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EspañolE.T. THE EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL
'''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial''' is a 1982 science fiction film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg, written by Melissa Mathison and starring Henry Thomas, Robert MacNaughton, Drew Barrymore, Dee Wallace and Peter Coyote. It tells the story of Elliott (played by Thomas), a lonely boy who befriends a friendly alien, dubbed E.T., who is stranded on Earth. Elliott and his siblings help the alien return home while attempting to keep it hidden from their mother and the government.
The concept for ''E.T.'' came from an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents' divorce. When work on ''Night Skies'' stalled, Spielberg met screenwriter Melissa Mathison, whom he hired to pen the script for ''E.T.''. The film was shot from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US$10.5 million. To facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast, the film was shot in roughly chronological order.
''E.T.'' was a box office hit, surpassing '' to become the most financially successful film released to that point. Critics acclaimed it as a timeless story of friendship, and it is considered one of the greatest films ever made. The alien became the subject of analogies for Jesus. The film was rereleased in 1985, and in 2002 with altered special effects and additional scenes. Spielberg believes ''E.T.'' epitomizes his work.[2]
| Contents |
| Plot |
| Cast |
| Production |
| Analysis and themes |
| Reception |
| 20th anniversary edition |
| Other portrayals of E.T. |
| References |
| External links |
Plot
The film opens in a California forest as a group of alien botanists collect vegetation samples. U.S. government agents appear and the aliens flee in their spaceship, leaving one of their own behind in their haste. The scene shifts to a suburban California home, where a boy named Elliott plays servant to his older brother, Michael, and his friends. As he fetches pizza, Elliott discovers the stranded alien, who promptly flees. Despite his family's disbelief, Elliott leaves Reese's Pieces candy in the forest to lure it into his bedroom. Before he goes to bed, Elliott notices the alien imitating his movements.
Elliott feigns illness the next morning to avoid school so he can play with the alien. That afternoon, Michael and their younger sister, Gertie, meet the alien. Their mother, Mary, hears the noise and comes upstairs. Michael, Gertie, and the alien hide in the closet while Elliott reassures her everything is alright. Deciding to keep the alien, the children begin to ask it about its origin. It answers by levitating balls to represent its solar system, and further demonstrates its powers by healing a dead plant. At school, Elliott begins to experience a psychic connection with the alien. Elliott becomes irrational due partly to the alien's intoxication from drinking Coors beer and he begins freeing all the frogs from a dissection class. As the alien watches John Wayne kiss Maureen O'Hara in ''The Quiet Man'', Elliott's psychic link causes him to kiss a girl he likes in the same manner. Elliott is taken to the principal's office following his inappropriate behavior.
E.T. makes Elliott's bike fly to the forest
The alien learns to speak English by watching ''Sesame Street'' and dubs itself ''E.T.'' It enlists Elliott's help in building a device to "phone home". Michael starts to notice that Elliott's health is declining and that he is referring to himself as "we". On Halloween, Michael and Elliott dress E.T. as a ghost so they can sneak it out of the house. Elliott and E.T. ride a bicycle to the forest, where E.T. makes a successful call home. The next morning, Elliott wakes up to find E.T. gone, and returns home to his distressed family. Michael finds E.T. dying and takes him to Elliott, who is also dying. Mary becomes frightened when she discovers her son's illness and the dying alien, before government agents invade the house.
Scientists set up a medical facility in the house, quarantining Elliott and E.T. The link between E.T. and Elliott disappears as E.T. suddenly dies. Elliott is left alone with the motionless alien when he notices a flower coming back to life. E.T. revives and reveals that its people are returning. Elliott and Michael steal a van that E.T. had been loaded into and a chase ensues, with Michael's friends joining Elliott and E.T.'s bicycled evasion of the authorities. Suddenly facing a dead-end, they escape as E.T.'s telekinesis lifts them into the air and toward the forest. E.T. stands near the spaceship, his heart glowing as he readies to return home. Mary, Gertie and Keys, a government agent, show up. E.T. says goodbye to Michael and Gertie, and before entering the spaceship, tells Elliott "I'll be right here"; pointing its glowing finger to Elliott's heart.
