:
★ ''Kampaku'', Fujiwara no Mototsune　(藤原基経),　836-891.[12]
★ ''DaijÅ-daijin'', Fujiwara no Mototsune.[13]
★ ''Sadaijin'', Minamoto no Tooru　(æºèž).
★ ''Sadaijin'', Fujiwara no Yoshiyo　(藤原良世).
★ ''Udaijin'', Minamoto no Masaru　(æºå¤š).
★ ''Udaijin'', Fujiwara no Yoshiyo　(藤原良世).
★ ''Udaijin'', Minamoto no Yoshiari　(æºèƒ½æœ‰).
The years of Uda's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or ''nengÅ''.[14]
★ ''Ninna'' (885-889)
★ ''KanpyÅ'' (889-898)
1. Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''Annales des empereurs du japon,'' p. 125; Valey, ''JinnÅ ShÅtÅki,'' p. 175.
2. Varley, p. 175.
3. Valey, p. 175.
4. Kitagawa, H. (1975). ''The Tale of the Heike,'' Vol. II, p. 503.]
5. Kitagawa, p. 601.
6. Varley, H. Paul. (1980). ''JinnÅ ShÅtÅki,'' p. 44. [A distinct act of ''senso'' is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except JitÅ, YÅzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have ''senso'' and ''sokui'' in the same year until the reign of Go-Murakami.]
7. Titsingh, p. 126.
8. Titsingh, p. 126.
9. Titsing, p. 127.
10. Varley, p. 179.
11. Moscher, G. (1978). ''Kyoto: A Contemplative Guide,'' p. 277.
12. Brown, Delmer. (1979). ''GukanshÅ,'' p. 290.
13. Brown, p. 290.
14. Titsingh, p. 125.
★ Brown, Delmer and Ichiro Ishida, eds. (1979). ''GukanshÅ; "The Future and the Past: a translation and study of the 'GukanshÅ,' an interpretive history of Japan written in 1219" translated from the Japanese and edited by Delmer M. Brown & IchirÅ Ishida.'' Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03460-0
★ Kitagawa, Hiroshi and Bruce T. Tsuchida, eds. (1975). ''The Tale of the Heike.'' Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. ISBN 0-86008-128-1
★ Mosher, Gouverneur. (1978). ''Kyoto: A Contemplative Guide.'' Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle. ISBN 0-2048-1294-2
★ Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi GahÅ (1652)], ''Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth.'' Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. --''Two copies of this rare book have now been made available online: (1) from the library of the University of Michigan, digitized January 30, 2007; and (2) from the library of Stanford University, digitized June 23, 2006.'' Click here to read the original text in French.
★ Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [Kitabatake Chikafusa (1359)], ''JinnÅ ShÅtÅki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: JinnÅ ShÅtÅki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley).'' New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04940-4
| Contents |
| Genealogy |
| Events of Uda''-tennÅ's life |
| ''KugyÅ'' |
| Eras of Uda''-tennÅ's reign |
| References |
Genealogy
Emperor Uda was the third son of Emperor KÅkÅ. His mother was Empress Dowager Hanshi, a daughter of Prince Nakano (who was himself a son of Emperor Kammu).[2]
His personal name before he ascended to the Chrysanthemum Throne was Sadami (定çœ).[3]
He had several wives and concubines and had many children, include
★ Prince Atsumi is one of Uda's sons.[4]
★ Prince Atsuzane (897-966) is one of Uda's sons.[5]
Most of his grandchildren left the imperial house and founded their own clan, granted the surname ''Minamoto''. Minamoto is the most used surname for ex-royal. For distinction of other Minamoto clan family (æºæ°) or Genji, his descendant is known as the Uda Genji (宇多æºæ°). Some of the Uda Genji moved to ÅŒmi province and known as ÅŒmi Genji (近江æºæ°).
Among the Uda Genji, Minamoto no Masanobu, a son of Prnce Atsuzane succeeded in the court. Masanobu became Sa daijin, one of highest offices in the court. One of Masanobu's daughter, Minamoto no Rinshi (æºå€«å) married Fujiwara no Michinaga and from this marrige three empresses dowegers and two regents (sesshÅ) were born.
From Masanobu, several kuge families origined including Niwata, AyanokÅji, Itsutsuji, ÅŒhara and JikÅji. From him, pricesely from his forth son Sukeyosi, also Sasaki clan origined, and thus KyÅgoku clan origined, which are known as ÅŒmi Genji today. From this line, Sasaki Takauji made a success at Muromachi shogunate and Amako clan origined from his brother.
Events of Uda''-tennÅ's life
Uda's father, Emperor KÅkÅ, demoted his sons from the rank of imperial royals to that of subjects in order to reduce the state expenses, as well as their political influence. Then Sadami was given the clan name of Minamoto and named Minamoto no Sadami. Later, in 887, when KÅkÅ needed to appoint his successor, Sadami was once again promoted to the Imperial Prince rank with support of Kampaku Fujiwara no Mototsune, since Sadami was adopted by a half-sister of Mototsune. After the death of his father in November of that year, Sadami''-shinnÅ'' ascended to the throne.
