EMPEROR ANTOKU

'Emperor Antoku' (安徳天皇 ''Antoku-tennō'') (December 22, 1178 – April 24, 1185) was the '81st' emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. He ruled during the late Heian period from the fourth month, 22nd day of 1180 to April 24, 1185. His personal name was Tokihito (言仁).

Contents

Genealogy

Events of Antoku''-tennō's life

''Kugyō''

Memorial Site

Eras of Antoku''-tennō's reign

References

Genealogy

His father was Emperor Takakura. His mother was Taira no Tokuko (平徳子), second daughter of Taira no Kiyomori (平清盛), later referred to as Empress Dowager Kenrei (建礼門院).

Events of Antoku''-tennō's life

Antoku was named crown prince at around one month of age. He ascended the throne at one year of age. Naturally, he held no actual power, but rather his grandfather Taira no Kiyomori ruled in his name, though not officially, as ''sesshō'' (regent).
In the year of his enthronement, the capital was moved to modern-day Kōbe, Hyōgo, but it was soon moved back to Kyōto.

★ '''Genryaku 2''', on the 20th day of the 8th month (1183): Go-Taba is proclaimed emperor by the Genji; and consequently, there were two proclaimed emperors, one living in Miyako and another in flight towards the south.^[1]
In 1183, when Minamoto no Yoshinaka entered the capital, the Taira clan fled with the young emperor and the sacred treasures to Yashima (the name of a place inside modern-day Takamatsu, Kagawa). Being defeated in the Battle of Yashima, they fled westward.

★ '''Genryaku 4''', on the 24th day of the 3rd month (1185): the Taira and the Minamoto clashed in the Battle of Dan-no-ura.^[2]
The Taira were defeated. Antoku's grandmother, Taira no Tokiko, the widow of Taira no Kiyomori, drowned herself along with the young emperor. His mother also drowned herself, but apparently, according to the The Tale of the Heike (''Heike Monogatari''), she was pulled out with a rake by her long hair. According to legend, the sacred jewels and the sacred sword (two of the three sacred treasures) sunk to the bottom of the sea, and although the sacred jewels were recovered, the sword was lost.
The story of Emperor Antoku and his mother's family became the subject of the Kamakura period epic poem ''The Tale of the Heike'' (Heike is an alternate reading of the Japanese characters for "House of the Taira").

''Kugyō''

''Kugyō'' (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.
In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Antoku's reign, this apex of the ''Daijō-kan'' included:

★ ''Sesshō'', Konoe Motomichi, 1160-1233.^[3]

★ ''Nadaijin'', Taira Munemori, 1147-1185.^[4]

Memorial Site

After his drowning, in order to mourn the Bodhi, the Amidaji Goeidō was built. Later, Antoku was enshrined at the Kurume-Suitengū in Kurume, Fukuoka, and he came to be worshipped as Mizu-no-kami (水の神, lit. "water-god" or "god of water"), the god of easy delivery at ''Suitengū'' (水天宮, lit. "water-heaven/emperor-shrine") everywhere.
With the establishment of Shintō as the state religion of Japan, the Amida was abandoned and the Akama Shrine was established in Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi to celebrate Antoku.

Eras of Antoku''-tennō's reign

The years of Antoku's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or ''nengō''.

★ ''Jijō'' (1177-1181)

★ ''Yōwa'' ([181-1182)

★ ''Juei'' (1182-1184)

★ ''Genryaku'' (1184-1185)

★ ''Bunji'' (1185-1190)

References

1. Titsingh, I. (1834). ''Annales des empereurs du Japon,'' pp. 207.]
2. Kitagawa, H. et al. ''The Tale of the Heike,'' p. 787. [''Although contemporary scholars now place the death of Antoku at the end of the ''Genryaku'' era, a 1652 account places this event in ''Bunji gannen''.'' Titsingh, pp. 211-212.]
3. Brown, Delmer. (1979). '' Gukanshō,'' p. 333.
4. Brown, p. 333.


★ Brown, Delmer and Ichiro Ishida, eds. (1979). ''Gukanshō; "The Future and the Past: a translation and study of the 'Gukanshō,' an interpretive history of Japan written in 1219" translated from the Japanese and edited by Delmer M. Brown & Ichirō Ishida.'' Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03460-0

★ Kitagawa, Hiroshi and Burce T. Tsuchida, ed. (1975). ''The Tale of the Heike.'' Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. ISBN 0-86008-128-1

★ Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō (1652)], ''Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. [Julius Klaproth |Klaproth]].'' Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. --''Two copies of this rare book have now been made available online: (1) from the library of the University of Michigan, digitized January 30, 2007; and (2) from the library of Stanford University, digitized June 23, 2006.'' Click here to read the original text in French.

★ Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [Kitabatake Chitafusa (1359)], ''Jinnō Shōtōki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley).'' New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04940-4