EDWARD ELGAR

'Sir Edward William Elgar, 1st Baronet', OM, GCVO (2 June 1857 – 23 February 1934) was an English Romantic composer. Several of his first major orchestral works, including the ''Enigma Variations'' and the ''Pomp and Circumstance Marches'', were greeted with acclaim. He also composed oratorios, chamber music, symphonies and instrumental concertos. He was appointed Master of the King's Musick in 1924.

Contents

Biography

Early years

Growing reputation

Later years

Legacy

Extra-musical interests

Quotations

Honours and awards

Works

Orchestral

Cantatas and oratorios

Chamber music

Solo piano

Organ

See also

Bibliography

Notes

External links

Biography

Early years

Edward Elgar was born in the small village of Lower Broadheath outside Worcester to William Elgar, a piano tuner and music dealer, and his wife Anne (née Greening). The fourth of six children, Edward Elgar had three brothers, Henry, Frederick and Francis, and two sisters, Lucy and Susannah. His mother, Anne, had converted to Catholicism shortly before Edward's birth, so Edward was baptised and brought up as a Roman Catholic.
Surrounded by sheet music and instruments in his father's shop in Worcester's High Street, the young Elgar became self-taught in music. On warm summer days, he would take manuscripts into the countryside to study them (he was a passionate and adventurous early cyclist from the age of 5). Thus there began for him a strong association between music and nature. As he was later to say, "There is music in the air, music all around us, the world is full of it and you simply take as much as you require."
Having left school at the age of 15, he began work for a local solicitor, but after a year embarked on a musical career, giving piano and violin lessons. At 22 he took up the post of bandmaster at the Worcester and County Lunatic Asylum in Powick, three miles south-west of Worcester. He composed here too; some of the pieces for the asylum orchestra (music in dance forms) were rediscovered and performed locally in 1996.
In many ways, his years as a young Worcestershire violinist were his happiest. He played in the first violins at the Worcester and Birmingham Festivals, and one great experience was to play Antonín Dvořák's ''Symphony No. 6'' and ''Stabat Mater'' under the composer's baton.
At 29, through his teaching, he met (Caroline) Alice Roberts, daughter of the late Major-General Sir Henry Roberts and a published author of verse and prose fiction. Eight years older than Elgar, she became his wife three years later against the wishes of her family. As an engagement present, Elgar presented her with the short violin and piano piece ''Salut d'amour''. The Elgars moved to London to be closer to the centre of British musical life, and Edward started composing in earnest. The stay was unsuccessful, however, and they were obliged to return to Great Malvern, where Edward could earn a living teaching.

Growing reputation

During the 1890s Elgar gradually built up a reputation as a composer, chiefly of works for the great choral festivals of the Midlands. ''The Black Knight'','' King Olaf'' (1896), ''The Light of Life'' and ''Caractacus'' were all modestly successful and he obtained a long-standing publisher in Novello and Company. He also generously recommended the young composer Samuel Coleridge-Taylor to the Three Choirs Festival for a concert piece, which helped establish the younger man's career.
In 1899, at the age of 42, his first major orchestral work, the ''Enigma Variations'', was premiered in London under the baton of the eminent German conductor Hans Richter. It was received with general acclaim, establishing Elgar as the pre-eminent British composer of his generation. This work is formally titled ''Variations on an Original Theme''; the word "Enigma" appears over the first six measures of music, which led to the familiar version of the title. The enigma is that, although there are fourteen variations on the "original theme", the 'enigma' theme, which Elgar said 'runs through and over the whole set' is never heard. Many later commentators have observed that although Elgar is today regarded as a characteristically English composer, his orchestral music and this work in particular share much with the Central European tradition typified at the time by the work of Richard Strauss. Indeed, the ''Enigma Variations'' were well-received in Germany.
The following year saw the production at the Birmingham Triennial Music Festival of his choral setting of Cardinal Newman's poem ''The Dream of Gerontius''. Despite a disastrous first performance due to poorly-prepared performers, the work was established within a few years as one of Elgar's greatest, and it is now regarded as one of the finest examples of English choral music from any era.
Elgar is probably best known for the five ''Pomp and Circumstance Marches'', composed between 1901 and 1930. Shortly after he composed the first march, Elgar set the trio melody to words by A. C. Benson as a Coronation Ode to mark the coronation of King Edward VII. The suggestion had already been made (allegedly by the future King himself) that words should be fitted to the broad tune which formed the trio section of this march. Against the advice of his friends, Elgar suggested that Benson furnish further words to allow him to include it in the new work. The result was ''Land of Hope and Glory'', which formed the finale of the ode and was also issued (with slightly different words) as a separate song.
Between 1902 and 1914 Elgar enjoyed phenomenal success, made four visits to the USA including one conducting tour, and earned considerable fees from the performance of his music. Between 1905 and 1908 Elgar held the post of Professor of Music at the University of Birmingham. His lectures there caused controversy owing to remarks he made about other English composers and English music in general; he was quoted as saying "English music is white - it evades everything". The University of Birmingham's Special Collections contain an archive of letters written by Elgar.
Elgar's ''Symphony No. 1'' (1908) was given one hundred performances in its first year, the violin concerto (1910) was commissioned by the world-renowned violinist Fritz Kreisler, and in 1911, the year of the completion of his Symphony No. 2, he had the Order of Merit bestowed upon him.
Elgar's musical legacy is primarily orchestral and choral, but he did write for soloists and smaller instrumental groups. His one work for brass band, ''The Severn Suite'' (later arranged by the composer for orchestra), remains an important part of the brass band repertoire. This work was dedicated to his friend George Bernard Shaw. It is occasionally performed in its arrangement by Sir Ivor Atkins for organ as the composer's second Organ Sonata; Elgar's first, much earlier (1895) Organ Sonata was written specifically for the instrument in a highly orchestral style, and remains a frequently-performed part of the English Romantic organ repertoire.

