Two
lichens on a rock, in two different ecological niches
In
ecology, a 'niche;' (pronounced nich, neesh or nish)
is a term describing the relational position of a
species or
population in its
ecosystem[ Definition of niche - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary ]. The ecological niche; describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors (e. g., by growing when resources are abundant, and predators, parasites and pathogens are scarce) and how it in turn alters those same factors (e.g., limiting access to resources by other organisms, acting as a food source for predators and a consumer of prey)
[ Biogeography, Lomolino, Mark V.; Brown, James W., , , Sinauer Associates, 1998, ].
The different dimensions, or plot axes, of a niche; represent different biotic and abiotic variables. These factors may include descriptions of the organism's
life history,
habitat, trophic position (place in the
food chain), and geographic range. According to the
competitive exclusion principle, no two species can occupy the same niche in the same environment for a long time.
The word "niche;" is derived from the
Middle French word ''nicher'',meaning ''to nest''. The term was coined by the naturalist
Joseph Grinnell in 1917, in his paper "The niche relationships of the California Thrasher." However, it wasn't until 1927 that
Charles Sutherland Elton, a
British ecologist, gave the first working definition of the niche concept. He was credited of saying "when an ecologist sees a
badger, they should include in their thoughts some definitive idea of the animal's place in the community to which it belongs, just as if they had said 'there goes the vicar'".
The niche concept was popularized by the zoologist
G. Evelyn Hutchinson in 1958
[ Concluding remarks, Hutchinson, G.E., , , Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 1957 ]. Hutchinson wanted to know why there are so many different types of organisms in any one habitat.
The full range of environmental conditions (biological and physical) under which an organism can exist describes its 'fundamental niche'. As a result of pressure from, and interactions with, other organisms (e.g. superior competitors) species are usually forced to occupy a niche that is narrower than this and to which they are mostly highly
adapted. This is termed the
'realized niche'. G.E. Hutchinson also defined the ecological niche as a "Hypervolume". This term defines the multi-dimensional space of resources (i.e., light, nutrients, structure, etc.) available to (and specifically used by) organisms. An 'adaptive zone' is a set of ecological niches that may be occupied by a group of species that exploits the same resources in a similar manner. (After Root, 1967)
It should be noted that "niche" of Hutchinson (a description of the ecological space occupied by a species) is subtly different than the "niche" as defined by Grinnell (an ecological role, that may or may not be actually filled by a species -- see
vacant niches)
Different species can hold similar niches in different locations and the same species may occupy different niches in different locations. The Australian grasslands species, though different from those of the Great Plains grasslands, occupy the same niche.
[1] Once a niche is left vacant, other organisms can fill into that position. For example, the niche that was left vacant by the extinction of the
tarpan has been filled by other animals (in particular a small horse breed, the
konik). When plants and animals are introduced into a new environment, they can occupy the new niches or niches of native organisms, outcompete the indigenous species, and become a serious pest.
See also
★
Niche differentiation
★
Fitness landscape
★
Habitat (ecology)
References
1. [1]
External links
★
Concept of ecological niche
★
Environmental Niche - Extinction of the Dinosaurs
★
Ontology of the niche
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