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(Redirected from Eleventh century)
As a means of recording the passage of time, the '11th century' was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100.
In the history of European culture, this period is considered the early part of the High Middle Ages. There was a sudden decline of Byzantine power and rise of Norman domination over much of Europe, along with the prominent role in Europe of notably influential popes. In what is now northern Italy, a growth of population in urban centers gave rise to early organized capitalism and more sophisticated, commercialized culture by the late 11th century.
In Song China and the Islamic world, this century marked the high point for both classical Chinese civilization, science, and technology and medieval Islamic science, technology, and literature.
Rivaling political factions at the Song Dynasty court created strife amongst the leading statesmen and ministers of the empire. There was also a population explosion, doubling to the size of 100 million, and an economic revolution in China that spurred manufacture and production rates which rivaled even Great Britain's coal and iron output in the early Industrial Revolution. For Chola-era India and Fatimid-era Egypt, they had reached their zenith in military might and international influence. In The Cholas' rival of the Western Chalukya Empire also rose to power by the end of the century. In this century the Turkish Seljuk dynasty comes to power in the Middle East over the now fragmented Abbasid realm, while the first of the Crusades were waged towards the close of the century. In Japan the Fujiwara clan continued to dominate the affairs of state. In the Americas the Toltec civilization flourished in central America, along with the Huari Culture of South America. In Russia, there was the golden age for the principality of Kievan Rus. In Korea the Goryeo Kingdom flourished and faced external threats from the Liao Dynasty (Manchuria). In Vietnam the Lý Dynasty began, while in Myanmar the Pagan Kingdom reached its height of political and military power.
In European history, the 11th century is regarded as the beginning of the High Middle Ages and is therefore sometimes termed the Early Middle Ages, though this term has another common meaning synonymous with Dark Ages. The century began while the ''translatio imperii'' of 962 was still somewhat novel and ended in the midst of the Investiture Controversy. It saw the final Christianisation of Scandinavia and the emergence of the Peace and Truce of God movements, the Gregorian Reforms, and the Crusades which revitalised a church and a papacy which survived tarnished by the tumultuous tenth century. In 1054, the Great Schism rent the church in two, however.
In Germany, it was marked by the ascendancy of the Holy Roman Emperors, who hit their high watermark under the Salians.
In Italy, it opened with the integration of the kingdom into the empire and the royal palace at Pavia was sacked in 1024. By the end of the century, Lombard and Byzantine rule in the Mezzogiorno had been usurped by the Normans and the power of the territorial magnates was being replaced by that of the citizens of the cities in the north.
In Britain, it saw the transformation of Scotland into a single, more unified and centralised kingdom and the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The social transformations wrought in these lands brought them into the fuller orbit of European feudal politics.
In France, it saw the nadir of the monarchy and the zenith of the great magnates, especially the dukes of Aquitaine and Normandy, who could thus foster such distinctive contributions of their lands as the pious warrior who conquered Britain, Italy, and the East and the impious peacelover, the troubadour, who crafted out of the European vernacular its first great literary themes. There were also the first figures of the intellectual movement known as Scholasticism.
In Spain, the century opened with the successes of the last caliphs of Córdoba and ended in the successes of the Almoravids. In between was a period of Christian unification under Navarrese hegemony and success in the Reconquista against the taifa kingdoms which replaced the fallen caliphate.
In China, there was a triangular affair of continued war and peace settlements between the Song Dynasty Chinese, the Tanguts of the Western Xia in the northwest, and the Khitans of the Liao Dynasty in the northeast. Meanwhile, opposing political factions evolved at the Song imperial court of Kaifeng. The political reformers at court, called the New Policies Group (新法, Xin Fa), were led by Emperor Shenzong of Song and the Chancellors Fan Zhongyan and Wang Anshi, while the political conservatives were led by Chancellor Sima Guang and Empress Dowager Gao, regent of the young Emperor Zhezong of Song. Heated political debate and sectarian intrigue followed, while political enemies were often dismissed from the capital to govern frontier regions in the deep south where malaria was known to be very fatal to northern Chinese people (see History of the Song Dynasty). This period also represents a high point in classical Chinese science and technology, with figures such as Su Song and Shen Kuo, as well as the age where the matured form of the Chinese pagoda was accomplished in Chinese architecture.
In India, the Chola Dynasty reached its height of naval power under leaders such as Rajaraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I, dominating southern India (Tamil Nadu), Sri Lanka, and regions of South East Asia. They also sent raids into what is now modern-day Thailand.
In Japan, the Fujiwara clan dominated central politics by acting as imperial regents, controlling the actions of the Emperor of Japan, who acted merely as a 'puppet monarch' during the Heian period.
In the Middle East, the Fatimid Empire reached its zenith only to face steep decline, much like the Byzantine Empire in the first half of the century. The Seljuks came to prominence while the Abbasid caliphs held traditional titles without real, tangible authority in state affairs.
In Korea, the rulers of the Goryeo Kingdom were able to concentrate more central authority into their own hands than in that of the nobles, and were able to fend off two Khitan invasions with their armies.
★ c. 1000, the ''Al-Tasrif'' is written by the physician and scientist Abu al-Qasim
★ 1001 ± 40 years, Baitoushan volcano on what would be the Chinese-Korean border, erupts with a force of 6.5, the fourth largest Holocene blast.
★ 1001, Mahmud of Ghazni, Muslim leader of Ghazni, begins a series of raids into Northern India; he finishes in 1027 with the destruction of Somnath.
★ c. 1001, Vikings, led by Leif Eriksson, establish small settlements in and around Vinland in North America
★ 1003, Robert II of France invades the Duchy of Burgundy, then ruled by Otto-William, Duke of Burgundy; the initial invasion is unsuccessful, but Robert II eventually gained the acceptance of the Church in 1016 and annexed Burgundy into his realm.
★ 1005, the Treaty of Shanyuan was signed between the Chinese Song Dynasty and the Khitan Liao Dynasty.
★ 1008, the Fatimid Egyptian sea captian Domiyat travels to the Buddhist pilgrimage site in Shandong, China, to seek out the Chinese Emperor Zhenzong of Song with gifts from his ruling Imam Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, successfully reopening diplomatic relations between Egypt and China that had been lost since the collapse of the Tang Dynasty.
★ 1009, Lý Thái Tổ overthrew the Anterior Lê Dynasty of Vietnam, establishing the Lý Dynasty.
★ 1009–1010, the Lombard known as Melus of Bari led an insurrection against the Byzantine Catepan of Italy, John Curcuas, as the latter was killed in battle and replaced by Basil Mesardonites, who brought Byzantine reinforcements.
★ 1010, with the aid of scholars such as Song Zhun, Lu Duosun compiles a massive work of cartography in 1566 chapters, including the mapped topography of each provincial region in China down to the minute level of small towns and villages; this was an imperial compendium first issued by Emperor Taizu of Song in 971 AD.
★ 1010–1011, the Second Goryeo-Khitan War; the Korean king was forced to flee the capital temporarily, but unable to establish a foothold and fearing a counterattack, the Khitan forces withdrew.
★ 1011-1021, Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), a famous Iraqi scientist working in Egypt, feigned madness in fear of angering the Egyptian caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, and was kept under house arrest from 1011 to 1021. During this time, he wrote his influential ''Book of Optics''.
★ 1014, the Byzantine armies of Basil II are victorious over Samuil of Bulgaria in the Battle of Kleidion.
★ 1018, the First Bulgarian Empire is conquered by the Byzantine Empire
★ 1018, the Byzantine armies of Basil Boioannes are victorious at the Battle of Cannae against the Lombards under Melus of Bari.
★ 1018, the Third Goryeo-Khitan War; the Korean General Gang Gam-chan inflicted heavy losses to Khitan forces at the Battle of Kwiju. The Khitan withdrew and both sides signed a peace treaty.
★ 1021, the ruling Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah disappears suddenly, possibly assassinated by his own sister Sitt al-Mulk, which leads to the open persecution of the Druze by Ismaili Shia; the Druze proclaimed that Al-Hakim went into hiding (ghayba), whereupon he would return as the Mahdi savior.
★ 1025, the Chola Dynasty of India uses its naval powers to conquer the South East Asian kingdom of Srivijaya, turning it into a vassal.
★ 1025, ruler Rajendra Chola I moves the capital city of the empire from Thanjavur to Gangaikonda Cholapuram
★ 1028, the King of Srivijaya appeals to the Song Dynasty Chinese, sending a diplomatic mission to their capital at Kaifeng.
