EMPEROR MONTOKU
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'Emperor Montoku' (文徳天皇 ''Montoku-tennÅ'') (827-858) was the '55th' emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He reigned from 850 to 858 and was succeeded by his son, who would become Emperor Seiwa.[1]
He was the eldest son of Emperor NinmyÅ. His mother was Empress Dowager Fujiwara no Junshi (also called the GojÅ empress), daughter of the minister of the left, Fuyutsugu.[2]
His personal name before he acceded to the Chrysanthemum Throne was Michiyasu. He was also known as Tamura no Mikado.[2]
★ '''KashÅ 3''', on the 21st day of the 3rd month 850): Emperor NinmyÅ died; and his eldest son received the succession (‘‘senso’’).[4] Shortly thereafter, Emperor Montoku formally acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’).[5]
★ '''KashÅ 3''', in the 5th mongh (850): The widow of Emperor Saga, who was also the mother of Emperor NinmyÅ and the grandmother of Emperor Montoku, died. This very devout Buddhist had founded a temple called on the site of present-day -- more formally known as , located in what is now Susukinobaba-chÅ, UkyÅ Ward in Kyoto, Before her death, the former empress had been known by the honorific title, ; and she had been honored as if she were a saint.[6]
★ '''KashÅ 3''', in the 11th month (850): The emperor named Korehito''-shinnÅ'', the 4th son of Emperor Montoku as his heir. This 9-month-old baby was also the grandson of ''udaijin'' Fujiwara no Yoshifusa.[7]
★ '''Ninju 3''', in the 2nd month (853): The emperor visited the home of ''udaijin'' Yoshifusa, the grandfather of his designated heir.[7]
★ '''SaikÅ 1''', on the 13th day of the 6th month (854): The ''saidaijin'' Minamoto no Tokiwa, also known as Minamoto no Tsune, died at age 43.[9]
★ '''SaikÅ 2''', in the 1st month (855): The Emishi organized a rebellion; and in response, a fource of 1,000 men and provisions were sent to the north.[10]
★ '''SaikÅ 2''', in the 5th month (855): The head of the great statute of Buddha in the TÅdai-ji fell off; and in consequence, the emperor ordered the then ''dainagon'' Fujiwara no Yoshisuke, the brother of ''sadaijin'' Yoshifusa, to be in charge of gathering the gifts of the pious from throughout the empire to make another head for the Daibutsu.[10]
Events during his reign included the repression of insurrections among the Ebisu people in Mutsu province in 855, and among the people of the island of Tsushima two years later.
Emperor Montoku's reign lasted for eight years. He died at the age of 32.[2]
''KugyÅ'' (å…¬å¿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.-- ''kugyÅ'' of Montoku-tennÅ (in French)
In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Montoku's reign), this apex of the ''DaijÅ-kan'' included:
★ ''DaijÅ-daijin'', Fujiwara no Yoshifusa　(藤原良房), 804-872.[13]
★ ''Sadaijin'', Minamoto Tokiwa　(æºå¸¸), 812-854.[14]
★ ''Sadaijin'', Minamoto Makoto　(æºä¿¡), 810-868.[14]
★ ''Udaijin'', Fujiwara Yoshifusa　(藤原良房)
★ ''Udaijin'', Fujiwara Yoshisuke　(藤原良相), 813-867.[14]
The years of Montoku's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or ''nengÅ''.[6]
★ ''KashÅ'' (848-851)
★ ''Ninju'' (851-854)
★ ''SaikÅ'' (854-857)
★ ''Ten'an'' (857-859)
1. Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''Annales des empereurs du japon,'' p. 112; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). ''JinnÅ ShÅtÅki,'' p. 165.
2. Varley, p. 165.
3. Varley, p. 165.
4. Brown, p. 284.
5. Varley, p. 44. [A distinct act of ''senso'' is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except JitÅ, YÅzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have ''senso'' and ''sokui'' in the same year until the reign of Go-Murakami.]
6. Titsingh, p. 112.
7. Titsingh, p. 113.
8. Titsingh, p. 113.
9. Brown, p. 285; Titsingh, p. 113.
10. Titsingh, p. 114.
11. Titsingh, p. 114.
12. Varley, p. 165.
13. Brown, Delmer. (1979). ''GushankÅ,'' p. 285.
14. Brown, p. 285.
15. Brown, p. 285.
16. Brown, p. 285.
17. Titsingh, p. 112.
★ Brown, Delmer and Ichiro Ishida, eds. (1979). ''GukanshÅ; "The Future and the Past: a translation and study of the 'GukanshÅ,' an interpretive history of Japan written in 1219" translated from the Japanese and edited by Delmer M. Brown & IchirÅ Ishida.'' Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03460-0
★ Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi GahÅ (1652)], ''Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth.'' Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. --''Two copies of this rare book have now been made available online: (1) from the library of the University of Michigan, digitized January 30, 2007; and (2) from the library of Stanford University, digitized June 23, 2006.'' Click here to read the original text in French.
★ Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [Kitabatake Chikafusa (1359)], ''JinnÅ ShÅtÅki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: JinnÅ ShÅtÅki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley).'' New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04940-4
| Contents |
| Genealogy |
| Events of Montoku''-tennÅ's life |
| ''KugyÅ'' |
| Eras of Montoku''-tennÅ's reign |
| References |
Genealogy
He was the eldest son of Emperor NinmyÅ. His mother was Empress Dowager Fujiwara no Junshi (also called the GojÅ empress), daughter of the minister of the left, Fuyutsugu.[2]
His personal name before he acceded to the Chrysanthemum Throne was Michiyasu. He was also known as Tamura no Mikado.[2]
Events of Montoku''-tennÅ's life
★ '''KashÅ 3''', on the 21st day of the 3rd month 850): Emperor NinmyÅ died; and his eldest son received the succession (‘‘senso’’).[4] Shortly thereafter, Emperor Montoku formally acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’).[5]
★ '''KashÅ 3''', in the 5th mongh (850): The widow of Emperor Saga, who was also the mother of Emperor NinmyÅ and the grandmother of Emperor Montoku, died. This very devout Buddhist had founded a temple called on the site of present-day -- more formally known as , located in what is now Susukinobaba-chÅ, UkyÅ Ward in Kyoto, Before her death, the former empress had been known by the honorific title, ; and she had been honored as if she were a saint.[6]
★ '''KashÅ 3''', in the 11th month (850): The emperor named Korehito''-shinnÅ'', the 4th son of Emperor Montoku as his heir.
★ '''Ninju 3''', in the 2nd month (853): The emperor visited the home of ''udaijin'' Yoshifusa, the grandfather of his designated heir.[7]
★ '''SaikÅ 1''', on the 13th day of the 6th month (854): The ''saidaijin'' Minamoto no Tokiwa, also known as Minamoto no Tsune, died at age 43.[9]
★ '''SaikÅ 2''', in the 1st month (855): The Emishi organized a rebellion; and in response, a fource of 1,000 men and provisions were sent to the north.[10]
★ '''SaikÅ 2''', in the 5th month (855): The head of the great statute of Buddha in the TÅdai-ji fell off; and in consequence, the emperor ordered the then ''dainagon'' Fujiwara no Yoshisuke, the brother of ''sadaijin'' Yoshifusa, to be in charge of gathering the gifts of the pious from throughout the empire to make another head for the Daibutsu.[10]
Events during his reign included the repression of insurrections among the Ebisu people in Mutsu province in 855, and among the people of the island of Tsushima two years later.
Emperor Montoku's reign lasted for eight years. He died at the age of 32.[2]
''KugyÅ''
''KugyÅ'' (å…¬å¿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.-- ''kugyÅ'' of Montoku-tennÅ (in French)
In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Montoku's reign), this apex of the ''DaijÅ-kan'' included:
★ ''DaijÅ-daijin'', Fujiwara no Yoshifusa　(藤原良房), 804-872.[13]
★ ''Sadaijin'', Minamoto Tokiwa　(æºå¸¸), 812-854.[14]
★ ''Sadaijin'', Minamoto Makoto　(æºä¿¡), 810-868.[14]
★ ''Udaijin'', Fujiwara Yoshifusa　(藤原良房)
★ ''Udaijin'', Fujiwara Yoshisuke　(藤原良相), 813-867.[14]
Eras of Montoku''-tennÅ's reign
The years of Montoku's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or ''nengÅ''.[6]
★ ''KashÅ'' (848-851)
★ ''Ninju'' (851-854)
★ ''SaikÅ'' (854-857)
★ ''Ten'an'' (857-859)
References
1. Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''Annales des empereurs du japon,'' p. 112; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). ''JinnÅ ShÅtÅki,'' p. 165.
2. Varley, p. 165.
3. Varley, p. 165.
4. Brown, p. 284.
5. Varley, p. 44. [A distinct act of ''senso'' is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except JitÅ, YÅzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have ''senso'' and ''sokui'' in the same year until the reign of Go-Murakami.]
6. Titsingh, p. 112.
7. Titsingh, p. 113.
8. Titsingh, p. 113.
9. Brown, p. 285; Titsingh, p. 113.
10. Titsingh, p. 114.
11. Titsingh, p. 114.
12. Varley, p. 165.
13. Brown, Delmer. (1979). ''GushankÅ,'' p. 285.
14. Brown, p. 285.
15. Brown, p. 285.
16. Brown, p. 285.
17. Titsingh, p. 112.
★ Brown, Delmer and Ichiro Ishida, eds. (1979). ''GukanshÅ; "The Future and the Past: a translation and study of the 'GukanshÅ,' an interpretive history of Japan written in 1219" translated from the Japanese and edited by Delmer M. Brown & IchirÅ Ishida.'' Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03460-0
★ Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi GahÅ (1652)], ''Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth.'' Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. --''Two copies of this rare book have now been made available online: (1) from the library of the University of Michigan, digitized January 30, 2007; and (2) from the library of Stanford University, digitized June 23, 2006.'' Click here to read the original text in French.
★ Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [Kitabatake Chikafusa (1359)], ''JinnÅ ShÅtÅki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: JinnÅ ShÅtÅki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley).'' New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04940-4
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