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EspañolEMPEROR KONOE
'Emperor Konoe' (近衛天皇 ''Konoe-tennō'') (June 16, 1139 – August 22, 1155) was the '76th' emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He reigned from January 5, 1142 to his death on August 22, 1155. His personal name was Narihito (体仁).
Emperor Konoe was the eighth son of Emperor Toba.[1] His mother was Fujiwara Tokuko (1117-1160), the wife of Emperor Toba.[2]
''Kōgō'' Fujiwara Masuko (1140-1201) was the wife of Emperor Konoe; and after his death, she married Emperor Nijo. Later, she was called Grand Empress Dowager Omiya.[3]
Konoe was named heir to the Chrysanthemum Throne shortly after he was born in 1139; and he was proclaimed emperor in the 12th month of ''Eiji gannen'' at the age of 3. At that time, the ''Kampaku'' Fujiwara-no Tadamichi became ''Sesshō'' or regent. The Cloistered Emperor Toba continued to direct all the affairs of government, while the retired Emperor Sutoku had no powers. This conflict resulted in many controversies during Konoe's reign.[4]
★ '''Kōji 2''', in the 1st month (1143): Cloistered Emperor Go-Toba-in, now known by the title ''Daijō Hōō'' or ''Hōō'' (太上法皇), visited his mother.[4]
★ '''Kōji 2''', in the 5th month (1143): Konoe passed his days praying at Todai-ji and also at the temples on Mt. Hiei.[4]
★ '''Ten'yō gannen''' or '''Ten'yō 1''', in the 7th month (1145): A comet was sighted in the sky; and for this reason, the name of the ''nengō'' was changed to ''Kyūan''.[4]
★ '''Kyūan gannen''' or '''Kyūan 1''', in the 8th month (1145): The mother of former Emperor Sutoku (also known as ''"Taï-ken-mon-in"'') died.[8]
★ '''Kyūan 2''', in the 2nd month (1146), Konoe visited Toba-no''-Hōō''.[4]
★ '''Kyūan 2''', in the 12th month (1146), Konoe joined in a celebration honoring ''Sesshō'' Fujiwara no Tadamichi (the regent) on his 58th birthday.[10]
★ '''Kyūan 4''', in the 6th month (1148: The imperial palace was consumed by flames.[11]
★ '''Kyūan 6''', in the 1st month (1150): Konoe assumed the role of a mature adult; and he married Fujiwara-no Tokoku, who had been raised by ''Sadaijin'' Yorinaga. Tokoku was the daughter of ''Dainagon'' Taira-no Kiyomori. This bride became ''"Ohochi,"'' or first empress.[12]
★ '''Kyūan 6''', in the 3rd month (1150): Konoe married again, this time to "Feï-si," who had been raised by ''Sesshō'' Fujiwara-no Tadamichi. She was the daughter of ''Dainagon'' Fujiwara-no Koremichi. This bride became ''"Tsiougou,"'' or second empress. Konoe was so very much enamoured of this second wife that he neglected his first wife, which caused discord in the ''kugyō,'' especially between Tadamichi and Yorinaga.[12]
★ '''Kyūan 6''', in the 12th month (1150): ''Sesshō'' Minamoto-no Tadamichi, resigns his position and is named ''Daijō Daijin''. In this same month, Minamoto-no Yoshikane became head of the Ashikaga clan in Shimotsuke province.[11]
★ '''Ninpei gannen''' or '''Ninpei 1''', in the 1st month (1151): ''Sadaijin'' Yorinaga was given additional power as ''"Naï-ken,"'' which gave him the duty and opportunity of reading formal written requests before they should be presented to the emperor. This had been amongst the powers of the ''Sesshō'' or the ''Kampaku.'' Factions in the court who favored Yorinaga tened to dislike Tadamichi, and they employed any means possible to help elevate Yorinaga's position. However, Yorinaga was himself generally disliked because of his capricious character. his tactics and stragtegy for enhancing his own prestige were focused primarily on diminishing Tadamichi's role in the court.[15]
★ '''Ninpei 2''', on the 7th day of the 3rd month (1152): Konoe visited the home of Toba-no''-Hōō'' to celebrate his father's 50th birthday; and the emperor stayed until the next day, amusing himself with dances and with listening to musical performances.[16]
★ '''Ninpei 3''', on the 2nd day of the 1st month (1153): Konoe visited his father's home; and in the same month Taira-no Tadamori, the head of the criminal tribunal, died; and this position was soon filed by his son, Taira-no Kiyomori.[17]
★ '''Kyūju gannen''' or '''Kyūju 1''', in the 5th month (1154): ''Udaijin'' Minamoto-no Masasada retired from public life to become a priest at age 61. He died several years later.[17]
★ '''Kyūju gannen''' or '''Kyūju 1''', in the 8th month (1154): Fujiwara-no Saneyoshi, Grand General of the Right, was elevated to the role of Grand General of the Left; and the former ''Dainagon'' Fujiwara-no Kanenaga (aged 17) was elevated to take on the newly vacated role of Grand General of the Right.[17]
★ '''Kyūju 2''', on the 23rd day of the 8th month (1155): Emperor Konoe died at the age of 17 years without leaving any heirs.