★ 1035, Canute the Great dies, and his kingdom of present-day Norway, England, and Denmark was split amongst three rivals to his throne.
★ 1035, William Iron Arm ventures to the Mezzogiorno
★ 1037, Ferdinand I of León conquered the Kingdom of Galicia.
★ 1040, Duncan I of Scotland slain in battle. Macbeth succeeds him.
★ 1041, Samuel Aba became King of Hungary.
★ 1042, the Normans establish Melfi as the capital of southern Italy.
★ 1042, Bhoja, the Indian ruler, philosopher, and polymath of Malwa, completes the reconstruction of the temple of Somnath after its destruction by Mahmud of Ghazni.
★ 1041–1048, Chinese artisan Bi Sheng invents ceramic movable type printing
★ 1043, the Byzantine Empire and Kievan Rus engage in a naval confrontation, although a later treaty is signed between two parties that included the marriage alliance of Vsevolod I of Kiev to a princess daughter of Constantine IX Monomachos.
★ 1044, the Chinese ''Wujing Zongyao'' (武经总要), written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide, is the first book to describe gunpowder formulas; it also described their use in warfare, such as blackpowder-impregnated fuses for flamethrowers. It also described an early form of the compass, a thermoremanence compass.
★ 1044, Henry III of the Holy Roman Empire defeats the Kingdom of Hungary in the Battle of Ménfő; Peter Urseolo captured Samuel Aba after the battle, executing him, and restoring his claim to the throne; the Kingdom of Hungary then briefly becomes a vassal to the Holy Roman Empire.
★ 1052, date of the earliest known copy of Persian scientist Ibn Sina's (Avicenna) ''The Canon of Medicine'', which advised surgeons to remove cancerous tissue in its early stage, recorded the use of 760 different pharmaceutical drugs, diagnosed various psychological disorders, etc.
★ 1052, Fujiwara no Yorimichi converts the rural villa at Byōdō-in into a famous Japanese Buddhist temple.
★ 1053, the Norman commander Humphrey of Hauteville is victorious in the Battle of Civitate against the Lombards and the papal coalition led by Rudolf of Benevento; Pope Leo IX himself is captured by the Normans.
★ 1054, the Great Schism, in which the Western (Roman Catholic) and Eastern Orthodox churches separated from each other. Similar schisms in the past had been later repaired, but this one continues after nearly 1000 years.
★ 1054, a large supernova is observed by astronomers, the remnants of which would form the Crab Nebula.
★ 1055, the Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad, taking the Buyid Emir Al-Malik al-Rahim prisoner.
★ 1056, Ferdinand I of León, King of Castile and King of León, is crowned Imperator totius Hispaniae (Emperor of All Hispania).
★ 1057, Anawrahta, ruler of the Pagan Kingdom, defeated the Mon city of Thaton, thus unifying all of Myanmar.
★ 1061–1091, Norman conquest of Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea
★ 1065, independence of the Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal under the rule of Garcia
★ 1066, Edward the Confessor dies; Harold Godwinson is killed in the Battle of Hastings, while the Norman conqueror is crowned William I of England.
★ 1066, the Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and many others are killed in the 1066 Granada massacre.
★ 1068–1073, the reign of Japanese Emperor Go-Sanjō brings about a brief period where central power is taken out of the hands of the Fujiwara clan.
★ 1068, beginning in this year, Virarajendra Chola sends military raids into Malaysia and Indonesia.
★ 1069–1076, with the support of Emperor Shenzong of Song, Chancellor Wang Anshi of the Chinese Song Dynasty introduces the 'New Policies', including the Baojia system of societal organization and militias, low-cost loans for farmers, taxes instead of corvée labor, government monopolies on tea, salt, and wine, reforming the land survey system, and eliminating the poetry requirement in the imperial examination system to gain bureaucrats of a more practical bent.
★ 1070, the death of Athirajendra Chola and the ascension of Kulothunga Chola I marks the transition between the Medieval Cholas and the Chalukya Cholas.
★ 1071, Defeat of the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert by the Seljuk army of Alp Arslan, ending 3 centuries of a Byzantine military and economic Golden Age.
★ 1073, the Seljuk Turks capture Ankara from the Byzantines.
★ 1075, Henry IV suppresses the rebellion of Saxony in the First Battle of Langensalza.
★ 1075, the Investiture Controversy is sparked when Pope Gregory VII asserted in the ''Dictatus papae'' extended rights granted to the pope (disturbing the balance of power) and new interpretation of God's role in founding the Church itself.
★ 1075–1076, a civil war in the Western Chalukya Empire of India; the Western Chalukya monarch Somesvara II plans to defeat his own ambitious brother Vikramaditya VI by allying with a traditional enemy, Kulothunga Chola I of the Chola Empire; Somesvara's forces suffered heavy defeat, and was eventually captured and imprisoned by Vikramaditya, who proclaimed himself king.
★ 1076, the Ghana Empire is attacked by the Almoravids, who sack the capital of Koumbi Saleh, ending the rule of king Tunka Manin
★ 1076, the Chinese Song Dynasty places strict government monopolies over the production and distribution of sulfur and saltpetre, in order to curb the possibility of merchants selling gunpowder formula components to enemies such as the Tanguts and Khitans.
★ 1076, the Song Chinese allied with southern Vietnamese Champa and Cambodian Chenla to conquer the Lý Dynasty, which was an unsuccessful campaign.
★ 1077, the Walk to Canossa by Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire.
★ 1078, Oleg I of Chernigov is defeated in battle by his brother Vsevolod I of Kiev; Oleg escaped to Tmutarakan, but was imprisoned by the Khazars, sent to Constantinople as a prisoner, and then exiled to Rhodes.
★ 1078, the revolt of Nikephoros III against Byzantine ruler Michael VII
★ 1079, Malik Shah I reforms the Iranian Calendar
★ 1080–1081, the Chinese statesman and scientist Shen Kuo is put in command of the campaign against the Western Xia, and although he successfully halts their invasion route to Yanzhou (modern Yan'an), another officer disobeys imperial orders and the campaign is ultimately a failure because of it.
★ 1084, the enormous Chinese historical work of the ''Zizhi Tongjian'' is compiled by scholars under Chancellor Sima Guang, completed in 294 volumes and included 3 million written Chinese characters
★ 1085, Alfonso VI of Castile captures the Moorish Muslim city of Toledo, Spain.
★ 1085, the Katedralskolan, Lund school of Sweden is established by Canute IV of Denmark
★ 1086, compilation of the Domesday Book by order of William I of England; it was similar to a modern day government census, as it was used by William to thoroughly document all the landholdings within the kingdom that could be properly taxed.
★ 1086, the Battle of az-Zallaqah between the Almoravids and Castilians
★ 1087, a new office at the Chinese international seaport of Quanzhou is established to handle and regulate taxes and tariffs on all mercantile transactions of foreign goods coming from Africa, Arabia, India, Sri Lanka, Persia, and South East Asia.
★ 1087, the Italian cities of Genoa and Pisa engage in the African Mahdia campaign
★ 1088, Chinese statesman, astronomer, and engineer Su Song completed the pilot model for his astronomical clock tower in Kaifeng; the renowned polymath Chinese scientist Shen Kuo made the world's first reference to the magnetic compass in his book ''Dream Pool Essays'', along with many scientific discoveries.
★ 1088, The University of Bologna is established.
★ 1088, Rebellion of 1088 against William II of England lead by Odo of Bayeux.
★ 1091, the Byzantine Empire under Alexios I Komnenos and his Cuman allies defeat Pechenegs at the Battle of Levounion
★ 1093, Vikramaditya VI, ruler of the Western Chalukya Empire, defeats the army of Kulothunga Chola I in the Battle of Vengi.
★ 1093, when the Chinese Empress Dowager Gao dies, the conservative faction that had followed Sima Guang is ousted from court, the liberal reforms of Wang Anshi reinstated, and Emperor Zhezong of Song halted all negotiations with the Tanguts of the Western Xia, resuming in armed conflict with them.
★ 1093, the Kypchaks defeat princes of Kievan Rus at the Battle of the Stugna River
★ 1094, El Cid, the great Spanish hero, conquers the Muslim city of Valencia
★ 1094, a succession crisis following the reign of the Fatimid Caliph Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah sparks a rebellion which leads to the split of Ismaili Shia into the new Nizari religious branch.
