EAGLE

'Eagles' are large birds of prey which inhabit mainly the Old World, with only two species (the Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle) found in North America north of Mexico, a few in Middle and South America, two (the White-bellied Sea Eagle and Wedge-tailed Eagle) in Australia, and the Philippine Eagle in the Philippines. They are members of the bird order Falconiformes (or Accipitriformes, according to alternative classification schemes), family Accipitridae, and belong to several genera which are not necessarily closely related to each other in any sort of way.
Eagles are differentiated from other birds of prey mainly by their larger size, more powerful build, and heavier head and bill. Even the smallest eagles, like the Booted Eagle (which is comparable in size to a Common Buzzard or Red-tailed Hawk), have relatively longer and more evenly broad wings, and more direct, faster flight. Most eagles are larger than any other raptors apart from the vultures.
Like all birds of prey, eagles have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, and powerful talons. They also have extremely keen eyesight to enable them to spot potential prey from a very long distance. This keen eyesight is primarily contributed by their extremely large pupils which cause minimal diffraction (scattering) of the incoming light.
In Britain before 1678, ''Eagle'' referred specifically to the Golden Eagle, the other native species, the White-tailed Eagle, being known as the Erne. The modern name "Golden Eagle" for ''Aquila chrysaetos'' was introduced by the naturalist John Ray.
Eagles build their nests, called ''eyries'', in tall trees or on high cliffs. Many species lay two eggs, but the older, larger chick frequently kills its younger sibling once it has hatched.
Eagles are sometimes used in falconry. They appear prominently in myth and literature. In the Old World, such references are commonly to the Golden Eagle (or possibly closely related species found in warmer climates).

Contents

Taxonomy

Species

Eagles in culture

The word

Eagles as national symbols

Eagles as religious objects

Eagles as organizational symbols

References

See also

External links

Taxonomy

Major new research into eagle taxonomy suggests that the important genera ''Aquila'' and ''Hieraaetus'' are not composed of nearest relatives, and it is likely that a reclassification of these genera will soon take place, with some species being moved to ''Lophaetus'' or ''Ictinaetus''.^[1]

★ Bonelli's Eagle, the Booted Eagle and the Little Eagle have been moved from ''Hieraaetus'' to ''Aquila''.

★ Either the Greater Spotted Eagle and Lesser Spotted Eagle should move from ''Aquila'' to join the Long-crested Eagle in ''Lophaetus'', or, perhaps better, all three of these species should move to ''Ictinaetus'' with the Black Eagle.

★ The Steppe Eagle and Tawny Eagle, once thought to be conspecific, are not even each other's nearest relatives.

Species

'FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE'

★ 'Subfamily Buteoninae' - hawks (buzzards), true eagles and sea-eagles

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★ Genus ''Geranoaetus''

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★ Black-chested Buzzard-eagle, ''Geranoaetus melanoleucus''

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★ Genus ''Harpyhaliaetus''

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★ Crowned Solitary Eagle, ''Harpyhaliaetus coronatus''

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★ Solitary Eagle, ''H. solitarius''

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★ Genus ''Morphnus''

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★ Crested Eagle, ''Morphnus guianensis''


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★ Genus ''Harpia''

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★ Harpy Eagle, ''Harpia harpyja''

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★ Genus ''Pithecophaga''

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★ Philippine Eagle, ''Pithecophaga jefferyi''

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★ Genus ''Harpyopsis''

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★ New Guinea Eagle, ''Harpyopsis novaeguineae''

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★ Genus ''Oroaetus''

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★ Black-and-chestnut Eagle, ''Oroaetus isidori''

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★ Genus ''Spizaetus''

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★ Cassin's Hawk-eagle, ''Spizaetus africanus''

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★ Changeable Hawk-eagle, ''S. cirrhatus''

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★ Mountain Hawk-eagle, ''S. nipalensis''

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★ Blyth's Hawk-eagle, ''S. alboniger''

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★ Javan Hawk-eagle, ''S. bartelsi''

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★ Sulawesi Hawk-eagle, ''S. lanceolatus''

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★ Philippine Hawk-eagle, ''S. philippensis''

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★ Wallace's Hawk-eagle, ''S. nanus''

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★ Black Hawk-eagle, ''S. tyrannus''