Cast
★ 'Henry Thomas' as 'Elliott': A lonely 10-year-old boy who is picked on by his older brother. Elliott adopts the stranded alien and forms a mental, physical, and emotional bond with it.
★ 'Robert MacNaughton' as 'Michael': Elliott's older brother, who often picks on him.
★ 'Drew Barrymore' as 'Gertie': Elliott's younger sister.
★ 'Dee Wallace' as 'Mary': The children's mother, coming off a recent separation from her husband. She is mostly oblivious to the alien's presence in her household.
★ 'Peter Coyote' as 'Keys': A government agent dubbed as such due to jangling his keys at times. He has waited to see an alien since the age of 10.
★ 'K.C. Martel' as 'Greg': One of Michael's friends who mostly picks on Elliott. He later helps Elliott and E.T. evade the authorities.
★ 'Sean Frye' as 'Steve': One of Michael's friends who is mostly quiet and shy. He later helps Elliott and E.T. evade the authorities.
★ 'Tom Howell' as 'Tyler': One of Michael's friends who is eccentric at times. He later helps Elliott and E.T. evade the authorities.
Spielberg auditioned more than 300 children for the roles.[3] Having worked with Cary Guffey on ''Close Encounters of the Third Kind'', he felt confident in working with a cast composed mostly of child actors, rather than young adults.[4] Robert Fisk suggested Henry Thomas for the role of Elliott. Thomas, who auditioned in an Indiana Jones costume, did not perform well in the formal testing, but he got the filmmakers attention in an improvised scene. Thoughts of his dead dog inspired his convincing tears. The 100 DVDs You Must Own MacNaughton auditioned eight times to play Michael, sometimes with boys auditioning for Elliott. Spielberg felt Drew Barrymore had the right imagination for the film after she impressed him with a story that she led a punk rock band.8 Spielberg enjoyed working with the children, noting that the experience made him feel ready to become a father.
Doctors working at the USC Medical Center were recruited by Spielberg to play the doctors who try to save E.T. after government agents take over Elliott's home, as he felt actors playing doctors and reading lines of technical dialog would feel unnatural.[5] During post-production, Spielberg decided to cut a scene featuring Harrison Ford as Elliott's principal. The scene featured Elliott being reprimanded for his behavior in science class, and saw Elliott's chair being levitated while E.T. was levitating his "phone" equipment up the staircase with Gertie.8
Production
After his parents' divorce in 1960, Spielberg filled the void with an imaginary alien companion. Spielberg said that E.T. was "a friend who could be the brother I never had and a father that I didn't feel I had anymore."[6] Filming ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' in Tunisia left Spielberg bored, and memories of his childhood creation resurfaced.[7] He told screenwriter Melissa Mathison about a project he had planned with John Sayles called ''Night Skies'', in which malevolent aliens terrorize a family. Spielberg and Mathison developed a subplot from the failed project focusing on Buddy, the only friendly alien, and his friendship with an autistic child. Buddy's abandonment on Earth in the script's final scene inspired the ''E.T.'' concept. Mathison wrote a first draft titled ''E.T. and Me'' in eight weeks, which Spielberg considered perfect.[8] Columbia Pictures, which had been producing ''Night Skies'', met Spielberg to discuss the script. The studio passed on it, calling it "a wimpy Walt Disney movie," so Spielberg approached the more receptive Sid Sheinberg, president of MCA.[9]
Carlo Rambaldi, who designed the aliens for Spielberg's ''Close Encounters of the Third Kind'', was hired to design the animatronics of E.T. Rambaldi's own painting ''Women of Delta'' led him to give the creature a unique, extendable neck.8 The creature's face was inspired by the faces of Carl Sandburg, Albert Einstein, and Ernest Hemingway.[10] Producer Kathleen Kennedy visited the Jules Stein Eye Institute to study real and glass eyeballs. She hired people from the Institute to create E.T.'s eyes, which she felt were particularly important in engaging the audience.[11] Four E.T. heads were created for filming, one as the main animatronics and the others for facial expressions, as well as a costume.10 Tamara De Treaux, another dwarf, and a boy born without legs took turns wearing the costume, depending on what scene was being filmed. Caprice Roth, a professional mime, filled prosthetics to play E.T.'s hands. The finished creature was created in three months at the cost of $1.5 million.[12] Spielberg declared it, "something that only a mother could love."8 Mars, Incorporated found E.T. so ugly that they refused to have M&Ms used in the film, believing E.T. would frighten children. This allowed Hershey's the opportunity to market Reese's Pieces.[13]