★ ca. 1095–1099, earliest extant manuscript of the ''Song of Roland''
★ 1096, the Knights Templar are formed during the early First Crusade in order to protect European Christian pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem.
★ 1096, University of Oxford in England holds its first lectures
★ 1097, the Siege of Nicaea during the First Crusade
★ 1098, the Siege of Antioch during the First Crusade
★ 1098, Pope Urban II makes an appearance at the Siege of Capua
★ 1099, the Siege of Jerusalem by European Crusaders.
★ 1099, after the Kingdom of Jerusalem was established, the Al-Aqsa Mosque was made into the residential palace for the kings of Jerusalem.
★ 1099, after building considerable strength, David IV of Georgia discontinues tribute payments to the Seljuk Turks.
★ King Anawrahta of Myanmar made a pilgrimage to Ceylon, returning to convert his country to Theravada Buddhism.
★ The Tuareg migrate to the Aïr region.
★ Kanem-Bornu expands southward into modern Nigeria.
★ The first of seven Hausa city-states are founded in Nigeria.
★ The Hodh region of Mauritania becomes desert.
★ Abū ‘Alī al-Haṣan ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), Iraqi scientist, father of optics, pioneer of the scientific method, considered the "first scientist"
★ Abū ‘Alī al-Husayn ibn Sīnā (Avicenna), Persian physician, philosopher, and scientist
★ Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis), Andalusian-Arab physician, father of modern surgery
★ Abu Nasr Mansur, Iraqi mathematician
★ Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, Persian scientist and polymath, father of geodesy, considered the "first anthropologist"
★ Empress Agnes, regent of the Holy Roman Empire
★ Anawrahta, ruler of the Pagan Kingdom
★ Anselm of Laon, French theologian
★ Al-Ghazali, celebrated Muslim scholar
★ Al-Muqtadi, Abbasid Caliph
★ Al-Qadir, Abbasid Caliph
★ Al-Qa'im, Abbasid Caliph
★ Alexius I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor
★ Alfonso VI of Castile, ruler of Leon and Castile
★ Alp Arslan, Seljuk ruler
★ Archbishop Anno II of Cologne
★ Saint Anselm, reputed founder of scholasticism and creator of the ontological argument
★ Atisha, influential Buddhist teacher to Tibet
★ Basil II, Byzantine Emperor
★ Berengar of Tours, French theologian
★ Bhoja, a philosopher king and polymath of Malwa in India
★ Bilhana, a Kashmiri language poet from India
★ Bohemond I of Antioch, Crusader commander from Calabria
★ Cai Xiang, Chinese poet, scholar, calligrapher, engineer, and official
★ Canute the Great, ruler of England, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden
★ Conrad II, of the Holy Roman Empire
★ Constantine IX Monomachos, Byzantine Emperor
★ Cheng Yi, Chinese philosopher
★ El Cid (Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar), Castilian nobleman
★ Deokjong of Goryeo, king of Korea
★ Ethelred the Unready, king of England
★ Fan Zhongyan, Song Chinese chancellor
★ Ferdinand I of León, Emperor of All Hispania
★ Fujiwara Michinaga, powerful regent of Japan
★ Gang Gam-chan, Korean general
★ Gilbert de la Porrée, French scholastic logician and theologian
★ Emperor Go-Sanjō of Japan
★ Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lower Lorraine and a Crusader
★ Pope Saint Gregory VII (Hildebrand)
★ Guido of Arezzo, Italian music theorist
★ Guo Xi, a literati Chinese landscape painter
★ Gytha of Wessex, wife of Vladimir II Monomakh
★ Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani, a Persian missionary da'i to the Fatimid Caliphate
★ Harold Godwinson, King of England
★ Henry I of France, king
★ Emperor Henry III, of the Holy Roman Empire
★ Emperor Henry IV, of the Holy Roman Empire
★ Hisham II, Caliph of Cordoba
★ Hisham III, Caliph of Cordoba
★ Hugh of St Victor, philosopher from Saxony
★ Hugh of Vermandois, Count of Vermandois, Crusader
★ Hyeonjong of Goryeo, king of Korea
★ Isaac ibn Ghiyyat, Jewish rabbi from Spain
★ Ísleifur Gissurarson, first Bishop of Iceland
★ Jayasimha II, ruler of the Western Chalukya Empire
★ Jeongjong II of Goryeo, king of Korea
★ Jōchō, famous Japanese sculptor
★ John Skylitzes, Byzantine historian
★ Joseph ibn Naghrela, Jewish vizier of Andalusia
★ Omar Khayyám, Persian poet, mathematician, philosopher and astronomer
★ Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
★ Leif Eriksson, first European explorer to land in North America
★ Pope Leo IX
★ Li Qingzhao, Chinese female poet
★ Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah, Fatimid Caliph
★ Macbeth, ruler of Scotland
★ Malik Shah I, Seljuk ruler
★ Mansur ibn Nasir, ruler of the Hammadid in Algeria
★ Matilda of Tuscany, militant Italian noblewoman
★ Mei Yaochen, Chinese poet and official
★ Melus of Bari, Lombard nobleman
★ Mi Fu, Chinese painter, poet, and calligrapher
★ Michael I Cerularius, the Patriarch of Constantinople
★ Minamoto no Yorimitsu, a governor and commander loyal to the Fujiwara clan
★ Minamoto no Yorinobu, a samurai of the Minamoto clan
★ Mokjong of Goryeo, king of Korea
★ Moses ibn Ezra, Jewish philosopher, poet, and linguist from Spain
★ Muhammad Ibn Abbad Al Mutamid, last Abbadid ruler
★ Munjong of Goryeo, king of Korea
★ Murasaki Shikibu, female Japanese writer
★ Nasir Khusraw, Persian poet, theologian, philosopher, and traveler
★ Ouyang Xiu, Chinese statesman, historian, essayist, and poet
★ Peter Abelard, French philosopher and logician
★ Peter the Hermit, Crusader
★ Peter Urseolo, king of Hungary
★ Rajaraja Chola I, ruler of Tamil Nadu (southern India) and Sri Lanka
★ Rajendra Chola I, ruler of Tamil Nadu (southern India) and Sri Lanka
★ Rajadhiraja Chola, ruler of the Cholas
★ Rajendra Chola II, ruler of the Cholas
★ Ramanuja, Chola Indian theologian, philosopher, and spiritual leader
★ Raymond IV of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne and a Crusader
★ Emperor Renzong of Song, ruler of China
★ Saint Robert, founder of the Cistercians
★ Richard II, Duke of Normandy
★ Robert II, Count of Flanders, Crusader
★ Robert II of France, king
★ Robert Guiscard, Norman conqueror of Southern Italy and Sicily
★ Samuel Aba, king of Hungary
★ Sancho III, king of Navarre
★ Sei Shōnagon, female Japanese writer
★ Seonjong of Goryeo, king of Korea
★ Shen Kuo, Chinese geologist, astronomer, encyclopedist, zoologist, botanist, hydraulic engineer, cartographer, general, diplomat, statesman, etc.
★ Emperor Shenzong of Song, ruler of China
★ Emperor Shirakawa of Japan
★ Samuel ibn Naghrela, Jewish scholar
★ Sigrid the Haughty, wife of Sweyn I of Denmark
★ Sima Guang, Song Chinese chancellor
★ Somesvara I, ruler of the Western Chalukya Empire
★ Somesvara II, ruler of the Western Chalukya Empire
★ Solomon ibn Gabirol, Jewish philosopher and poet from Spanish Al-Andalus
★ Stephen I, king of Hungary
★ Su Shi, famous Chinese poet, calligrapher, painter, travel writer, pharmacologist, and statesman
★ Su Song, Chinese astronomer, horologist, mechanical engineer, zoologist, botanist, mineralogist, diplomat, cartographer, etc.
