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EspañolECCLESIASTICAL POLITY
'Ecclesiastical polity' is the operational and governance structure of a church or Christian denomination. It also denotes the ministerial structure of the church and the authority relationships between churches. Polity is closely related to Ecclesiology, the study of doctrine and theology relating to church organization.
Issues of church governance appear in the first chapters of the Acts of the Apostles; the first act recorded after the ascension is the election of Matthias to replace Judas Iscariot. Over the years a system of episcopal polity developed.
During the Protestant Reformation, arguments were made that the New Testament prescribed structures quite different from that of the Roman Catholic Church of the day, and different Protestant bodies used different types of polity. It was during this period that Richard Hooker wrote ''Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity'' to defend the polity of the Church of England against the Puritans.
"Ecclesiastical polity" is used in several closely related senses. Most commonly it refers to the field of church governance in the abstract, but it also can refer to the governance of a particular Christian body. In this sense it is used as a term in civil law. "Polity" is sometimes used as a shorthand for the church governance structure itself.
Though each church or denomination has its own characteristic structure, there are three general types of polity.
Main articles: Episcopal polity
Churches having episcopal polity are governed by bishops, who have authority over dioceses. Their presidency over the diocese is both sacramental and political; as well as performing ordinations, confirmations, and consecrations, the bishop supervises the clergy of the diocese and represents the diocese both secularly and in the hierarchy of church governance.
Bishops in this system may be subject to higher ranking bishops (variously called archbishops, metropolitans, and/or patriarchs, depending upon the tradition; ''see also Bishop for further explanation of the varieties of bishops''.) They also meet in councils or synods. These synods, subject to presidency by higher ranking bishops, may govern the dioceses which are represented in the council, though the synod may also be purely advisory.
Note that the presence of the office of "bishop" within a church is not proof of episcopal polity. For example, in Mormonism, the "bishop" occupies the office that in an Anglican church would be occupied by a priest.
Also, episcopal polity is not usually a simple chain of command.
Instead, some authority may be held, not only by synods and colleges of bishops, but by lay and clerical councils. Further, patterns of authority are subject to a wide variety of historical rights and honors which may cut across simple lines of authority.
Episcopal polity is the predominant pattern in Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Anglican churches. It is also common in Methodist and Lutheran churches.
Main articles: Presbyterian polity
Presbyterian churches are governed by a system of councils. The lowest level of such councils governs a single local church and is called the session; its members are called elders. The minister of the church (sometimes referred to as a "teaching elder") is a member and presides over the session; lay representatives ("ruling elders", or more commonly just "elders") are elected by the congregation. The session sends representatives to the next level higher council, called the presbytery. In some Presbyterian churches there are higher level councils (synods and/or general assemblies). Each council has authority over its constituents, and the representatives at each level are expected to use their own judgement. Hence higher level councils act as courts of appeal for church trials and disputes, and it is not uncommon to see rulings and decisions overturned.
Presbyterian polity is of course the characteristic gonvernance of Presbyterian churches. Elements of presbyterian polity are also found in other churches. For example, in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America governance by bishops is paralleled by a system of deputies, who are lay and clerical representatives elected by parishes and, at the national level, by the dioceses. Legislation in the general convention requires the separate consent of the bishops and of the deputies.
Note that in episcopal polity a presbyter refers to a priest.
Main articles: Congregational polity
Congregationalist polity dispenses with elders or bishops as a requirement of church structure. The local congregation rules itself, though local leaders and councils may be appointed.
Members may be sent from the congregation to associations that are sometimes identified with the church bodies formed by Lutherans, Presbyterians, Anglicans, and other non-congregational Protestants. The similarity is deceptive, however, because the congregationalist associations do not exercise control over their members (other than ending their membership in the association). Many congregationalist churches are completely independent in principle. One major exception is Ordination, where even congregationalist churches, often invite members of the vicinage or association to ordain their called pastor.
It is a principle of congregationalism that ministers do not govern congregations by themselves. They may preside over the congregation, but it is the congregation which exerts its authority in the end.
Congregational polity is sometimes called "baptist polity", as it is the characteristic polity of baptist churches.
Although a church's polity dictates how it is governed and how its ministers figure in that governance, it need not have any implications on relationships between church bodies. The unity of the church is a doctrine central to ecclesiology, but since the divisions between churches pressuppose a lack of mutual authority, the internal polity does not directly provide answers on how these divisions have been handled.
For example, among churches with episcopal polity, different theories are expressed:
★ In Catholicism the church is viewed as a single polity headed by the pope. Ultimately other churches should be joined into the Catholic hierarchy.
★ In Eastern Orthodoxy the various churches retain formal autonomy but are held to be unified by shared doctrine and conciliarity (that is, the authority of councils, such as ecumenical councils, Holy Synods and the former standing council, the Endemusa Synod.)
★ In Anglicanism the churches are autonomous, though more than half the membership are organizationally united in the Anglican Communion, which has no powers of governance.