★ '''Ninna 3''', on the 26th day of the 8th month (887): Emperor KÅkÅ died; and his third son received the succession (‘‘senso’’). Shortly thereafter, Emperor Uda formally acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’).[6]
★ '''Ninna 3''', on the 17th day of the 11th month (887): Mototsune asks Uda for permission to retire from his duties; but the emperor is said to have responded, "My youth limits my ability to govern; and if you stop offfering me your good counsel, I will be obliqed to abdicate and to retire to a monastery." Therefore, Mototsune continued to serve as the new emperor's ''kampaku''.[7]
A garden at Ninnaji
★ '''Ninna 4''', in the 8th month (887): Construction of the newly created Buddhist temple of was completed; and a former disciple of KÅbÅ-daishi was installed as the new abbot.[7]
★
★ '''KanpyÅ 1''', in the 10th month (899): The former emperor YÅzei was newly attacked by the mental illness. YÅzei would enter the palace and address courtiers he would meet with the greatest rudeness. He became increasingly furious. He garroted women with the strings of musical instruments and then threw the bodies into a lake. While riding on horseback, he directed his mount to run over people. Sometimes he simply disappeared into the mountains where he chased wild boars and red deer.[9]
In the beginning of his reign, Mototsune held the office of Kampaku, serving as regent. After Mototsune's death, Fujiwara no Tokihira and Sugawara no Michizane were in Uda's favor.
Having founded the temple at Ninna-ji, Uda made it his new home after his abdication.
In 897 he abdicated in favor of his eldest son by a Fujiwara consort, Prince Atsuhito.
Uda died in 931 at the age of 65.[10]. The former emperor is buried amongst the "Seven Imperial Tombs" at Ryoan-ji Temple in Kyoto. The mound which commemorates the Hosokawa Emperor Uda is today named ''O-uchiyama.''[11]
''KugyÅ''
'KugyÅ'' (å…¬å¿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.-- ''kugyÅ'' of Uda-tennÅ (in French)
In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Uda's reign, this apex of the ''DaijÅ-kan'' included:
★ ''Kampaku'', Fujiwara no Mototsune　(藤原基経),　836-891.[12]
★ ''DaijÅ-daijin'', Fujiwara no Mototsune.[13]
★ ''Sadaijin'', Minamoto no Tooru　(æºèž).
★ ''Sadaijin'', Fujiwara no Yoshiyo　(藤原良世).
★ ''Udaijin'', Minamoto no Masaru　(æºå¤š).
★ ''Udaijin'', Fujiwara no Yoshiyo　(藤原良世).
★ ''Udaijin'', Minamoto no Yoshiari　(æºèƒ½æœ‰).
Eras of Uda''-tennÅ's reign
The years of Uda's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or ''nengÅ''.[14]
★ ''Ninna'' (885-889)
★ ''KanpyÅ'' (889-898)
References
1. Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''Annales des empereurs du japon,'' p. 125; Valey, ''JinnÅ ShÅtÅki,'' p. 175.
2. Varley, p. 175.
3. Valey, p. 175.
4. Kitagawa, H. (1975). ''The Tale of the Heike,'' Vol. II, p. 503.]
5. Kitagawa, p. 601.
6. Varley, H. Paul. (1980). ''JinnÅ ShÅtÅki,'' p. 44. [A distinct act of ''senso'' is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except JitÅ, YÅzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have ''senso'' and ''sokui'' in the same year until the reign of Go-Murakami.]
7. Titsingh, p. 126.
8. Titsingh, p. 126.
9. Titsing, p. 127.
10. Varley, p. 179.
11. Moscher, G. (1978). ''Kyoto: A Contemplative Guide,'' p. 277.
12. Brown, Delmer. (1979). ''GukanshÅ,'' p. 290.
13. Brown, p. 290.
14. Titsingh, p. 125.
★ Brown, Delmer and Ichiro Ishida, eds. (1979). ''GukanshÅ; "The Future and the Past: a translation and study of the 'GukanshÅ,' an interpretive history of Japan written in 1219" translated from the Japanese and edited by Delmer M. Brown & IchirÅ Ishida.'' Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03460-0
★ Kitagawa, Hiroshi and Bruce T. Tsuchida, eds. (1975). ''The Tale of the Heike.'' Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. ISBN 0-86008-128-1
★ Mosher, Gouverneur. (1978). ''Kyoto: A Contemplative Guide.'' Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle. ISBN 0-2048-1294-2
★ Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi GahÅ (1652)], ''Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth.'' Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. --''Two copies of this rare book have now been made available online: (1) from the library of the University of Michigan, digitized January 30, 2007; and (2) from the library of Stanford University, digitized June 23, 2006.'' Click here to read the original text in French.
★ Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [Kitabatake Chikafusa (1359)], ''JinnÅ ShÅtÅki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: JinnÅ ShÅtÅki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley).'' New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04940-4
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