★ Sukjong of Goryeo, king of Korea
★ Suleiman II, Caliph of Cordoba,
★ Sweyn I of Denmark, king of Denmark, Norway, and England
★ Tāriqu l-Ḥakīm bi Amr al-Lāh, Sixth Fātimid Caliph
★ Tunka Manin ruler of the Ghana Empire
★ Pope Urban II
★ Vikramaditya VI, ruler of the Western Chalukya Empire
★ Virarajendra Chola, ruler of the Cholas
★ Vladimir I of Kiev, ruler of Kievan Rus
★ Vladimir II Monomakh, ruler of Kievan Rus
★ Vsevolod I of Kiev, ruler of Kievan Rus
★ Wang Anshi, Song Chinese chancellor
★ Wei Pu, Chinese astronomer
★ Wen Tong, Chinese painter
★ William the Conqueror, ruler of Normandy and England
★ William Iron Arm, prominent member of the Norman Hauteville family
★ Yaroslav I the Wise, ruler of Kievan Rus
★ Emperor Yingzong of Song, ruler of China
★ Yusuf ibn Tashfin, Berber Almoravid ruler
★ Yusuf Balasaghuni, an Uyghur Turkish scribe
★ Emperor Zhezong of Song, ruler of China
★ Emperor Zhenzong of Song, ruler of China
★ Empress Zoe, Byzantine Empress
★ The St Albans Cathedral of Norman-era England is completed in 1089 AD.
★ The Al-Hakim Mosque of Fatimid Egypt is completed in 1013 AD.
★ The Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, China is built in 1049 AD.
★ The Phoenix Hall of Byōdō-in, Japan, is completed in 1053 AD.
★ The Brihadeeswarar Temple of India is completed in 1010 AD during the reign of Rajaraja Chola I.
★ The Kedareshwara Temple of Balligavi, India, is built in 1060 by the Western Chalukyas.
★ Construction work begins in 1059 AD on the Parma Cathedral of Italy.
★ The Martin-du-Canigou monastery is built by 1009 AD, in present day southern France.
★ The Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod is completed in 1052, the oldest existent church in Russia.
★ The Byzantine Greek Hosios Loukas monastery sees the completion of the ''Katholikon'' (earliest extant domed-octagon church) from 1011-1012 AD.
★ The Lingxiao Pagoda of Zhengding, Hebei province, China, is built in 1045 AD.
★ The Yingxian Pagoda of Shanxi province, China, is completed under the Liao Dynasty in 1056 AD.
★ The Chinese official Cai Xiang oversaw the construction of the Wanan Bridge in Fujian, and may have been the leading member of an engineering school due to many other bridges of similar construction built in Fujian.
★ The Imam Ali Mosque in Iraq is rebuilt by Malik Shah I in 1086 after it was destroyed by fire.
★ The Ananda Temple of the Myanmar ruler King Kyanzittha is completed in 1091.
★ The Văn Miếu, or Temple of Literature, in Vietnam is established in 1070.
★ Construction of Richmond Castle in England begins in 1071.
★ The tallest pagoda tower in China's pre-modern history, the Liaodi Pagoda, is completed in 1055, standing at a height of 84 m (275 ft).
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★ c. 1000 - Abulcasis of al-Andalus, the father of modern surgery, publishes his influential 30-volume medical encyclopedia, the ''Kitab al-Tasrif'', which remains a standard textbook in the Islamic world and medieval Europe for centuries.
★ c. 1000 - Ibn Yunus of Egypt publishes his astronomical treatise ''Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir'', and invents the pendulum.
★ c. 1000 - Persian Muslim physicist and mathematician, Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi), discovers that the heaviness of bodies vary with their distance from the center of the Earth, and solves equations higher than the second degree.
★ c. 1000 - Persian Muslim astronomer and mathematician, Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, invents the sextant and first states a special case of Fermat's last theorem.
★ c. 1000 - Law of sines is discovered by Muslim mathematicians, but it is uncertain who discovers it first between Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, Abu Nasr Mansur, and Abu al-Wafa.
★ The demands of the Chinese iron industry for charcoal led to huge amounts of deforestation, which was curbed when the Chinese discovered how to use bituminous coal in smelting cast iron and steel, thus sparing thousands of acres of prime timberland.
★ 1000-1037 - Avicenna of Persia, the father of the concept of momentum, publishes ''The Book of Healing'', a scientific encyclopedia that discusses many different topics.
★ 1000-1048 - Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī of Persia, who is considered the father of geodesy and the "first anthropologist", writes more than a hundred books on many different topics. He theorizes that India was once covered by the Indian Ocean; he also observes in his astronomy book ''Kitab al-qanun al-Mas’udi'' (1031) that the planets revolves in elliptical orbits rather than circular orbits as theorized by the ancient Greeks, and rejects theories which cannot be verified through experimentation.
★ 1013 - One of the ''Four Great Books of Song'', the ''Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau'' compiled by 1013 AD was the largest of the Song Chinese encyclopedias. Divided into 1000 volumes, it consisted of 9.4 million written Chinese characters.
★ 1020 - Avicenna of Persia, the father of modern medicine, publishes his influential treatise, ''The Canon of Medicine''. It introduces experimentation and quantification into the study of physiology, first describes contagious diseases, and maintains that medicine should be known through either experimentation or reasoning. It remains the most influential medical text in both Islamic and Christian lands for over six centuries.
★ 1021 - Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) of Basra, Iraq, who is considered the father of optics, the pioneer of the scientific method, and the "first scientist", writes his influential ''Book of Optics'' from 1011 to 1021 (while he was under house arrest in Egypt), which drastically transforms the understanding of light, optics, vision, psychology, and science in general. He is also credited with the discovery of the camera obscura and pinhole camera. His book was later translated from Arabic into Latin.
★ 1024 - The world's first paper-printed money can be traced back to the year 1024, in Sichuan province of Song Dynasty China. The Chinese government would step in and overtake this trend, issuing the central government's official banknote in the 1120s.
★ The tittle was created.
★ Troubadours appear in what is now southern France.
★ 1031-1095 - Chinese scientist Shen Kuo creates a theory for land formation, or geomorphology, theorized that climate change occurred over time, discovers the concept of true north, improves the design of the astronomical sighting tube to view the polestar indefinitely, hypothesizes the retrogradation theory of planetary motion, and by observing lunar eclipse and solar eclipse he hypothesized that the sun and moon were spherical. He also experimented with camera obscura just decades after Ibn al-Haitham, although Shen was the first to treat it with quantitative attributes.
★ 1041-1048 - Bi Sheng of Song Dynasty China invents movable type printing using individual ceramic characters
★ The Chinese engineer Yan Su recreates the mechanical compass-vehicle of the South Pointing Chariot, first invented by Ma Jun in the 3rd century.
★ 1070 - The Chinese mechanical engineer and astronomer Su Song incorporates an escapement mechanism and the world's first known chain drive to operate the armillary sphere of his astronomical clock tower. With a team of scholars, Su Song also published the ''Ben Cao Tu Jing'' in 1070, a treatise on pharmacology, botany, zoology, metallurgy, and mineralogy.
★ In Europe, the introduction of the horizontal loom operated by foot-treadles makes weaving faster and more efficient.
★ First known use of the drydock in China.
★ 1090 - Chinese author Qin Guan wrote the ''Can Shu'' (Book of Sericulture) in 1090 AD, which described a silk-reeling machine that employed the first known use of a mechanical belt drive.
★ The works of Aristotle and early Muslim scientists are translated into Latin from Arabic.
★ 1021 - Murasaki Shikibu writes her Japanese novel, ''The Tale of Genji'', which is regarded as the first novel.
★ 1054 - The Russian legal code of the Russkaya Pravda is created during the reign of Yaroslav I the Wise.
★ The earlier 10th century invention of the pound lock in China allows large ships to travel along canals without laborious hauling, thus allowing smooth travel of government ships holding cargo of up to 700 ''tan'' (49½ tons) and large privately owned-ships holding cargo of up to 1600 ''tan'' (113 tons).
★ The roots of European Scholasticism are found in this period, as the renewed spark of interest in literature and Classicism in Europe would bring about the Renaissance. In the 11th century, there were early Scholastic figures such as Anselm of Canterbury, Peter Abelard, Solomon ibn Gabirol, Peter Lombard, and Gilbert de la Porrée.
★ The Chinese establish fortified maritime trading bases in the Philippines.
As a means of recording the passage of time, the '11th century' was that century which lasted from 1001 to 1100.
In the history of European culture, this period is considered the early part of the High Middle Ages. There was a sudden decline of Byzantine power and rise of Norman domination over much of Europe, along with the prominent role in Europe of notably influential popes. In what is now northern Italy, a growth of population in urban centers gave rise to early organized capitalism and more sophisticated, commercialized culture by the late 11th century.
In Song China and the Islamic world, this century marked the high point for both classical Chinese civilization, science, and technology and medieval Islamic science, technology, and literature.