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★ Ornate Hawk-eagle, ''S. ornatus''

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★ Black-and-white Hawk-eagle, ''S. melanoleucus''

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★ Genus ''Lophaetus''

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★ Long-crested Eagle, ''Lophaetus occipitalis'' - possibly belongs in ''Ictinaetus''

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★ Genus ''Stephanoaetus''

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★ Crowned Hawk-eagle, ''Stephanoaetus coronatus''

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★ Genus ''Polemaetus''

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★ Martial Eagle, ''Polemaetus bellicosus''

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★ Genus ''Hieraaetus''

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★ Ayres' Hawk-eagle, ''Hieraaetus ayresii''

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★ Rufous-bellied Eagle, ''H. kienerii''

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★ African Hawk Eagle, ''H. spilogaster''


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★ Genus ''Harpagornis'' (extinct)

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★ Haast's Eagle, ''Harpagornis moorei'' - possibly belongs in either ''Hieraaetus'' or ''Aquila''^[2]

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★ Genus ''Aquila''

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★ Bonelli's Eagle, ''Aquila fasciata'' - formerly ''Hieraaetus fasciatus''

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★ Booted Eagle, ''A. pennata'' - formerly ''Hieraaetus pennatus''

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★ Little Eagle, ''A. morphnoides''

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★ Golden Eagle, ''A. chrysaetos''

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★ Eastern Imperial Eagle, ''A. heliaca''

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★ Spanish Imperial Eagle ''A. adalberti''

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★ Steppe Eagle, ''A. nipalensis''

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★ Tawny Eagle, ''A. rapax''

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★ Greater Spotted Eagle, ''A. clanga'' - to be moved to ''Lophaetus'' or ''Ictinaetus''

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★ Lesser Spotted Eagle, ''A. pomarina'' - to be moved to ''Lophaetus'' or ''Ictinaetus''

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★ Indian Spotted Eagle, ''A. hastata'' - to be moved to ''Lophaetus'' or ''Ictinaetus''

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★ Verreaux's Eagle, ''A. verreauxii''

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★ Gurney's Eagle, ''A. gurneyi''

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★ Wahlberg's Eagle, ''A. wahlbergi''

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★ Wedge-tailed Eagle, ''A. audax''

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★ Genus ''Ictinaetus''

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★ Black Eagle, ''Ictinaetus malayensis''

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★ Genus ''Haliaeetus''

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★ White-tailed Eagle, ''Haliaeetus albicilla''

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★ Bald Eagle, ''H. leucocephalus''

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★ Steller's Sea-eagle, ''H. pelagicus''

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★ African Fish-eagle, ''H. vocifer''

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★ White-bellied Sea-eagle, ''H. leucogaster''

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★ Sanford's Fish-eagle, ''H. sanfordi''

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★ Madagascar Fish-eagle, ''H. vociferoides''

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★ Pallas' Sea-eagle, ''H. leucoryphus''

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★ Genus ''Ichthyophaga''

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★ Lesser Fish-eagle, ''Ichthyophaga humilis''

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★ Grey-headed Fish-eagle, ''I. ichthyaetus''


★ 'Subfamily Circaetinae: snake-eagles'

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★ Genus ''Terathopius''

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★ Bateleur, ''Terathopius ecaudatus''

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★ Genus ''Circaetus''

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★ Short-toed Eagle, ''Circaetus gallicus''

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★ Black-chested Snake-eagle, ''C. pectoralis''

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★ Brown Snake-eagle, ''C. cinereus''

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★ Fasciated Snake-eagle, ''C. fasciolatus''

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★ Banded Snake-eagle, ''C. cinerascens''

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★ Genus ''Spilornis''

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★ Crested Serpent-eagle, ''Spilornis cheela''

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★ Nicobar Serpent-eagle, ''S. minimus''

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★ Mountain Serpent-eagle,''S. kinabaluensis''

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★ Sulawesi Serpent-eagle, ''S. rufipectus''

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★ Philippine Serpent-eagle, ''S. holospilus''

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★ Andaman Serpent-eagle, ''S. elgini''

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★ Genus ''Eutriorchis''

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★ Madagascar Serpent-eagle, ''Eutriorchis astur''

Eagles in culture

The word

The modern English name of the bird is derived from the Latin term ''aquila'' by way of the French ''Aigle''. The Latin ''aquila'' may derive from the word ''aquilus'', meaning dark-colored, swarthy, or blackish, as a description of the eagle's plumage; or from ''Aquilo'', the Latin version of Greek ''Boreas'', or north wind.
Old English used the term ''Earn'', related to Scandinavia's ''Ørn''. The etymology of this word is related to Greek ''ornos'', literally meaning "bird". In this sense, the Eagle is ''the Bird'' with a capital B.