Later years

During World War I his music began to fall out of fashion. He himself grew to hate his 'Pomp and Circumstance' March No.1 with its popular 'Land of Hope and Glory' tune, which he felt had been made into a jingoistic song, not in keeping with the tragic loss of life in the war. This was captured in the film ''Elgar'' by Ken Russell. After the death of his wife in 1920 he wrote little of importance. Shortly before her death he composed the elegiac Cello Concerto, often described as his last masterpiece.
Elgar lived in the village of Kempsey from 1923 to 1927, during which time he was made Master of the King's Musick.
He was the first composer to make extensive recordings of his own compositions. HMV (His Master's Voice) recorded much of his music acoustically from 1914 onwards and then began a series of electrical recordings in 1926 that continued until 1933, including his "Enigma Variations," "Falstaff," the first and second symphonies, his cello and violin concertos, all of the "Pomp and Circumstance" marches, and other orchestral works. Part of a 1927 rehearsal of the second symphony with the London Symphony Orchestra was also recorded and later issued.

In the 1932 recording of the violin concerto, the aging composer worked with the American violinist Yehudi Menuhin, who was then only 16 years old; they worked well together and Menuhin warmly recalled his association with the composer years later, when he performed the concerto with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra. Menuhin later conducted an award-winning recording of Elgar's Cello Concerto with the cellist Julian Lloyd Webber and much of the major orchestral music.
Elgar's recordings usually featured such orchestras as the London Symphony Orchestra, the Royal Albert Hall Orchestra (which reverted in 1928 to its earlier name, New Symphony Orchestra) and, in 1933, the newly-founded London Philharmonic Orchestra. Elgar's recordings were released on 78-rpm discs by both HMV and RCA Victor. In later years, EMI reissued the recordings on LPs and CDs.
In his later years, Elgar befriended young conductors such as Adrian Boult and Malcolm Sargent who championed his music when it was out of fashion.^[1][2]
At the end of his life Elgar began work on an opera, ''The Spanish Lady'', and accepted a commission from the BBC to compose a Third Symphony. His final illness prevented their completion.
He died on 23 February, 1934 and is buried at St. Wulstan's Church in Little Malvern. Within four months, two more great English composers - Gustav Holst and Frederick Delius - were also dead.