Rivaling political factions at the Song Dynasty court created strife amongst the leading statesmen and ministers of the empire. There was also a population explosion, doubling to the size of 100 million, and an economic revolution in China that spurred manufacture and production rates which rivaled even Great Britain's coal and iron output in the early Industrial Revolution. For Chola-era India and Fatimid-era Egypt, they had reached their zenith in military might and international influence. In The Cholas' rival of the Western Chalukya Empire also rose to power by the end of the century. In this century the Turkish Seljuk dynasty comes to power in the Middle East over the now fragmented Abbasid realm, while the first of the Crusades were waged towards the close of the century. In Japan the Fujiwara clan continued to dominate the affairs of state. In the Americas the Toltec civilization flourished in central America, along with the Huari Culture of South America. In Russia, there was the golden age for the principality of Kievan Rus. In Korea the Goryeo Kingdom flourished and faced external threats from the Liao Dynasty (Manchuria). In Vietnam the Lý Dynasty began, while in Myanmar the Pagan Kingdom reached its height of political and military power.
| Contents |
| Overview |
| Events |
| Significant people |
| Architecture |
| Inventions, discoveries, introductions |
| Science and technology |
| Literature and Trade |
| Decades and Years |
Overview
The Brihadeeswarar Temple of Chola era southern India, completed in 1010 AD, during the reign of Rajaraja Chola I.
In European history, the 11th century is regarded as the beginning of the High Middle Ages and is therefore sometimes termed the Early Middle Ages, though this term has another common meaning synonymous with Dark Ages. The century began while the ''translatio imperii'' of 962 was still somewhat novel and ended in the midst of the Investiture Controversy. It saw the final Christianisation of Scandinavia and the emergence of the Peace and Truce of God movements, the Gregorian Reforms, and the Crusades which revitalised a church and a papacy which survived tarnished by the tumultuous tenth century. In 1054, the Great Schism rent the church in two, however.
In Germany, it was marked by the ascendancy of the Holy Roman Emperors, who hit their high watermark under the Salians.
In Italy, it opened with the integration of the kingdom into the empire and the royal palace at Pavia was sacked in 1024. By the end of the century, Lombard and Byzantine rule in the Mezzogiorno had been usurped by the Normans and the power of the territorial magnates was being replaced by that of the citizens of the cities in the north.
In Britain, it saw the transformation of Scotland into a single, more unified and centralised kingdom and the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The social transformations wrought in these lands brought them into the fuller orbit of European feudal politics.
In France, it saw the nadir of the monarchy and the zenith of the great magnates, especially the dukes of Aquitaine and Normandy, who could thus foster such distinctive contributions of their lands as the pious warrior who conquered Britain, Italy, and the East and the impious peacelover, the troubadour, who crafted out of the European vernacular its first great literary themes. There were also the first figures of the intellectual movement known as Scholasticism.
The Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, Song Dynasty China, built in 1049 AD during the reign of Emperor Renzong of Song.
In Spain, the century opened with the successes of the last caliphs of Córdoba and ended in the successes of the Almoravids. In between was a period of Christian unification under Navarrese hegemony and success in the Reconquista against the taifa kingdoms which replaced the fallen caliphate.
In China, there was a triangular affair of continued war and peace settlements between the Song Dynasty Chinese, the Tanguts of the Western Xia in the northwest, and the Khitans of the Liao Dynasty in the northeast. Meanwhile, opposing political factions evolved at the Song imperial court of Kaifeng. The political reformers at court, called the New Policies Group (新法, Xin Fa), were led by Emperor Shenzong of Song and the Chancellors Fan Zhongyan and Wang Anshi, while the political conservatives were led by Chancellor Sima Guang and Empress Dowager Gao, regent of the young Emperor Zhezong of Song. Heated political debate and sectarian intrigue followed, while political enemies were often dismissed from the capital to govern frontier regions in the deep south where malaria was known to be very fatal to northern Chinese people (see History of the Song Dynasty). This period also represents a high point in classical Chinese science and technology, with figures such as Su Song and Shen Kuo, as well as the age where the matured form of the Chinese pagoda was accomplished in Chinese architecture.
In India, the Chola Dynasty reached its height of naval power under leaders such as Rajaraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I, dominating southern India (Tamil Nadu), Sri Lanka, and regions of South East Asia. They also sent raids into what is now modern-day Thailand.
In Japan, the Fujiwara clan dominated central politics by acting as imperial regents, controlling the actions of the Emperor of Japan, who acted merely as a 'puppet monarch' during the Heian period.
In the Middle East, the Fatimid Empire reached its zenith only to face steep decline, much like the Byzantine Empire in the first half of the century. The Seljuks came to prominence while the Abbasid caliphs held traditional titles without real, tangible authority in state affairs.
In Korea, the rulers of the Goryeo Kingdom were able to concentrate more central authority into their own hands than in that of the nobles, and were able to fend off two Khitan invasions with their armies.
Events
The Bayeux Tapestry depicting events leading to the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
★ c. 1000, the ''Al-Tasrif'' is written by the physician and scientist Abu al-Qasim
★ 1001 ± 40 years, Baitoushan volcano on what would be the Chinese-Korean border, erupts with a force of 6.5, the fourth largest Holocene blast.
★ 1001, Mahmud of Ghazni, Muslim leader of Ghazni, begins a series of raids into Northern India; he finishes in 1027 with the destruction of Somnath.
★ c. 1001, Vikings, led by Leif Eriksson, establish small settlements in and around Vinland in North America
★ 1003, Robert II of France invades the Duchy of Burgundy, then ruled by Otto-William, Duke of Burgundy; the initial invasion is unsuccessful, but Robert II eventually gained the acceptance of the Church in 1016 and annexed Burgundy into his realm.
★ 1005, the Treaty of Shanyuan was signed between the Chinese Song Dynasty and the Khitan Liao Dynasty.
★ 1008, the Fatimid Egyptian sea captian Domiyat travels to the Buddhist pilgrimage site in Shandong, China, to seek out the Chinese Emperor Zhenzong of Song with gifts from his ruling Imam Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, successfully reopening diplomatic relations between Egypt and China that had been lost since the collapse of the Tang Dynasty.
★ 1009, Lý Thái Tổ overthrew the Anterior Lê Dynasty of Vietnam, establishing the Lý Dynasty.
★ 1009–1010, the Lombard known as Melus of Bari led an insurrection against the Byzantine Catepan of Italy, John Curcuas, as the latter was killed in battle and replaced by Basil Mesardonites, who brought Byzantine reinforcements.
★ 1010, with the aid of scholars such as Song Zhun, Lu Duosun compiles a massive work of cartography in 1566 chapters, including the mapped topography of each provincial region in China down to the minute level of small towns and villages; this was an imperial compendium first issued by Emperor Taizu of Song in 971 AD.
★ 1010–1011, the Second Goryeo-Khitan War; the Korean king was forced to flee the capital temporarily, but unable to establish a foothold and fearing a counterattack, the Khitan forces withdrew.
★ 1011-1021, Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), a famous Iraqi scientist working in Egypt, feigned madness in fear of angering the Egyptian caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, and was kept under house arrest from 1011 to 1021. During this time, he wrote his influential ''Book of Optics''.
★ 1014, the Byzantine armies of Basil II are victorious over Samuil of Bulgaria in the Battle of Kleidion.
Defeat of the Bulgarians by the Byzantines depicted in the ''Madrid Skylitzes''.
★ 1018, the First Bulgarian Empire is conquered by the Byzantine Empire
★ 1018, the Byzantine armies of Basil Boioannes are victorious at the Battle of Cannae against the Lombards under Melus of Bari.
★ 1018, the Third Goryeo-Khitan War; the Korean General Gang Gam-chan inflicted heavy losses to Khitan forces at the Battle of Kwiju. The Khitan withdrew and both sides signed a peace treaty.
★ 1021, the ruling Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah disappears suddenly, possibly assassinated by his own sister Sitt al-Mulk, which leads to the open persecution of the Druze by Ismaili Shia; the Druze proclaimed that Al-Hakim went into hiding (ghayba), whereupon he would return as the Mahdi savior.
★ 1025, the Chola Dynasty of India uses its naval powers to conquer the South East Asian kingdom of Srivijaya, turning it into a vassal.
★ 1025, ruler Rajendra Chola I moves the capital city of the empire from Thanjavur to Gangaikonda Cholapuram
★ 1028, the King of Srivijaya appeals to the Song Dynasty Chinese, sending a diplomatic mission to their capital at Kaifeng.