''E.T.'' began shooting in September 1981.[14] The project was filmed under the title ''A Boy's Life'' to keep production a secret, as Spielberg did not want anyone to discover and plagiarize the plot. The actors had to read the script behind closed doors, and everyone on set had to wear an ID card. The film was shot on location, over 61 days, at Northridge, Los Angeles, California, a redwood forest near Crescent City, a high school, and at Laird International Studios in Culver City. Spielberg shot the film in roughly chronological order to achieve convincingly emotional performances from his cast. In the scene when Michael first encounters the alien, the creature's appearance caused MacNaughton to jump back and knock down the shelves behind him. The chronological shoot gave the young actors an emotional experience as they bonded with E.T., making the hospital sequences more moving. Spielberg ensured the puppeteers kept away from the set to maintain the illusion of a real alien. For the first time in his career, he did not storyboard most of the film, in order to allow spontaneity in the performances. The film was shot so adults, bar Dee Wallace, are rarely seen from the waist up, as a tribute to the cartoons of Tex Avery.8
Longtime Spielberg collaborator John Williams composed the score for ''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial''. Williams described his challenge on this project on creating a score that would create sympathy for an odd-looking creature like E.T. As with their previous collaborations, Spielberg liked every theme Williams composed, and had it included. Spielberg loved the music for the final chase so much that he edited the sequence to suit it.[2]
Analysis and themes
Spielberg drew the story of ''E.T.'' from the divorce of his own parents;[16] Gary Arnold of the ''Washington Post'' called the film "essentially a spiritual autobiography, a portrait of the filmmaker as a typical suburban kid set apart by an uncommonly fervent, mystical imagination."[17] Reflections of Steven Spielberg's childhood are seen throughout: Elliott feigns illness by holding his thermometer to a light bulb while covering his face with a heating pad, which was a trick frequently employed by the young Spielberg.[6] Michael's picking on Elliott echoes Spielberg's teasing of his younger sisters, and Michael's evolution from tormentor to protector reflects how Spielberg had to take care of his sisters after their father left.
Critics have focused on the parallels between the life of E.T. and Elliott, who is "alienated" by the loss of his father.[19][20] ''New York Times'' film critic A.O. Scott wrote that while E.T. "is the more obvious and desperate foundling," Elliott "suffers in his own way from the want of a home."[21] At the film's heart is the theme of growing up. Critic Harry Sheehan described the film as a retelling of Peter Pan from the perspective of a Lost Boy (Elliott).[22] E.T. cannot survive physically on Earth, as Pan could not survive emotionally in Neverland; Neverland’s pirates are replaced by government scientists. Some critics have suggested that Spielberg's portrayal of suburbia is very dark, contrary to popular belief. A.O. Scott said, "The suburban milieu, with its unsupervised children and unhappy parents, its broken toys and brand-name junk food, could have come out of a Raymond Carver story", and Charles Taylor of Salon.com said, "Spielberg's movies, despite the way they're often characterized, are not Hollywood idealizations of families and the suburbs. The homes here bear what the cultural critic Karal Ann Marling called 'the marks of hard use.'"
Spielberg admitted this scene triggered speculation as to whether the film was a religious parable.[23]
Other critics found religious parallels between E.T. and Jesus Christ.[24][25] Andrew Nigels described the story of E.T. as "[c]rucifiction by military science" and "[r]esurrection by love and faith".[26] According to Spielberg biographer Joseph McBride, Universal Studios appealed directly to the Christian market, with a poster reminiscent of Michelangelo's ''Creation of Adam'' and a logo reading "Peace". Spielberg answered that he did not intend the film to be a religious parable, joking, "If I ever went to my mother and said, 'Mom, I've made this movie that's a Christian parable,' what do you think she'd say? She has a kosher restaurant on Pico and Doheny in Los Angeles."