Emperor Konoe's reign lasted for 14 years: 2 years in the ''nengō'' ''Kōji,'' 1 year in ''Ten'yō,'' 6 years in ''Kyūan, '' 3 years in ''Ninpei,'' and 2 years in ''Kyūju''.[17]
''Kugyō'' (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.
In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Konoe's reign, this apex of the ''Daijō-kan'' included:
★ ''Sesshō'', Fujiwara Tadamichi, 1099-1164.[21]
★ ''Daijō-daijin'', Sanjō Saneyuki, 1079-1162.[22]
★ ''Sadaijin'', Fujiwara Yorinaga, 1120-1156.[22]
★ ''Sadaijin'', Minamoto Arihito, 1103-1147.[22]
★ ''Udaijin'', Sanjō Saneyuki, 1079-1162.[22]
★ ''Udaijin'', Minamoto Arihito, 1103-1147.[22]
★ ''Nadaijin'', Minamoto Arihito, 1103-1147.[22]
The years of Konoe's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or ''nengō''.
★ ''Kōji'' (1142-1144)
★ ''Ten'yō'' (1144-1145)
★ ''Kyūan'' (1145-1151)
★ ''Ninpei'' (1151-1154)
★ ''Kyūju'' (1154-1156)
1. Titsingh, I. (1834). ''Annales des empereurs du Japon,'' p. 186.
2. Kitagawa, H. (1975). ''The Tale of the Heike,'' p. 240.
3. Kitagawa, p. 298.
4. Titsingh, p. 186.
5. Titsingh, p. 186.
6. Titsingh, p. 186.
7. Titsingh, p. 186.
8. Titsingh, p. 186. [1834 transliteration, pre-Hepburn]
9. Titsingh, p. 186.
10. Titsingh, p. 186. [''This event was important because, in each sexagenary cycle, the first and the fifty-eighth years were considered to be auspicious according to Chinese astrological principles''.]
11. Titsingh, p. 187.
12. Titsingh, p. 187. [1834 transliteration, pre-Hepburn]
13. Titsingh, p. 187. [1834 transliteration, pre-Hepburn]
14. Titsingh, p. 187.
15. Titsingh, p. 187-188.
16. Titsingh, p. 188
17. Titsingh, p. 188.
18. Titsingh, p. 188.
19. Titsingh, p. 188.
20. Titsingh, p. 188.
21. Brown, Delmer. (1979). '' Gukanshō,'' p. 325.
22. Brown, Delmer. p. 325.
23. Brown, Delmer. p. 325.
24. Brown, Delmer. p. 325.
25. Brown, Delmer. p. 325.
26. Brown, Delmer. p. 325.
27. Brown, Delmer. p. 325.
★ Brown, Delmer and Ichiro Ishida, eds. (1979). ''Gukanshō; "The Future and the Past: a translation and study of the 'Gukanshō,' an interpretive history of Japan written in 1219" translated from the Japanese and edited by Delmer M. Brown & Ichirō Ishida.'' Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03460-0
★ Kitagawa, Hiroshi and Bruce T. Tsuchida, eds. (1975). ''The Tale of the Heike.'' Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. ISBN 0-86008-128-1
★ Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō (1652)], ''Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth.'' Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. --''Two copies of this rare book have now been made available online: (1) from the library of the University of Michigan, digitized January 30, 2007; and (2) from the library of Stanford University, digitized June 23, 2006.'' Click here to read the original text in French.
★ Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [Kitabatake Chitafusa (1359)], ''Jinnō Shōtōki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley).'' New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04940-4
| Contents |
| Genealogy |
| Events of Konoe''-tennō's life |
| ''Kugyō'' |
| Eras of Konoe''-tennō's reign |
| References |
Genealogy
Emperor Konoe was the eighth son of Emperor Toba.[1] His mother was Fujiwara Tokuko (1117-1160), the wife of Emperor Toba.[2]
''Kōgō'' Fujiwara Masuko (1140-1201) was the wife of Emperor Konoe; and after his death, she married Emperor Nijo. Later, she was called Grand Empress Dowager Omiya.[3]
Events of Konoe''-tennō's life
Konoe was named heir to the Chrysanthemum Throne shortly after he was born in 1139; and he was proclaimed emperor in the 12th month of ''Eiji gannen'' at the age of 3. At that time, the ''Kampaku'' Fujiwara-no Tadamichi became ''Sesshō'' or regent. The Cloistered Emperor Toba continued to direct all the affairs of government, while the retired Emperor Sutoku had no powers. This conflict resulted in many controversies during Konoe's reign.[4]
★ '''Kōji 2''', in the 1st month (1143): Cloistered Emperor Go-Toba-in, now known by the title ''Daijō Hōō'' or ''Hōō'' (太上法皇), visited his mother.[4]
★ '''Kōji 2''', in the 5th month (1143): Konoe passed his days praying at Todai-ji and also at the temples on Mt. Hiei.[4]
★ '''Ten'yō gannen''' or '''Ten'yō 1''', in the 7th month (1145): A comet was sighted in the sky; and for this reason, the name of the ''nengō'' was changed to ''Kyūan''.[4]
★ '''Kyūan gannen''' or '''Kyūan 1''', in the 8th month (1145): The mother of former Emperor Sutoku (also known as ''"Taï-ken-mon-in"'') died.[8]
★ '''Kyūan 2''', in the 2nd month (1146), Konoe visited Toba-no''-Hōō''.[4]
★ '''Kyūan 2''', in the 12th month (1146), Konoe joined in a celebration honoring ''Sesshō'' Fujiwara no Tadamichi (the regent) on his 58th birthday.[10]
★ '''Kyūan 4''', in the 6th month (1148: The imperial palace was consumed by flames.[11]
★ '''Kyūan 6''', in the 1st month (1150): Konoe assumed the role of a mature adult; and he married Fujiwara-no Tokoku, who had been raised by ''Sadaijin'' Yorinaga. Tokoku was the daughter of ''Dainagon'' Taira-no Kiyomori. This bride became ''"Ohochi,"'' or first empress.[12]
★ '''Kyūan 6''', in the 3rd month (1150): Konoe married again, this time to "Feï-si," who had been raised by ''Sesshō'' Fujiwara-no Tadamichi. She was the daughter of ''Dainagon'' Fujiwara-no Koremichi. This bride became ''"Tsiougou,"'' or second empress. Konoe was so very much enamoured of this second wife that he neglected his first wife, which caused discord in the ''kugyō,'' especially between Tadamichi and Yorinaga.[12]
★ '''Kyūan 6''', in the 12th month (1150): ''Sesshō'' Minamoto-no Tadamichi, resigns his position and is named ''Daijō Daijin''. In this same month, Minamoto-no Yoshikane became head of the Ashikaga clan in Shimotsuke province.[11]
★ '''Ninpei gannen''' or '''Ninpei 1''', in the 1st month (1151): ''Sadaijin'' Yorinaga was given additional power as ''"Naï-ken,"'' which gave him the duty and opportunity of reading formal written requests before they should be presented to the emperor. This had been amongst the powers of the ''Sesshō'' or the ''Kampaku.'' Factions in the court who favored Yorinaga tened to dislike Tadamichi, and they employed any means possible to help elevate Yorinaga's position. However, Yorinaga was himself generally disliked because of his capricious character. his tactics and stragtegy for enhancing his own prestige were focused primarily on diminishing Tadamichi's role in the court.[15]
★ '''Ninpei 2''', on the 7th day of the 3rd month (1152): Konoe visited the home of Toba-no''-Hōō'' to celebrate his father's 50th birthday; and the emperor stayed until the next day, amusing himself with dances and with listening to musical performances.[16]
★ '''Ninpei 3''', on the 2nd day of the 1st month (1153): Konoe visited his father's home; and in the same month Taira-no Tadamori, the head of the criminal tribunal, died; and this position was soon filed by his son, Taira-no Kiyomori.[17]
★ '''Kyūju gannen''' or '''Kyūju 1''', in the 5th month (1154): ''Udaijin'' Minamoto-no Masasada retired from public life to become a priest at age 61. He died several years later.[17]
★ '''Kyūju gannen''' or '''Kyūju 1''', in the 8th month (1154): Fujiwara-no Saneyoshi, Grand General of the Right, was elevated to the role of Grand General of the Left; and the former ''Dainagon'' Fujiwara-no Kanenaga (aged 17) was elevated to take on the newly vacated role of Grand General of the Right.[17]
★ '''Kyūju 2''', on the 23rd day of the 8th month (1155): Emperor Konoe died at the age of 17 years without leaving any heirs.