★ 1035, Canute the Great dies, and his kingdom of present-day Norway, England, and Denmark was split amongst three rivals to his throne.
★ 1035, William Iron Arm ventures to the Mezzogiorno
★ 1037, Ferdinand I of León conquered the Kingdom of Galicia.
★ 1040, Duncan I of Scotland slain in battle. Macbeth succeeds him.
A Chinese Song Dynasty naval ship with a traction trebuchet catapult, from the ''Wujing Zongyao'' of 1044 AD.
★ 1041, Samuel Aba became King of Hungary.
★ 1042, the Normans establish Melfi as the capital of southern Italy.
★ 1042, Bhoja, the Indian ruler, philosopher, and polymath of Malwa, completes the reconstruction of the temple of Somnath after its destruction by Mahmud of Ghazni.
★ 1041–1048, Chinese artisan Bi Sheng invents ceramic movable type printing
★ 1043, the Byzantine Empire and Kievan Rus engage in a naval confrontation, although a later treaty is signed between two parties that included the marriage alliance of Vsevolod I of Kiev to a princess daughter of Constantine IX Monomachos.
★ 1044, the Chinese ''Wujing Zongyao'' (武经总要), written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide, is the first book to describe gunpowder formulas; it also described their use in warfare, such as blackpowder-impregnated fuses for flamethrowers. It also described an early form of the compass, a thermoremanence compass.
★ 1044, Henry III of the Holy Roman Empire defeats the Kingdom of Hungary in the Battle of Ménfő; Peter Urseolo captured Samuel Aba after the battle, executing him, and restoring his claim to the throne; the Kingdom of Hungary then briefly becomes a vassal to the Holy Roman Empire.
★ 1052, date of the earliest known copy of Persian scientist Ibn Sina's (Avicenna) ''The Canon of Medicine'', which advised surgeons to remove cancerous tissue in its early stage, recorded the use of 760 different pharmaceutical drugs, diagnosed various psychological disorders, etc.
★ 1052, Fujiwara no Yorimichi converts the rural villa at Byōdō-in into a famous Japanese Buddhist temple.
★ 1053, the Norman commander Humphrey of Hauteville is victorious in the Battle of Civitate against the Lombards and the papal coalition led by Rudolf of Benevento; Pope Leo IX himself is captured by the Normans.
★ 1054, the Great Schism, in which the Western (Roman Catholic) and Eastern Orthodox churches separated from each other. Similar schisms in the past had been later repaired, but this one continues after nearly 1000 years.
★ 1054, a large supernova is observed by astronomers, the remnants of which would form the Crab Nebula.
★ 1055, the Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad, taking the Buyid Emir Al-Malik al-Rahim prisoner.
★ 1056, Ferdinand I of León, King of Castile and King of León, is crowned Imperator totius Hispaniae (Emperor of All Hispania).
★ 1057, Anawrahta, ruler of the Pagan Kingdom, defeated the Mon city of Thaton, thus unifying all of Myanmar.
An 11th century Chola Dynasty bronze figurine of Arthanariswara.
★ 1061–1091, Norman conquest of Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea
★ 1065, independence of the Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal under the rule of Garcia
★ 1066, Edward the Confessor dies; Harold Godwinson is killed in the Battle of Hastings, while the Norman conqueror is crowned William I of England.
★ 1066, the Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and many others are killed in the 1066 Granada massacre.
★ 1068–1073, the reign of Japanese Emperor Go-Sanjō brings about a brief period where central power is taken out of the hands of the Fujiwara clan.
★ 1068, beginning in this year, Virarajendra Chola sends military raids into Malaysia and Indonesia.
★ 1069–1076, with the support of Emperor Shenzong of Song, Chancellor Wang Anshi of the Chinese Song Dynasty introduces the 'New Policies', including the Baojia system of societal organization and militias, low-cost loans for farmers, taxes instead of corvée labor, government monopolies on tea, salt, and wine, reforming the land survey system, and eliminating the poetry requirement in the imperial examination system to gain bureaucrats of a more practical bent.
★ 1070, the death of Athirajendra Chola and the ascension of Kulothunga Chola I marks the transition between the Medieval Cholas and the Chalukya Cholas.
★ 1071, Defeat of the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert by the Seljuk army of Alp Arslan, ending 3 centuries of a Byzantine military and economic Golden Age.
★ 1073, the Seljuk Turks capture Ankara from the Byzantines.
★ 1075, Henry IV suppresses the rebellion of Saxony in the First Battle of Langensalza.
★ 1075, the Investiture Controversy is sparked when Pope Gregory VII asserted in the ''Dictatus papae'' extended rights granted to the pope (disturbing the balance of power) and new interpretation of God's role in founding the Church itself.
★ 1075–1076, a civil war in the Western Chalukya Empire of India; the Western Chalukya monarch Somesvara II plans to defeat his own ambitious brother Vikramaditya VI by allying with a traditional enemy, Kulothunga Chola I of the Chola Empire; Somesvara's forces suffered heavy defeat, and was eventually captured and imprisoned by Vikramaditya, who proclaimed himself king.
★ 1076, the Ghana Empire is attacked by the Almoravids, who sack the capital of Koumbi Saleh, ending the rule of king Tunka Manin
★ 1076, the Chinese Song Dynasty places strict government monopolies over the production and distribution of sulfur and saltpetre, in order to curb the possibility of merchants selling gunpowder formula components to enemies such as the Tanguts and Khitans.
★ 1076, the Song Chinese allied with southern Vietnamese Champa and Cambodian Chenla to conquer the Lý Dynasty, which was an unsuccessful campaign.
★ 1077, the Walk to Canossa by Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire.
★ 1078, Oleg I of Chernigov is defeated in battle by his brother Vsevolod I of Kiev; Oleg escaped to Tmutarakan, but was imprisoned by the Khazars, sent to Constantinople as a prisoner, and then exiled to Rhodes.
★ 1078, the revolt of Nikephoros III against Byzantine ruler Michael VII
★ 1079, Malik Shah I reforms the Iranian Calendar
A page of the Domesday Book of England.
★ 1080–1081, the Chinese statesman and scientist Shen Kuo is put in command of the campaign against the Western Xia, and although he successfully halts their invasion route to Yanzhou (modern Yan'an), another officer disobeys imperial orders and the campaign is ultimately a failure because of it.
★ 1084, the enormous Chinese historical work of the ''Zizhi Tongjian'' is compiled by scholars under Chancellor Sima Guang, completed in 294 volumes and included 3 million written Chinese characters
★ 1085, Alfonso VI of Castile captures the Moorish Muslim city of Toledo, Spain.
★ 1085, the Katedralskolan, Lund school of Sweden is established by Canute IV of Denmark
★ 1086, compilation of the Domesday Book by order of William I of England; it was similar to a modern day government census, as it was used by William to thoroughly document all the landholdings within the kingdom that could be properly taxed.
★ 1086, the Battle of az-Zallaqah between the Almoravids and Castilians
★ 1087, a new office at the Chinese international seaport of Quanzhou is established to handle and regulate taxes and tariffs on all mercantile transactions of foreign goods coming from Africa, Arabia, India, Sri Lanka, Persia, and South East Asia.
★ 1087, the Italian cities of Genoa and Pisa engage in the African Mahdia campaign
★ 1088, Chinese statesman, astronomer, and engineer Su Song completed the pilot model for his astronomical clock tower in Kaifeng; the renowned polymath Chinese scientist Shen Kuo made the world's first reference to the magnetic compass in his book ''Dream Pool Essays'', along with many scientific discoveries.
★ 1088, The University of Bologna is established.
★ 1088, Rebellion of 1088 against William II of England lead by Odo of Bayeux.
★ 1091, the Byzantine Empire under Alexios I Komnenos and his Cuman allies defeat Pechenegs at the Battle of Levounion
★ 1093, Vikramaditya VI, ruler of the Western Chalukya Empire, defeats the army of Kulothunga Chola I in the Battle of Vengi.
★ 1093, when the Chinese Empress Dowager Gao dies, the conservative faction that had followed Sima Guang is ousted from court, the liberal reforms of Wang Anshi reinstated, and Emperor Zhezong of Song halted all negotiations with the Tanguts of the Western Xia, resuming in armed conflict with them.