Legacy

The house in Lower Broadheath where Elgar was born is now a museum devoted to his life and work.
The statue of him at the end of Worcester High Street stands facing the cathedral, only yards from where his father's shop once stood.
Another statue of the composer is at the top of Church Street in Malvern, overlooking the town and giving visitors an opportunity to stand next to the composer in the shadow of the Hills which he so often regarded.
In September 2005, a statue sculpted by Jemma Pearson was unveiled near Hereford Cathedral in honour of the few years Elgar lived in the city.
From 1999 until early 2007, new Bank of England twenty pound notes featured a portrait of Elgar: from then, a new series of notes featured a portrait of Adam Smith.^[3] The change generated controversy, particularly because 2007 was the 150th anniversary of Elgar's birth.^[4]
Elgar's sketches for his third symphony were "elaborated" in the 1990s by the composer Anthony Payne, who also subsequently produced a performing version of the sketches for a sixth ''Pomp and Circumstance'' march, premiered at the Proms in August 2006.^[5] In 2007 the Elgar Society commissioned Anthony Payne to complete the orchestration of the music for Elgar’s Crown of India Suite, Op. 66.^[6]
Elgar's sketches for a piano concerto dating from 1913 were elaborated by the composer Robert Walker and first performed in August 1997 by the pianist David Owen Norris. The realisation has since been extensively revised.
Elgar's music is associated with two well-known occasions in Britain's annual calendar: the Pomp and Circumstance March No 1 is played at the Last Night of the Proms, while at the Remembrance Day ceremony at the Cenotaph in London, 'Nimrod' from his 'Enigma Variations' is performed by massed bands.
The hit track Clubbed To Death by Rob Dougan, featured on the soundtrack to the 1999 movie The Matrix, is partially based on the ''Enigma Variations''.
Venetian Snares used samples from Elgar's ''Cello Concerto In E Minor, Op. 85'' on the track Szamár Madár on his album Rossz Csillag Alatt Született.

Extra-musical interests

Despite living in Worcester, Elgar was an ardent Wolverhampton Wanderers fan and may have travelled to home games on his bicycle. Elgar bought two Wolverhampton-produced Royal Sunbeam bicycles in 1903, which he named Mr Phoebus, and visited the Sunbeam Works in Upper Villiers Street for 'tuning'.
During the first rehearsal for the young Yehudi Menuhin's forthcoming recording of the Violin Concerto, the violinist had played Elgar only the first page when the composer announced that all was going to be well, and that he was going to leave Menuhin and go "off to the races" at Pitchcroft, Worcester's racecourse. Lord Menuhin would often tell press interviewers this story; he would describe it as one of his favourite memories of Elgar.

Quotations

★ "[Elgar's music is] wonderful in its heroic melancholy" - William Butler Yeats, on the incidental music for "Grania and Diarmid".

★ "The trees are singing my music", Elgar wrote. "Or have I sung theirs?"

★ "This is the best of me; for the rest, I ate, and drank, and slept, loved and hated, like another. My life was as the vapour, and is not; but this I saw, and knew; this, if anything of mine, is worth your memory". - John Ruskin, quoted by Elgar on the manuscript score of 'Dream of Gerontius'.

★ "There is music in the air, music all around us, the world is full of it and you simply take as much as you require".

Honours and awards

★ 1904 - Elgar was made a knight bachelor. This entitled him to the title 'Sir Edward Elgar', but no post-nominal letters.

★ 1911 - He was admitted to the Order of Merit. He was now 'Sir Edward Elgar OM'.

★ 1924 - He was made Master of the King's Musick

★ 1925 - He received the Gold Medal of the Royal Philharmonic Society

★ 1928 - Elgar was created a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order, becoming 'Sir Edward Elgar OM KCVO'.

★ 1931 - He was made a baronet, becoming 'Sir Edward Elgar Bt OM KCVO'. A baronetcy is an hereditary honour, but is passed on only through the male line. As Elgar had only a daughter, the baronetcy became extinct on his death.

★ 1933 - Elgar was promoted within the Royal Victorian Order to Knight Grand Cross. He was now 'Sir Edward Elgar Bt OM GCVO'.

★ Between 1900 and 1931 Elgar received honorary degrees from the Universities of Cambridge, Durham, Leeds, Oxford, Yale (USA), Aberdeen, Western Pennsylvania (USA), Birmingham and London.

★ Foreign academies of which he was made a member were Regia Accademia di Santa Cecilia, Rome; Accademia del Reale Istituto Musicale, Florence; Académie des Beaux Arts, Paris; Institut de France; American Academy of Arts.