★ Ecclesiology
★ Structure and polity of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
★ Connectionalism (Methodist Polity)
★ Catholic Church hierarchy
★ http://www.theopedia.com/Church_government (GFDL)
| Contents |
| History |
| Use as a Term |
| Types of Polity |
| Episcopal Polity |
| Presbyterian Polity |
| Congregational Polity |
| Polity, Autonomy, and Ecumenism |
| See also |
| References |
| External links |
History
Issues of church governance appear in the first chapters of the Acts of the Apostles; the first act recorded after the ascension is the election of Matthias to replace Judas Iscariot. Over the years a system of episcopal polity developed.
During the Protestant Reformation, arguments were made that the New Testament prescribed structures quite different from that of the Roman Catholic Church of the day, and different Protestant bodies used different types of polity. It was during this period that Richard Hooker wrote ''Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity'' to defend the polity of the Church of England against the Puritans.
Use as a Term
"Ecclesiastical polity" is used in several closely related senses. Most commonly it refers to the field of church governance in the abstract, but it also can refer to the governance of a particular Christian body. In this sense it is used as a term in civil law. "Polity" is sometimes used as a shorthand for the church governance structure itself.
Types of Polity
Though each church or denomination has its own characteristic structure, there are three general types of polity.
Episcopal Polity
Main articles: Episcopal polity
Churches having episcopal polity are governed by bishops, who have authority over dioceses. Their presidency over the diocese is both sacramental and political; as well as performing ordinations, confirmations, and consecrations, the bishop supervises the clergy of the diocese and represents the diocese both secularly and in the hierarchy of church governance.
Bishops in this system may be subject to higher ranking bishops (variously called archbishops, metropolitans, and/or patriarchs, depending upon the tradition; ''see also Bishop for further explanation of the varieties of bishops''.) They also meet in councils or synods. These synods, subject to presidency by higher ranking bishops, may govern the dioceses which are represented in the council, though the synod may also be purely advisory.
Note that the presence of the office of "bishop" within a church is not proof of episcopal polity. For example, in Mormonism, the "bishop" occupies the office that in an Anglican church would be occupied by a priest.
Also, episcopal polity is not usually a simple chain of command.
Instead, some authority may be held, not only by synods and colleges of bishops, but by lay and clerical councils. Further, patterns of authority are subject to a wide variety of historical rights and honors which may cut across simple lines of authority.
Episcopal polity is the predominant pattern in Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Anglican churches. It is also common in Methodist and Lutheran churches.
Presbyterian Polity
Main articles: Presbyterian polity
Presbyterian churches are governed by a system of councils. The lowest level of such councils governs a single local church and is called the session; its members are called elders. The minister of the church (sometimes referred to as a "teaching elder") is a member and presides over the session; lay representatives ("ruling elders", or more commonly just "elders") are elected by the congregation. The session sends representatives to the next level higher council, called the presbytery. In some Presbyterian churches there are higher level councils (synods and/or general assemblies). Each council has authority over its constituents, and the representatives at each level are expected to use their own judgement. Hence higher level councils act as courts of appeal for church trials and disputes, and it is not uncommon to see rulings and decisions overturned.
Presbyterian polity is of course the characteristic gonvernance of Presbyterian churches. Elements of presbyterian polity are also found in other churches. For example, in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America governance by bishops is paralleled by a system of deputies, who are lay and clerical representatives elected by parishes and, at the national level, by the dioceses. Legislation in the general convention requires the separate consent of the bishops and of the deputies.
Note that in episcopal polity a presbyter refers to a priest.
Congregational Polity
Main articles: Congregational polity
Congregationalist polity dispenses with elders or bishops as a requirement of church structure. The local congregation rules itself, though local leaders and councils may be appointed.
Members may be sent from the congregation to associations that are sometimes identified with the church bodies formed by Lutherans, Presbyterians, Anglicans, and other non-congregational Protestants. The similarity is deceptive, however, because the congregationalist associations do not exercise control over their members (other than ending their membership in the association). Many congregationalist churches are completely independent in principle. One major exception is Ordination, where even congregationalist churches, often invite members of the vicinage or association to ordain their called pastor.
It is a principle of congregationalism that ministers do not govern congregations by themselves. They may preside over the congregation, but it is the congregation which exerts its authority in the end.
Congregational polity is sometimes called "baptist polity", as it is the characteristic polity of baptist churches.
Polity, Autonomy, and Ecumenism
Although a church's polity dictates how it is governed and how its ministers figure in that governance, it need not have any implications on relationships between church bodies. The unity of the church is a doctrine central to ecclesiology, but since the divisions between churches pressuppose a lack of mutual authority, the internal polity does not directly provide answers on how these divisions have been handled.
For example, among churches with episcopal polity, different theories are expressed:
★ In Catholicism the church is viewed as a single polity headed by the pope. Ultimately other churches should be joined into the Catholic hierarchy.
★ In Eastern Orthodoxy the various churches retain formal autonomy but are held to be unified by shared doctrine and conciliarity (that is, the authority of councils, such as ecumenical councils, Holy Synods and the former standing council, the Endemusa Synod.)
★ In Anglicanism the churches are autonomous, though more than half the membership are organizationally united in the Anglican Communion, which has no powers of governance.
See also
★ Ecclesiology
★ Structure and polity of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
★ Connectionalism (Methodist Polity)
★ Catholic Church hierarchy
References
External links
★ http://www.theopedia.com/Church_government (GFDL)
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