Eagles as national symbols

The eagle has been used by many nations as a national symbol, depicting power, beauty and independence.

★ 'Arabic world'. Many Arabic states and organisations use eagles as symbols, e.g. the PLO, Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Yemen.

★ 'Czech Republic'. The Czech Republic integrates three historical parts: Bohemia (with a double-tailed lion in the emblem), Moravia and Silesia (both with female eagles in their emblems - red-and-white chequered and black).

★ 'Hellenistic Egypt'. The Ptolemaic rulers of Egypt used it as their seal.

★ 'First French Empire'. Napoleon Bonaparte used the Roman Golden Eagle as the symbol of his new French empire.

★ 'Ghana'. Two eagles are part of the coat of arms of Ghana.

★ 'Indonesia'. An eagle called garuda carrying a shield on its neck and a banner on its feet.

★ 'Mexico'. The bird on the Mexican coat of arms and flag is a Golden Eagle.

★ 'Moldova'. An eagle is part of the coat of arms and flag of Moldova.

★ 'Nigeria', The eagle is part of the Coat of Arms of Nigeria and the Seal of the President of Nigeria.

★ 'The Philippines'. The endangered Philippine Eagle is the national bird of the Philippines.

★ 'Poland'. A white eagle on a red field is the coat of arms of Poland.

★ 'Romania'. The eagle is also part of the coat of arms of Romania

★ 'Rome'. The Romans used it on the standards of their armies. From this derives:

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★ 'The late Byzantine Empire' chose a two-headed golden eagle as its symbol. It is popularly that one head symbolised ancient Rome, and the other head symbolised "new Rome" at Constantinople. From this derives:

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★ 'Albania'. The two-headed eagle is the emblem of "Shqipëria" or ''Land of the Eagles'', which is known in English as Albania (see The Tale of the Eagle for the legendary origin of the name)

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★ 'Russian Empire'. After the fall of Constantinople, the Russian Empire took the two-headed eagle as its own symbol.

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★ 'Charlemagne and Holy Roman Empire'. After his crowning as the new Roman Emperor, Charlemagne adopted the ancient Roman eagle as his own symbol. The Holy Roman Empire born of his kingdom took the eagle, but the Habsburgs replaced the golden eagle by an imperial eagle. From this derives:

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★ 'Austria'. The Austrian Empire had a two-headed eagle as its symbol. After the abolition of Austria-Hungary, Austria took as its symbol a one-headed eagle in the modern coat of arms of Austria.

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★ 'Germany and Prussia'. Prussia, and later Germany have used a black eagle as their national symbol.

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★ 'Spain'. The "Catholic Kings", Isabella and Ferdinand, used the Golden Eagle as a part of the royal shield. The eagle was on the Spanish shield until 1978.

★ 'Serbia/Montenegro'. The Two-headed eagle is the emblem of Serbia, Montenegro, and Serbia and Montenegro.

★ The 'Seljuk Turks' and Ottoman Turks used a double-headed eagle as coats-of-arms.

★ 'USA'. The United States has adopted the North American Bald Eagle as its national emblem. Although the Golden Eagle is found in North America, U.S. references to an unspecified "eagle" are often to the Bald Eagle, especially in an emblematic context. However, a few U.S. coins have shown the Golden Eagle (recognizable because the feathering on its legs extends to the base of the toes);^{[3] [4]}