★ 1093, the Kypchaks defeat princes of Kievan Rus at the Battle of the Stugna River
★ 1094, El Cid, the great Spanish hero, conquers the Muslim city of Valencia
★ 1094, a succession crisis following the reign of the Fatimid Caliph Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah sparks a rebellion which leads to the split of Ismaili Shia into the new Nizari religious branch.
★ ca. 1095–1099, earliest extant manuscript of the ''Song of Roland''
★ 1096, the Knights Templar are formed during the early First Crusade in order to protect European Christian pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem.
★ 1096, University of Oxford in England holds its first lectures
★ 1097, the Siege of Nicaea during the First Crusade
★ 1098, the Siege of Antioch during the First Crusade
★ 1098, Pope Urban II makes an appearance at the Siege of Capua
★ 1099, the Siege of Jerusalem by European Crusaders.
★ 1099, after the Kingdom of Jerusalem was established, the Al-Aqsa Mosque was made into the residential palace for the kings of Jerusalem.
★ 1099, after building considerable strength, David IV of Georgia discontinues tribute payments to the Seljuk Turks.
★ King Anawrahta of Myanmar made a pilgrimage to Ceylon, returning to convert his country to Theravada Buddhism.
★ The Tuareg migrate to the Aïr region.
★ Kanem-Bornu expands southward into modern Nigeria.
★ The first of seven Hausa city-states are founded in Nigeria.
★ The Hodh region of Mauritania becomes desert.
Significant people
Basil II of the Byzantine Empire.
★ Abū ‘Alī al-Haṣan ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), Iraqi scientist, father of optics, pioneer of the scientific method, considered the "first scientist"
★ Abū ‘Alī al-Husayn ibn Sīnā (Avicenna), Persian physician, philosopher, and scientist
★ Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis), Andalusian-Arab physician, father of modern surgery
★ Abu Nasr Mansur, Iraqi mathematician
★ Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, Persian scientist and polymath, father of geodesy, considered the "first anthropologist"
★ Empress Agnes, regent of the Holy Roman Empire
★ Anawrahta, ruler of the Pagan Kingdom
★ Anselm of Laon, French theologian
★ Al-Ghazali, celebrated Muslim scholar
★ Al-Muqtadi, Abbasid Caliph
★ Al-Qadir, Abbasid Caliph
★ Al-Qa'im, Abbasid Caliph
★ Alexius I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor
★ Alfonso VI of Castile, ruler of Leon and Castile
★ Alp Arslan, Seljuk ruler
★ Archbishop Anno II of Cologne
★ Saint Anselm, reputed founder of scholasticism and creator of the ontological argument
★ Atisha, influential Buddhist teacher to Tibet
★ Basil II, Byzantine Emperor
★ Berengar of Tours, French theologian
★ Bhoja, a philosopher king and polymath of Malwa in India
★ Bilhana, a Kashmiri language poet from India
★ Bohemond I of Antioch, Crusader commander from Calabria
★ Cai Xiang, Chinese poet, scholar, calligrapher, engineer, and official
★ Canute the Great, ruler of England, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden
★ Conrad II, of the Holy Roman Empire
★ Constantine IX Monomachos, Byzantine Emperor
★ Cheng Yi, Chinese philosopher
★ El Cid (Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar), Castilian nobleman
★ Deokjong of Goryeo, king of Korea
★ Ethelred the Unready, king of England
★ Fan Zhongyan, Song Chinese chancellor
★ Ferdinand I of León, Emperor of All Hispania
★ Fujiwara Michinaga, powerful regent of Japan
★ Gang Gam-chan, Korean general
★ Gilbert de la Porrée, French scholastic logician and theologian
★ Emperor Go-Sanjō of Japan
★ Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lower Lorraine and a Crusader
★ Pope Saint Gregory VII (Hildebrand)
★ Guido of Arezzo, Italian music theorist
★ Guo Xi, a literati Chinese landscape painter
★ Gytha of Wessex, wife of Vladimir II Monomakh
★ Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani, a Persian missionary da'i to the Fatimid Caliphate
★ Harold Godwinson, King of England
★ Henry I of France, king
Emperor Shenzong of Song China.
★ Emperor Henry III, of the Holy Roman Empire
★ Emperor Henry IV, of the Holy Roman Empire
★ Hisham II, Caliph of Cordoba
★ Hisham III, Caliph of Cordoba
★ Hugh of St Victor, philosopher from Saxony
★ Hugh of Vermandois, Count of Vermandois, Crusader
★ Hyeonjong of Goryeo, king of Korea
★ Isaac ibn Ghiyyat, Jewish rabbi from Spain
★ Ísleifur Gissurarson, first Bishop of Iceland
★ Jayasimha II, ruler of the Western Chalukya Empire
★ Jeongjong II of Goryeo, king of Korea
★ Jōchō, famous Japanese sculptor
★ John Skylitzes, Byzantine historian
★ Joseph ibn Naghrela, Jewish vizier of Andalusia
★ Omar Khayyám, Persian poet, mathematician, philosopher and astronomer
★ Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury
★ Leif Eriksson, first European explorer to land in North America
★ Pope Leo IX
★ Li Qingzhao, Chinese female poet
★ Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah, Fatimid Caliph
★ Macbeth, ruler of Scotland
★ Malik Shah I, Seljuk ruler
★ Mansur ibn Nasir, ruler of the Hammadid in Algeria
★ Matilda of Tuscany, militant Italian noblewoman
★ Mei Yaochen, Chinese poet and official
★ Melus of Bari, Lombard nobleman
★ Mi Fu, Chinese painter, poet, and calligrapher
★ Michael I Cerularius, the Patriarch of Constantinople
★ Minamoto no Yorimitsu, a governor and commander loyal to the Fujiwara clan
★ Minamoto no Yorinobu, a samurai of the Minamoto clan
★ Mokjong of Goryeo, king of Korea
★ Moses ibn Ezra, Jewish philosopher, poet, and linguist from Spain
★ Muhammad Ibn Abbad Al Mutamid, last Abbadid ruler
★ Munjong of Goryeo, king of Korea
★ Murasaki Shikibu, female Japanese writer
★ Nasir Khusraw, Persian poet, theologian, philosopher, and traveler
★ Ouyang Xiu, Chinese statesman, historian, essayist, and poet
★ Peter Abelard, French philosopher and logician
★ Peter the Hermit, Crusader
★ Peter Urseolo, king of Hungary
★ Rajaraja Chola I, ruler of Tamil Nadu (southern India) and Sri Lanka
★ Rajendra Chola I, ruler of Tamil Nadu (southern India) and Sri Lanka
★ Rajadhiraja Chola, ruler of the Cholas
★ Rajendra Chola II, ruler of the Cholas
★ Ramanuja, Chola Indian theologian, philosopher, and spiritual leader
★ Raymond IV of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne and a Crusader
★ Emperor Renzong of Song, ruler of China
Pope Urban II of Rome.
★ Saint Robert, founder of the Cistercians
★ Richard II, Duke of Normandy
★ Robert II, Count of Flanders, Crusader
★ Robert II of France, king
★ Robert Guiscard, Norman conqueror of Southern Italy and Sicily
★ Samuel Aba, king of Hungary
★ Sancho III, king of Navarre
★ Sei Shōnagon, female Japanese writer
★ Seonjong of Goryeo, king of Korea
★ Shen Kuo, Chinese geologist, astronomer, encyclopedist, zoologist, botanist, hydraulic engineer, cartographer, general, diplomat, statesman, etc.
★ Emperor Shenzong of Song, ruler of China
★ Emperor Shirakawa of Japan
★ Samuel ibn Naghrela, Jewish scholar
★ Sigrid the Haughty, wife of Sweyn I of Denmark
★ Sima Guang, Song Chinese chancellor
★ Somesvara I, ruler of the Western Chalukya Empire
★ Somesvara II, ruler of the Western Chalukya Empire
★ Solomon ibn Gabirol, Jewish philosopher and poet from Spanish Al-Andalus
★ Stephen I, king of Hungary
★ Su Shi, famous Chinese poet, calligrapher, painter, travel writer, pharmacologist, and statesman
Fujiwara Michinaga of Japan, by Kikuchi Yōsai.
★ Su Song, Chinese astronomer, horologist, mechanical engineer, zoologist, botanist, mineralogist, diplomat, cartographer, etc.
