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(Redirected from Eastern Syriac alphabet)
The 'Syriac alphabet' is a writing system used to write the Syriac language from around the 2nd century BC. It is one of the Semitic abjads directly descending from the Proto-Canaanite alphabet.
Syriac is written from right to left. It is a cursive script where some, but not all, letters connect within a word.
The alphabet consists of 22 letters, all of which are consonants. The vowel sounds are supplied by the reader's memory or by pointing (a system of diacritical marks to indicate the correct reading).
In fact, three letters act as matres lectionis: rather than being a consonant, they indicate a vowel. ’Ālaph (ܐ), the first letter, represents a glottal stop, but it can also indicate a vowel at the beginning or the end of a word. The letter Waw (ܘ) is the consonant ''w'', but can also represent the vowels ''o'' and ''u''. Likewise, the letter Yōdh (ܝ) represents the consonant ''y'', but it also stands for the vowels ''i'' and ''e''.
In addition to the sounds of the language, the letters of the Syriac alphabet can be used to represent numbers in a system similar to Hebrew and Greek numerals.
There are three major variants of the Syriac alphabet. The oldest and classical form of the alphabet is '' (ܐܣܛܪܢܓܠܐ; the name is derived from the Greek description στρογγυλη, ''strongylē'', 'rounded'). Although Estrangelā is no longer used as the main script for writing Syriac, it has received some revival since the tenth century. It is often used in scholarly publications (for instance, the Leiden University version of the Peshitta), in titles and inscriptions. In some older manuscripts and inscriptions it is possible for any letter to join to the left, and older Aramaic letter forms (especially of and the lunate Mem) are found.
The West Syriac dialect is usually written in the '' (ܣܪܛܐ 'line') form of the alphabet, also known as the Maronite or the Jacobite script (although the term ''Jacobite'' is considered derogatory). Most of the letters are clearly derived from Estrangelā, but are simplified, flowing lines. A cursive, chancery hand is evidenced in the earliest Syriac manuscripts, but important works were written in Estrangelā. From the eighth century, the simpler Sertā style came into fashion, perhaps because of its more economical use of parchment. The Nabatean alphabet (which gave rise to the Arabic alphabet) was based on this form of Syriac handwriting. The Western script is usually vowel-pointed with miniature Greek vowel letters above or below the letter which they follow:
★ ''Α'' (capital alpha) represents ''a'' (ܦܬܚܐ, ''),
★ ''α'' (lowercase alpha) represents ''ā'' (ܙܩܦܐ, ''; pronounced as an ''o'' in the West Syriac dialect),
★ ''ε'' (lowercase epsilon) represents both ''e'' and ''ē'' (ܪܒܨܐ, ''),
★ ''Ι'' (capital iota) represents ''ī'' (ܚܒܨܐ, '),
★ and a combined symbol of ''Υ'' (capital upsilon) and ''ο'' (lowercase omicron) represents ''ū'' (ܥܨܨܐ, '').
The East Syriac dialect is usually written in the '' (ܡܕܢܚܝܐ 'Eastern') form of the alphabet. Other names for the script include 'Assyrian' (not to be confused with the traditional name for the Hebrew alphabet), Chaldean, and, inaccurately, 'Nestorian', a term that was originally used to disparage Christians living in the Persian Empire. The Eastern script resembles Estrangelā more closely than the Western script, being somewhat a midway point between the two. The Eastern script uses a system of dots above or below letters, based on an older system, to indicate vowels:
★ A dot above and a dot below a letter represent ''a'' (ܦܬܚܐ, ''),
★ Two diagonally-placed dots above a letter represent ''ā'' (ܙܩܦܐ, ''),
★ Two horizontally-placed dots below a letter represent ''e'' (ܙܠܡܐ ܦܫܝܩܐ, ''; often pronounced ''i;; in the East Syriac dialect),
★ Two diagonally-placed dots below a letter represent ''ē'' (ܙܠܡܐ ܩܫܝܐ, ''),
★ A letter 'Yōdh' with a dot beneath it represents ''ī'' (ܚܒܨܐ, ''),
★ A letter 'Waw' with a dot below it represents ''ū'' (ܥܨܨܐ ܐܠܝܨܐ, ''),
★ A letter 'Waw' with a dot above it represents ''ō'' (ܥܨܨܐ ܪܘܝܚܐ, '').
When Arabic began to be the dominant spoken language in the Fertile Crescent, texts were often written in Arabic with the Syriac script. These writings are usually called Karshuni or Garshuni.
The Syriac alphabet consists of the following letters. Some letters have a different form used at the ends of words: these are shown in the table below the normal form. When isolated, the initial forms of the letters ''Kāph'', ''Mīm'', and ''Nūn'' are usually shown connected to their final form (see below).
Note that the table arranges the letters in order from left to right.