Works

Orchestral

★ ''Froissart'', Overture for orchestra, Op.19 (1890)

★ ''Serenade for string orchestra, Op.20'' (revised version of Three Pieces for string orchestra, 1888-92)

★ ''Three Bavarian Dances'' for orchestra, Op 27 (1897)

★ ''Variations on an Original Theme (Enigma)'' for orchestra, Op.36 (1899)

★ ''Sea Pictures'', Song cycle for contralto and orchestra, Op.37 (1897-99)

★ ''Chanson de Matin'' and ''Chanson de Nuit'', for small orchestra (arrangement of the ''salon'' pieces for violin and piano), Op.15 (1899)

★ ''Cockaigne (In London Town)'', Overture for orchestra, Op.40 (1900-01)

★ ''Pomp and Circumstance'', Marches No.1 and 2 for orchestra, Op.39 (1901)

★ Funeral March from ''Grania and Diarmid'' for orchestra, Op.42 (1902, from the incidental music to the play by W.B. Yeats)

★ ''Dream Children'', Two pieces for chamber orchestra, Op.43 (1902)

★ ''In the South (Alassio)'', Concert Overture for orchestra, Op.50 (1903-04)

★ ''Pomp and Circumstance'', March No.3 for orchestra (1904)

★ ''Introduction and Allegro'' for string quartet and string orchestra, Op.47 (1904-05)

★ ''Pomp and Circumstance'', March No.4 for orchestra (1907)

★ ''The Wand of Youth'', Suite No. 1 for orchestra, Op.1a (1867-71, rev. 1907)

★ ''The Wand of Youth'', Suite No. 2 for orchestra, Op.1b (1867-71, rev. 1908)

★ ''Symphony No.1 in A flat'' for orchestra, Op.55 (1907-08)

★ ''Elegy'' for string orchestra, Op.58 (1909)

★ ''Romance'' for bassoon and orchestra, Op.62 (1909)

★ ''Concerto for violin and orchestra in B minor'', Op.61 (1909-10)

★ ''Symphony No.2 in E flat'' for orchestra, Op.63 (1909-11)

★ ''Coronation March'' for orchestra, Op.65 (1911)

★ ''The Crown of India'', Suite for orchestra, Op.66 (1911-12)

★ ''Falstaff'', Symphonic Study for orchestra, Op.68 (1913)

★ ''Sospiri'' for string orchestra and harp, Op.70 (1914)

★ ''Polonia'', Symphonic Prelude for orchestra, Op.76 (1915)

★ ''The Starlight Express'', Suite for vocal soloists and orchestra, Op.78 (from the incidental music to the play by Algernon Blackwood, 1915-16)

★ ''The Sanguine Fan'' for orchestra, Op.81 (1917)

★ ''Concerto for cello and orchestra in E minor'', Op.85 (1918-19)

★ ''Empire March'' for orchestra (1924)

★ Suite from ''Arthur'' for chamber orchestra (from the incidental music to Laurence Binyon's ''Arthur'', 1924)

★ Minuet from ''Beau Brummel'' for orchestra (1928-29)

★ ''Pomp and Circumstance'', March No.5 for orchestra (1930)

★ ''Nursery Suite'' for orchestra (1931)

★ ''Severn Suite'' for orchestra, Op.87a (1930-32)

★ ''Mina'' for chamber orchestra (1933)

★ ''Symphony No.3'' for orchestra, Op.88 (sketches, 1932-34, elaborated by Anthony Payne 1972-97)

★ ''Piano Concerto'', Op.90 (sketches, 1909-25, elaborated by Robert Walker)

★ ''Pomp and Circumstance'', March No.6 for orchestra (sketches, elaborated by Anthony Payne 2005-06)

Cantatas and oratorios

★ ''The Black Knight'', Symphony/Cantata for chorus and orchestra, Op.25 (1889-92)

★ ''From the Bavarian Highlands'' for chorus and orchestra, Op.27 (1895-96)

★ ''The Light of Life (Lux Christi)'', Oratorio for soloists, chorus and orchestra, Op.29 (1896)

★ ''Scenes From The Saga Of King Olaf'', Cantata for soloists, chorus and orchestra, Op. 30 (1896)

★ ''The Banner of St George'', Ballad for chorus and orchestra, Op.33 (1897)

★ ''Te Deum & Benedictus'' for chorus and orchestra, Op.34 (1897)

★ ''Caractacus'', Cantata for soloists, chorus and orchestra, Op.35 (1897-98)

★ ''The Dream of Gerontius'', Oratorio for soloists, chorus and orchestra, Op.38 (1899-1900)