★ Sukjong of Goryeo, king of Korea
★ Suleiman II, Caliph of Cordoba,
★ Sweyn I of Denmark, king of Denmark, Norway, and England
★ Tāriqu l-Ḥakīm bi Amr al-Lāh, Sixth Fātimid Caliph
★ Tunka Manin ruler of the Ghana Empire
★ Pope Urban II
★ Vikramaditya VI, ruler of the Western Chalukya Empire
★ Virarajendra Chola, ruler of the Cholas
★ Vladimir I of Kiev, ruler of Kievan Rus
★ Vladimir II Monomakh, ruler of Kievan Rus
★ Vsevolod I of Kiev, ruler of Kievan Rus
★ Wang Anshi, Song Chinese chancellor
★ Wei Pu, Chinese astronomer
★ Wen Tong, Chinese painter
★ William the Conqueror, ruler of Normandy and England
★ William Iron Arm, prominent member of the Norman Hauteville family
★ Yaroslav I the Wise, ruler of Kievan Rus
★ Emperor Yingzong of Song, ruler of China
★ Yusuf ibn Tashfin, Berber Almoravid ruler
★ Yusuf Balasaghuni, an Uyghur Turkish scribe
★ Emperor Zhezong of Song, ruler of China
★ Emperor Zhenzong of Song, ruler of China
★ Empress Zoe, Byzantine Empress
Architecture
St Albans Cathedral of England.
Marble pillar from Western India, 11th century.
★ The St Albans Cathedral of Norman-era England is completed in 1089 AD.
★ The Al-Hakim Mosque of Fatimid Egypt is completed in 1013 AD.
★ The Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng, China is built in 1049 AD.
★ The Phoenix Hall of Byōdō-in, Japan, is completed in 1053 AD.
★ The Brihadeeswarar Temple of India is completed in 1010 AD during the reign of Rajaraja Chola I.
★ The Kedareshwara Temple of Balligavi, India, is built in 1060 by the Western Chalukyas.
★ Construction work begins in 1059 AD on the Parma Cathedral of Italy.
★ The Martin-du-Canigou monastery is built by 1009 AD, in present day southern France.
★ The Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod is completed in 1052, the oldest existent church in Russia.
★ The Byzantine Greek Hosios Loukas monastery sees the completion of the ''Katholikon'' (earliest extant domed-octagon church) from 1011-1012 AD.
★ The Lingxiao Pagoda of Zhengding, Hebei province, China, is built in 1045 AD.
★ The Yingxian Pagoda of Shanxi province, China, is completed under the Liao Dynasty in 1056 AD.
★ The Chinese official Cai Xiang oversaw the construction of the Wanan Bridge in Fujian, and may have been the leading member of an engineering school due to many other bridges of similar construction built in Fujian.
★ The Imam Ali Mosque in Iraq is rebuilt by Malik Shah I in 1086 after it was destroyed by fire.
★ The Ananda Temple of the Myanmar ruler King Kyanzittha is completed in 1091.
★ The Văn Miếu, or Temple of Literature, in Vietnam is established in 1070.
★ Construction of Richmond Castle in England begins in 1071.
★ The tallest pagoda tower in China's pre-modern history, the Liaodi Pagoda, is completed in 1055, standing at a height of 84 m (275 ft).
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
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''A Scholar in a Meadow'', Chinese Song Dynasty, 11th century.
Science and technology
★ c. 1000 - Abulcasis of al-Andalus, the father of modern surgery, publishes his influential 30-volume medical encyclopedia, the ''Kitab al-Tasrif'', which remains a standard textbook in the Islamic world and medieval Europe for centuries.
★ c. 1000 - Ibn Yunus of Egypt publishes his astronomical treatise ''Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir'', and invents the pendulum.
★ c. 1000 - Persian Muslim physicist and mathematician, Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi), discovers that the heaviness of bodies vary with their distance from the center of the Earth, and solves equations higher than the second degree.
★ c. 1000 - Persian Muslim astronomer and mathematician, Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, invents the sextant and first states a special case of Fermat's last theorem.
★ c. 1000 - Law of sines is discovered by Muslim mathematicians, but it is uncertain who discovers it first between Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, Abu Nasr Mansur, and Abu al-Wafa.
★ The demands of the Chinese iron industry for charcoal led to huge amounts of deforestation, which was curbed when the Chinese discovered how to use bituminous coal in smelting cast iron and steel, thus sparing thousands of acres of prime timberland.
★ 1000-1037 - Avicenna of Persia, the father of the concept of momentum, publishes ''The Book of Healing'', a scientific encyclopedia that discusses many different topics.
★ 1000-1048 - Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī of Persia, who is considered the father of geodesy and the "first anthropologist", writes more than a hundred books on many different topics. He theorizes that India was once covered by the Indian Ocean; he also observes in his astronomy book ''Kitab al-qanun al-Mas’udi'' (1031) that the planets revolves in elliptical orbits rather than circular orbits as theorized by the ancient Greeks, and rejects theories which cannot be verified through experimentation.
★ 1013 - One of the ''Four Great Books of Song'', the ''Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau'' compiled by 1013 AD was the largest of the Song Chinese encyclopedias. Divided into 1000 volumes, it consisted of 9.4 million written Chinese characters.
★ 1020 - Avicenna of Persia, the father of modern medicine, publishes his influential treatise, ''The Canon of Medicine''. It introduces experimentation and quantification into the study of physiology, first describes contagious diseases, and maintains that medicine should be known through either experimentation or reasoning. It remains the most influential medical text in both Islamic and Christian lands for over six centuries.
★ 1021 - Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) of Basra, Iraq, who is considered the father of optics, the pioneer of the scientific method, and the "first scientist", writes his influential ''Book of Optics'' from 1011 to 1021 (while he was under house arrest in Egypt), which drastically transforms the understanding of light, optics, vision, psychology, and science in general. He is also credited with the discovery of the camera obscura and pinhole camera. His book was later translated from Arabic into Latin.
★ 1024 - The world's first paper-printed money can be traced back to the year 1024, in Sichuan province of Song Dynasty China. The Chinese government would step in and overtake this trend, issuing the central government's official banknote in the 1120s.
★ The tittle was created.
★ Troubadours appear in what is now southern France.
★ 1031-1095 - Chinese scientist Shen Kuo creates a theory for land formation, or geomorphology, theorized that climate change occurred over time, discovers the concept of true north, improves the design of the astronomical sighting tube to view the polestar indefinitely, hypothesizes the retrogradation theory of planetary motion, and by observing lunar eclipse and solar eclipse he hypothesized that the sun and moon were spherical. He also experimented with camera obscura just decades after Ibn al-Haitham, although Shen was the first to treat it with quantitative attributes.
★ 1041-1048 - Bi Sheng of Song Dynasty China invents movable type printing using individual ceramic characters
★ The Chinese engineer Yan Su recreates the mechanical compass-vehicle of the South Pointing Chariot, first invented by Ma Jun in the 3rd century.
★ 1070 - The Chinese mechanical engineer and astronomer Su Song incorporates an escapement mechanism and the world's first known chain drive to operate the armillary sphere of his astronomical clock tower. With a team of scholars, Su Song also published the ''Ben Cao Tu Jing'' in 1070, a treatise on pharmacology, botany, zoology, metallurgy, and mineralogy.
★ In Europe, the introduction of the horizontal loom operated by foot-treadles makes weaving faster and more efficient.
★ First known use of the drydock in China.
★ 1090 - Chinese author Qin Guan wrote the ''Can Shu'' (Book of Sericulture) in 1090 AD, which described a silk-reeling machine that employed the first known use of a mechanical belt drive.
Literature and Trade
★ The works of Aristotle and early Muslim scientists are translated into Latin from Arabic.
★ 1021 - Murasaki Shikibu writes her Japanese novel, ''The Tale of Genji'', which is regarded as the first novel.
★ 1054 - The Russian legal code of the Russkaya Pravda is created during the reign of Yaroslav I the Wise.
★ The earlier 10th century invention of the pound lock in China allows large ships to travel along canals without laborious hauling, thus allowing smooth travel of government ships holding cargo of up to 700 ''tan'' (49½ tons) and large privately owned-ships holding cargo of up to 1600 ''tan'' (113 tons).
★ The roots of European Scholasticism are found in this period, as the renewed spark of interest in literature and Classicism in Europe would bring about the Renaissance. In the 11th century, there were early Scholastic figures such as Anselm of Canterbury, Peter Abelard, Solomon ibn Gabirol, Peter Lombard, and Gilbert de la Porrée.
★ The Chinese establish fortified maritime trading bases in the Philippines.
Decades and Years
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