The Syriac Unicode range is U+0700 ... U+074F.
★ Abjad
★ Alphabet
★ Aramaic alphabet
★ Aramaic language
★ Mandaic language
★ Syriac language
★ History of the alphabet
★ List of writing systems
★ The Syriac alphabet
★ Download Syriac fonts
★ Unicode Entity Codes for the Syriac Script
The 'Syriac alphabet' is a writing system used to write the Syriac language from around the 2nd century BC. It is one of the Semitic abjads directly descending from the Proto-Canaanite alphabet.
| Contents |
| General remarks |
| Forms of the Syriac alphabet |
| Short table |
| Letters of the Syriac alphabet |
| Ligatures |
| Syriac in Unicode |
| HTML code table |
| ''Alaph Bet'' |
| Vowels and unique characters |
| See also |
| External links |
General remarks
Syriac is written from right to left. It is a cursive script where some, but not all, letters connect within a word.
The alphabet consists of 22 letters, all of which are consonants. The vowel sounds are supplied by the reader's memory or by pointing (a system of diacritical marks to indicate the correct reading).
In fact, three letters act as matres lectionis: rather than being a consonant, they indicate a vowel. ’Ālaph (ܐ), the first letter, represents a glottal stop, but it can also indicate a vowel at the beginning or the end of a word. The letter Waw (ܘ) is the consonant ''w'', but can also represent the vowels ''o'' and ''u''. Likewise, the letter Yōdh (ܝ) represents the consonant ''y'', but it also stands for the vowels ''i'' and ''e''.
In addition to the sounds of the language, the letters of the Syriac alphabet can be used to represent numbers in a system similar to Hebrew and Greek numerals.
Forms of the Syriac alphabet
11th century book in Syriac Serto.
There are three major variants of the Syriac alphabet. The oldest and classical form of the alphabet is '' (ܐܣܛܪܢܓܠܐ; the name is derived from the Greek description στρογγυλη, ''strongylē'', 'rounded'). Although Estrangelā is no longer used as the main script for writing Syriac, it has received some revival since the tenth century. It is often used in scholarly publications (for instance, the Leiden University version of the Peshitta), in titles and inscriptions. In some older manuscripts and inscriptions it is possible for any letter to join to the left, and older Aramaic letter forms (especially of and the lunate Mem) are found.
The West Syriac dialect is usually written in the '' (ܣܪܛܐ 'line') form of the alphabet, also known as the Maronite or the Jacobite script (although the term ''Jacobite'' is considered derogatory). Most of the letters are clearly derived from Estrangelā, but are simplified, flowing lines. A cursive, chancery hand is evidenced in the earliest Syriac manuscripts, but important works were written in Estrangelā. From the eighth century, the simpler Sertā style came into fashion, perhaps because of its more economical use of parchment. The Nabatean alphabet (which gave rise to the Arabic alphabet) was based on this form of Syriac handwriting. The Western script is usually vowel-pointed with miniature Greek vowel letters above or below the letter which they follow:
★ ''Α'' (capital alpha) represents ''a'' (ܦܬܚܐ, ''),
★ ''α'' (lowercase alpha) represents ''ā'' (ܙܩܦܐ, ''; pronounced as an ''o'' in the West Syriac dialect),
★ ''ε'' (lowercase epsilon) represents both ''e'' and ''ē'' (ܪܒܨܐ, ''),
★ ''Ι'' (capital iota) represents ''ī'' (ܚܒܨܐ, '),
★ and a combined symbol of ''Υ'' (capital upsilon) and ''ο'' (lowercase omicron) represents ''ū'' (ܥܨܨܐ, '').
The opening words of the Gospel of John written in Sertā, Madnhāyā and Estrangelā (top to bottom) — , 'in the beginning was the word'.
The East Syriac dialect is usually written in the '' (ܡܕܢܚܝܐ 'Eastern') form of the alphabet. Other names for the script include 'Assyrian' (not to be confused with the traditional name for the Hebrew alphabet), Chaldean, and, inaccurately, 'Nestorian', a term that was originally used to disparage Christians living in the Persian Empire. The Eastern script resembles Estrangelā more closely than the Western script, being somewhat a midway point between the two. The Eastern script uses a system of dots above or below letters, based on an older system, to indicate vowels:
★ A dot above and a dot below a letter represent ''a'' (ܦܬܚܐ, ''),
★ Two diagonally-placed dots above a letter represent ''ā'' (ܙܩܦܐ, ''),
★ Two horizontally-placed dots below a letter represent ''e'' (ܙܠܡܐ ܦܫܝܩܐ, ''; often pronounced ''i;; in the East Syriac dialect),
★ Two diagonally-placed dots below a letter represent ''ē'' (ܙܠܡܐ ܩܫܝܐ, ''),
★ A letter 'Yōdh' with a dot beneath it represents ''ī'' (ܚܒܨܐ, ''),
★ A letter 'Waw' with a dot below it represents ''ū'' (ܥܨܨܐ ܐܠܝܨܐ, ''),
★ A letter 'Waw' with a dot above it represents ''ō'' (ܥܨܨܐ ܪܘܝܚܐ, '').
