EMPEDOCLES

'Empedocles' (Greek: , ca. 490-430 BC) was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a citizen of Agrigentum, a Greek colony in Sicily. Empedocles' philosophy is best known for being the origin of the cosmogenic theory of the four classical elements. Much of Empedocles' work still survives today, more so than in the case of any other Presocratic. Empedocles' death was well recorded by his contemporaries, and has been the subject of both legend and a number of literary treatments.

Contents

Philosophy

Death and literary treatments

References

Further reading

External links

Philosophy

Empedocles was a pupil of Pythagoras, according to Diogenes Laertius, whose account of Empedocles in his ''Lives of Philosophers'', VIII ^[1] provides most of our information. Empedocles delivered his philosophy in the form of epic verse. He maintained in Pythagorean fashion that all matter is made up of four elements: water, earth, air and fire. Empedocles called these the four "roots"; the term "element" (στοιχεῖον), was used only by later writers.
Apart from these four roots, Empedocles postulated something called Love (φιλία) to explain the attraction of different forms of matter, and of something called Strife (νεῖκος) to account for their separation. These ideas should not be confused with the four elements: if the elements are the content of the universe, then Love and Strife explain their variation and harmony. He was also one of the first people to state the theory that light travels at a finite (although very large) speed, a theory that gained acceptance only much later.
Though having much in common with Parmenides's ontology, Empedocles is considered softer and more tolerant in his outlook. Plato, in the famous ''Sophist'' dialogue, described Empedocles as a "gentle muse":
:''Then there are Ionian, and in more recent times Sicilian muses, who have arrived at the conclusion that to unite the two principles is safer, and to say that being is one and many, and that these are held together by enmity and friendship, ever parting, ever meeting, as the-severer Muses assert, while the gentler ones do not insist on the perpetual strife and peace, but admit a relaxation and alternation of them; peace and unity sometimes prevailing under the sway of Aphrodite, and then again plurality and war, by reason of a principle of strife.'' (Plato, ''Soph.'').
Empedocles was also a mystic and a poet, and Aristotle considered him the inventor of the study of rhetoric.^[2] Gorgias of Leontini was his student, and it is probably from Empedocles that Gorgias developed the notion of rhetoric as magic.
Empedocles' life, as recorded by Diogenes Laertius, was based partly on Timaeus' lost ''Histories'' and other sources, and seems at points to confuse him with other men of the same name. As a person he was reported by Diogenes as somewhat arrogant, that he "imitated the pompous demeanour, and way of life, and gestures of one master" Anaxagoras, dressing himself in purple and claiming that by the virtue of the knowledge he possessed he had become divine and could perform miracles, as in the case of a dead woman's body, that he notoriously preserved from corruption, exclaiming in verses that Diogenes quotes
:"I, an immortal God, no longer mortal,
:Now live among you well revered by all,
:As is my due, crowned with holy fillets
:And rosy garlands."
Yet his actions and teaching betrayed an egalitarian streak, as in his opposition to a monument to Akron the physician, he fought to preserve Greek democracy and allowed that through his teaching others could also become divine. He even went so far to suggest that all living things were on the same spiritual plane, indicating he was influenced by Pythagorean spirituality. Like Pythagoras, he believed in the transmigration of souls between humans and animals and followed a vegetarian lifestyle. He also propounded a theory of struggle in the animal kingdom that in some ways prefigures natural selection.^[3]
Empedocles is considered the last Greek philosopher to write in verse and the surviving fragments of his teaching are from his two poems, ''Purifications'' and ''On Nature''.

Death and literary treatments

Diogenes Laertius records the legend that he died by throwing himself into an active volcano (Mount Etna in Sicily), so that people would believe his body had vanished and he had turned into an immortal god; however, the volcano threw back one of his bronze sandals, revealing the deceit. The legend is likely to have little truth within it; there is evidence that he actually died in Greece.
Another legend has it that he threw himself in the volcano to prove to his disciples that he was immortal. He genuinely seemed to believe he would come back as a god among man after being devoured by the fire. Thus Empedocles, unlike - as some people claim - Jesus of Nazareth, never returned from the realm of the dead.
In ''Icaro-Menippus'', a comedic dialogue written by the second century satirist Lucian of Samosata, Empedocles’s final fate is re-evaluated. Rather than being incinerated in the fires of Mount Etna, he was carried up into the heavens by a volcanic eruption. Although a bit singed by the ordeal, Empedocles survives and continues his life on the moon, surviving by feeding on dew.
Empedocles' death has inspired two major modern literary treatments. Empedocles's death is the subject of Friedrich Hölderlin's play ''Tod des Empedokles'' (''Death of Empedocles''), two versions of which were written between the years 1798 and 1800. A third version was made public in 1826. In Matthew Arnold's poem ''Empedocles on Etna'', a narrative of the philosopher's last hours before he jumps to his death in the crater first published in 1852, Empedocles predicts:
:To the elements it came from
:Everything will return.
:Our bodies to earth,
:Our blood to water,
:Heat to fire,
:Breath to air.
In 2006, a massive underwater volcano off the coast of Sicily was named after Empedocles [1].

References

1. Diogenes Laertes, VIII on-line text
2. In Aristotle's ''Sophist'', according to Diogenes Laertes.
3.

Further reading

★ Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics, , Nikolaos, Bakalis, Trafford, 2005, ISBN 1-4120-4843-5

★ Early Greek Philosophy, , John, Burnet, Kessinger, 2003, ISBN 0-7661-2826-1

★ The Dream of Reason: A History of Western Philosophy from the Greeks to the Renaissance, , Anthony, Gottlieb, Allen Lane, 2000, ISBN 0-7139-9143-7

★ The Presocratic Tradition from Parmenides to Democritus, , W. K. C., Guthrie, Cambridge University Press, 1978, ISBN 0-521-29421-5

★ The Poem of Empedocles, , Brad, Inwood, University of Toronto Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8020-4820-X

★ Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic: Empedocles and Pythagorean Tradition, , Peter, Kingsley, Clarendon Press, 1995, ISBN 0-19-814988-3

★
★ Review by John Bussanich

★
★ Review by John Opsopaus

★ The Presocratic Philosophers: A Critical History, , G. S., Kirk, Cambridge University Press, 1983, ISBN 0-521-25444-2

★ The Cambridge Companion to Early Greek Philosophy, , A. A., Long, Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-44122-6

★ A History of Western Philosophy, and Its Connection with Political and Social Circumstances from the Earliest Times to the Present Day, , Bertrand, Russell, Simon and Schuster, 1945,

★ Empedocles: The Extant Fragments, , M. R., Wright, Bristol Classical Press, 1995, ISBN 1-85399-482-0

External links

★ Empedocles at Philosophical Dictionary

★ Empedocles Fragments and Commentary

★ Empedocles Bilingual Anthology (in Greek and English, side by side)

★ Empedocles (of Acragas) at Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

★ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry

★ Empedocles of Agrigentum at Peithô's Web

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★ Explanation of Empedocles Theory regarding the existence of two suns