Emperor Konoe's reign lasted for 14 years: 2 years in the ''nengō'' ''Kōji,'' 1 year in ''Ten'yō,'' 6 years in ''Kyūan, '' 3 years in ''Ninpei,'' and 2 years in ''Kyūju''.[17]
''Kugyō''
''Kugyō'' (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.
In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Konoe's reign, this apex of the ''Daijō-kan'' included:
★ ''Sesshō'', Fujiwara Tadamichi, 1099-1164.[21]
★ ''Daijō-daijin'', Sanjō Saneyuki, 1079-1162.[22]
★ ''Sadaijin'', Fujiwara Yorinaga, 1120-1156.[22]
★ ''Sadaijin'', Minamoto Arihito, 1103-1147.[22]
★ ''Udaijin'', Sanjō Saneyuki, 1079-1162.[22]
★ ''Udaijin'', Minamoto Arihito, 1103-1147.[22]
★ ''Nadaijin'', Minamoto Arihito, 1103-1147.[22]
Eras of Konoe''-tennō's reign
The years of Konoe's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or ''nengō''.
★ ''Kōji'' (1142-1144)
★ ''Ten'yō'' (1144-1145)
★ ''Kyūan'' (1145-1151)
★ ''Ninpei'' (1151-1154)
★ ''Kyūju'' (1154-1156)
References
1. Titsingh, I. (1834). ''Annales des empereurs du Japon,'' p. 186.
2. Kitagawa, H. (1975). ''The Tale of the Heike,'' p. 240.
3. Kitagawa, p. 298.
4. Titsingh, p. 186.
5. Titsingh, p. 186.
6. Titsingh, p. 186.
7. Titsingh, p. 186.
8. Titsingh, p. 186. [1834 transliteration, pre-Hepburn]
9. Titsingh, p. 186.
10. Titsingh, p. 186. [''This event was important because, in each sexagenary cycle, the first and the fifty-eighth years were considered to be auspicious according to Chinese astrological principles''.]
11. Titsingh, p. 187.
12. Titsingh, p. 187. [1834 transliteration, pre-Hepburn]
13. Titsingh, p. 187. [1834 transliteration, pre-Hepburn]
14. Titsingh, p. 187.
15. Titsingh, p. 187-188.
16. Titsingh, p. 188
17. Titsingh, p. 188.
18. Titsingh, p. 188.
19. Titsingh, p. 188.
20. Titsingh, p. 188.
21. Brown, Delmer. (1979). '' Gukanshō,'' p. 325.
22. Brown, Delmer. p. 325.
23. Brown, Delmer. p. 325.
24. Brown, Delmer. p. 325.
25. Brown, Delmer. p. 325.
26. Brown, Delmer. p. 325.
27. Brown, Delmer. p. 325.
★ Brown, Delmer and Ichiro Ishida, eds. (1979). ''Gukanshō; "The Future and the Past: a translation and study of the 'Gukanshō,' an interpretive history of Japan written in 1219" translated from the Japanese and edited by Delmer M. Brown & Ichirō Ishida.'' Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03460-0
★ Kitagawa, Hiroshi and Bruce T. Tsuchida, eds. (1975). ''The Tale of the Heike.'' Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. ISBN 0-86008-128-1
★ Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō (1652)], ''Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth.'' Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. --''Two copies of this rare book have now been made available online: (1) from the library of the University of Michigan, digitized January 30, 2007; and (2) from the library of Stanford University, digitized June 23, 2006.'' Click here to read the original text in French.
★ Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [Kitabatake Chitafusa (1359)], ''Jinnō Shōtōki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley).'' New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04940-4
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