When Arabic began to be the dominant spoken language in the Fertile Crescent, texts were often written in Arabic with the Syriac script. These writings are usually called Karshuni or Garshuni.
Short table
The Syriac alphabet consists of the following letters. Some letters have a different form used at the ends of words: these are shown in the table below the normal form. When isolated, the initial forms of the letters ''Kāph'', ''Mīm'', and ''Nūn'' are usually shown connected to their final form (see below).
Note that the table arranges the letters in order from left to right.
| 'Ālaph' | 'Bēth' | 'Gāmal' | 'Dāleth' | 'Hē' | 'Waw' | 'Zain' | '' | '' | 'Yōdh' | 'Kāph' |
| 'ܐ' | 'ܒ' | 'ܓ' | 'ܕ' | 'ܗ' | 'ܘ' | 'ܙ' | 'ܚ' | 'ܛ' | 'ܝ' | 'ܟܟ' |
| 'ܟ' | ||||||||||
| 'Lāmadh' | 'Mīm' | 'Nūn' | 'Semkath' | '‘Ē' | 'Pē' | '' | 'Qōph' | 'Rēsh' | 'Shīn' | 'Taw' |
| 'ܠ' | 'ܡܡ' | 'ܢܢ' | 'ܣ' | 'ܥ' | 'ܦ' | 'ܨ' | 'ܩ' | 'ܪ' | 'ܫ' | 'ܬ' |
| 'ܡ' | 'ܢ' |
Letters of the Syriac alphabet
Ligatures
| Name | (classical) | (eastern) | Unicode character | Description | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal form | Final connected | Final unconnected | Normal form | Final connected | Final unconnected | |||
| and 'Ālaf combined at end of word | ||||||||
| / | Taw and 'Ālaf combined at end of word | |||||||
| Hē and Yōḏ combined at end of word | ||||||||
Syriac in Unicode
The Syriac Unicode range is U+0700 ... U+074F.
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | ||
| 700 | ܀ | ܁ | ܂ | ܃ | ܄ | ܅ | ܆ | ܇ | ܈ | ܉ | ܊ | ܋ | ܌ | ܍ | | | |
| 710 | ܐ | ܑ | ܒ | ܓ | ܔ | ܕ | ܖ | ܗ | ܘ | ܙ | ܚ | ܛ | ܜ | ܝ | ܞ | ܟ | |
| 720 | ܠ | ܡ | ܢ | ܣ | ܤ | ܥ | ܦ | ܧ | ܨ | ܩ | ܪ | ܫ | ܬ | ܭ | ܮ | ܯ | |
| 730 | ܰ | ܱ | ܲ | ܳ | ܴ | ܵ | ܶ | ܷ | ܸ | ܹ | ܺ | ܻ | ܼ | ܽ | ܾ | ܿ | |
| 740 | ݀ | ݁ | ݂ | ݃ | ݄ | ݅ | ݆ | ݇ | ݈ | ݉ | ݊ | | | ݍ | ݎ | ݏ |
HTML code table
''Alaph Bet''
| ܕ | ܓ | ܒ | ܐ |
| ܕ | ܓ | ܒ | ܐ |
|---|---|---|---|
| ܚ | ܙ | ܘ | ܗ |
| ܚ | ܙ | ܘ | ܗ |
| ܠ | ܟܟ | ܝ | ܛ |
| ܠ | ܟ | ܝ | ܛ |
| ܥ | ܣ | ܢܢ | ܡܡ |
| ܥ | ܤ | ܢ | ܡ |
| ܪ | ܩ | ܨ | ܦ |
| ܪ | ܩ | ܨ | ܦ |
| ܬ | ܫ | ||
| ܬ | ܫ |
Vowels and unique characters
| ܲ | ܵ |
| ܲ | ܵ |
|---|---|
| ܸ | ܹ |
| ܸ | ܹ |
| ܼ | ܿ |
| ܼ | ܿ |
| ̈ | ̰ |
| ̈ | ̰ |
| ܀ | ܂ |
| ܀ | ܂ |
| ܄ | ݇ |
| ܄ | ݇ |
See also
★ Abjad
★ Alphabet
★ Aramaic alphabet
★ Aramaic language
★ Mandaic language
★ Syriac language
★ History of the alphabet
★ List of writing systems
External links
★ The Syriac alphabet
★ Download Syriac fonts
★ Unicode Entity Codes for the Syriac Script
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psst.. try this: add to faves