★ ''Coronation Ode'' for soloists, chorus and orchestra, Op.44 (1901-02, rev. 1911)

★ ''The Apostles'', Oratorio for soloists, chorus and orchestra, Op.49 (1902-03)

★ ''The Kingdom'', Oratorio for soloists, chorus and orchestra, Op.51 (1901-06)

★ ''The Crown of India'', Imperial Masque for soloists, chorus and orchestra, Op.66 (1911-12)

★ ''The Music Makers'', Ode for soloists, chorus and orchestra, Op.69 (1912)

★ ''The Spirit of England'' for soprano/tenor, chorus and orchestra, Op.80 (1915-17)

★ ''The Smoking Cantata'' for baritone soloist and orchestra. Written in 1919, this piece was probably never intended to be performed and was given the absurd opus number of 1001. Its duration is less than a minute.^[7]

Chamber music

★ ''Salut d'Amour'' (''Liebesgruss'') for violin and piano, Op.12 (1888)

★ Sonata for violin and piano, Op.82 (1918)

★ String Quartet in E minor, Op.83 (1918)

★ Piano Quintet in A minor, Op.84 (1918-19)

★ ''Soliloquy'' for solo oboe (1930)

Solo piano

★ Concert Allegro (1901)

★ Skizze (1903)

★ In Smyrna (1905)

★ Adieu (pub. 1932)

Organ

★ ''Sonata in G Major, Op. 28''

See also

★ Dorabella Cipher

Bibliography

★ Portrait of Elgar, , Michael, Kennedy, Clarendon Press, 1987,

★ Elgar the Music Maker, , Diana, McVeagh, Boydell Press, 2007,

★ Elgar: A Life in Photographs, , Jerrold N., Moore, Oxford University Press, 1972,

★ Edward Elgar: a creative life, , Jerrold N., Moore, Oxford University Press, 1984,

★ Elgar: Child of Dreams, , Jerrold N., Moore, Faber and Faber, 2004,

★ Elgar as I knew him, , William H, Reed, Oxford University Press, 1989,

★ {{cite journal | last=Ward | first=Yvonne M | year=2002 | month= | title=Edward Elgar, A.C. Benson and the creation of Land of Hope and Glory | journal=The Court Historian | volume=7 | issue=1 | id=

★ Alice Elgar: enigma of a Victorian lady, , Percy, Young, Dobson, 1978,

★ Elgar O.M.: a study of a musician, , Percy, Young, Collins, 1973,
;Fiction

★ Gerontius, , James, Hamilton-Patterson, Soho Press, 1989,

Notes

1. Music and Friends, pp. 42-7, 56-9, 96-8
2. Aldous, p. 124
3. Adam Smith to Feature on New-Series £20 Banknote
4. Keep Elgar on £20 notes campaign
5. Elgar's piece premiered at Proms
6. The Elgar Society's 2007 Commission
7. Unknown Elgar is just a puff of smoke


★ Tunes of glory: the life of Malcolm Sargent, , Richard, Aldous, Hutchinson, 2001,

★ Music and Friends: Letters to Adrian Boult, , Jerrold N., Moore, Hamish Hamilton, 1979,

External links

★ The Elgar Society and The Elgar Foundation

★ The Elgar Birthplace Museum

★

★

★ Claines Church where Elgar's maternal grandparents are buried

★ A detailed chronology of Elgar's works with information and articles to all works, by The Elgar Society

★ Listen to a free recording of Elgar's ''Ave, Maria'' and ''Give unto the Lord'' from Coro Nostro, Leicester

★ Elgar's life and recordings

★ ''Nimrod''Tippett rehearses the Leicestershire Schools Symphony Orchestra

★ ''Cockaigne''Tippett rehearses the Leicestershire Schools Symphony Orchestra

★ YouTube Julian Lloyd Webber plays Elgar's Cello Concerto

★ 'A Summer Garden' by the playwright Steve Newman is a drama about the meeting in 1933 between Elgar and Frederick Delius. The play is to be published by Humdrumming Ltd in November 2006 [1]

★ Elgar's magic formula Michael Kennedy

★ 'The Growing Significance of Elgar', lecture by Simon Mundy given at Gresham College on 29 June 2007

★ Spetchley Park where Elgar often stayed and composed, specifically the ''Dream of Gerontius''