Eagles as religious objects

In Jewish tradition the eagle is a symbol of greatness, and leaders such as the medieval sage Maimonides and the Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson, have been referred to by their peers and students as "The Great Eagle". The Torah compares God Himself to an eagle in Deuteronomy, 32.11-12. "As an eagle awakens its nest, hovering over its fledglings, it spreads its wings, taking them and carrying them on its pinions. [So] the Lord guided them [the Israelites] alone, and there was no alien deity with Him."
Eagle lecterns are very common in Christian churches and cathedrals. The eagle is the symbol used to depict John the Apostle, whose writing most clearly witnesses the light and divinity of Christ. In art, John, as the presumed author of the Gospel, is often depicted with an eagle, which symbolizes the height he rose in the first chapter of his gospel. See Names of John.
The eagle is a sacred bird in some cultures and the feathers of the eagle are central to many religious and spiritual customs, especially amongst Native Americans in the United States and First Nations in Canada, as well as among many of the peoples of Meso-America. Some Native American peoples revere eagles as sacred religious objects and the feathers and parts of Bald and Golden Eagles are often compared to the Bible and crucifix. Eagle feathers are often used in various ceremonies and are used to honor noteworthy achievements and qualities such as exceptional leadership and bravery. In the cultures of the Northwest Coast, Eagle is also a supernatural being and also the ancestor and features in the heraldic crests of important clans known as totem poles.
The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped the animal and often depicted eagles in their art. ^[5]
Despite modern and historic Native American practices of giving eagle feathers to non-indigenous people and also members of other tribes who have been deemed worthy, current United States eagle feather law stipulates that only individuals of certifiable Native American ancestry enrolled in a federally recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain eagle feathers for religious or spiritual use. In Canada, poaching of eagle feathers for the booming U.S. market has sometimes resulted in the arrests of First Nations person for the crime.

Eagles as organizational symbols

★ 'Australia'. The Royal Australian Air Force uses the Wedge-tailed Eagle on its coat of arms. There is also an Australian Rules Football club called the West Coast Eagles, and an NRL Football club called the Manly Sea Eagles.

★ 'China'. Flying eagle is the logo of Shatin Pui Ying College in Hong Kong. In this school, an award is called Flying Eagle Award with the eagle badges as prizes.

★ 'Greece'. The double-headed eagle is the emblem of the Greek sport clubs AEK (black eagle with open wings on yellow background) and PAOK (black eagle with closed wings on white background, as a symbol of mourning). It is a symbol of the clubs' origins, since both clubs were founded by Greeks who fled to Greece from Constantinople in 1922-23.

★ 'Italy'. The Roman eagle is the symbol of the Roman sports club S.S. Lazio.

★ 'Nigeria'. The Nigeria Football Association, the nation's football (soccer) governing body, has a green eagle perched on a football as its organisational symbol and logo. The Nigerian national football team is known as the 'Super Eagles', the under-20 youth team as the 'Flying Eagles', and the under-17 national side as the 'Golden Eaglets'. They all have an eagle as their symbol.

★ 'Portugal'. Eagle is the symbol of the Portuguese football team Sport Lisboa e Benfica.

★ 'Turkey'. ''Black Eagles'' is used for the Turkish sports club Beşiktaş J.K..

★ 'USA'. Eagles are a common motif for American companies and organizations seeking association with a national identity. A few examples are the United States Postal Service, the Constitution Party, and the name of the highest rank in the Boy Scouts of America. Among the sports teams whose mascot is an eagle, the only one in a major league of a major sport (by U.S. standards) is the Philadelphia Eagles (American football). The U.S. international rugby teams are also known as the The Eagles.

References

1. Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, , H. R. L., Lerner, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2005
2. Ancient DNA Provides New Insights into the Evolutionary History of New Zealand's Extinct Giant Eagle, , M., Bunce, PLoS Biol, 2005
3. A History and Interpretation of Bela Lyon Pratt's Indian Designs
4. New Washington Quarter Has Wrong Species of Eagle, , , , Science News,
5. Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. ''The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera.'' New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997.


★ ''Splitting headaches? Recent taxonomic changes affecting the British and Western Palaearctic lists'' - Martin Collinson, British Birds vol 99 (June 2006), 306-323

★ Bruguier, Leonard.A Warrior's Eagle Feather

See also

★ Eagle (heraldry)

External links

★ PBS Nature: Eagles

★ Eagle videos on the Internet Bird Collection

★ Eagle photos - including chick in nest

★ Web of the Conservation Biology Team-Bonelli's Eagle, of the University of Barcelona

★ Eagle Conservation Alliance (ECA)