As a substantial body of film criticism has built up around ''E.T.'', numerous writers have analyzed the film in other ways as well. E.T. has been analyzed as a modern fairy tale and in psychoanalytic terms.[27][28] Producer Kathleen Kennedy noted that an important theme of ''E.T.'' is tolerance, which would be central to future Spielberg films such as ''Schindler's List''.
Reception
''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial'' was previewed in Houston, Texas, where it received high marks from viewers. The film premiered at the closing gala of the May 1982 Cannes Film Festival,[29] and was released in the United States on June 11, 1982. It opened at number one with a gross of $11 million, and stayed at the top of the box office for six weeks. It fluctuated between the top and second positions until January. At the end of its theatrical run on June 3, 1983, it grossed $352 million domestically.[30] Spielberg earned $500,000 a day from his share of the profits,[31][32] and spent his earnings on several new homes and a "Rosebud" sled prop from ''Citizen Kane''.[33] The Hershey Company's profits rose 65% due to the film's prominent use of Reese's Pieces. The film was rereleased on July 19, 1985, and grossed $40 million domestically.[34] ''E.T.'' was released on VHS and laserdisc on October 27, 1988; to combat piracy, the videocassettes were colored green.
Critics acclaimed ''E.T.'' as a classic. Roger Ebert wrote, "This is not simply a good movie. It is one of those movies that brush away our cautions and win our hearts." Michael Sragow of ''Rolling Stone'' called Spielberg "a space Jean Renoir.... [F]or the first time, [he] has put his breathtaking technical skills at the service of his deepest feelings."[35] Leonard Maltin called it the best film of the year.[36] George Will was one of few to pan the film, feeling it spread subversive notions about childhood and science.[37] There were also allegations that the film was plagiarized from a 1967 script, "The Alien," by celebrated Bengali director Satyajit Ray. Ray stated, "''E.T.'' would not have been possible without my script of 'The Alien' being available throughout the United States in mimeographed copies." Spielberg denied this claim, stating, "I was a kid in high school when his script was circulating in Hollywood."[38]
Spielberg with President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan after a screening of ''E.T.''
''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial'' holds a 99% "fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, making it the best reviewed science fiction film on the site.[39] It also has a 94% rating of "universal acclaim" on Metacritic. In addition to the many impressed critics, President Ronald Reagan and first lady Nancy Reagan were moved by the film after a screening at the White House on June 27, 1982. Princess Diana was in tears after watching the film. On September 17, 1982, the film was screened at the United Nations, and Spielberg received the U.N. Peace Medal.[40]
The film was nominated for nine Oscars at the 55th Academy Awards, including Best Picture. ''Gandhi'' won that award, but its director, Richard Attenborough, declared, "I was certain that not only would ''E.T.'' win, but that it ''should'' win. It was inventive, powerful, [and] wonderful. I make more mundane movies."[41] It won four Academy Awards, including Best Original Music Score, Sound, Sound Effects Editing and Visual Effects. At the Golden Globes, the film won Best Picture in the Drama category and was nominated for Best Director, Best Screenplay and Best New Male Star for Henry Thomas. The Los Angeles Film Critics Association awarded the film Best Picture, Best Director and a "New Generation Award" for Melissa Mathison.[42] Composer John Williams won a Grammy, a BAFTA, and a Golden Globe for the score. The film won Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film, Best Writing, Best Special Effects, Best Music and Best Poster Art, while Henry Thomas, Robert McNaughton, and Drew Barrymore won Young Artist Awards. ''E.T.'' was also honored abroad: the film won the Best Foreign Language Film award at the Blue Ribbon in Japan, Cinema Writers Circle Awards in Spain, César Awards in France, and David di Donatello in Italy.[43]
In American Film Institute polls, ''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial'' has been voted the twenty-fifth greatest film of all time,[44] the forty-fourth most thrilling,[45] the sixth most uplifting,[46] as well as having the fourteenth greatest music score.[47] The quote "E.T. phone home" was listed fifteenth on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes list,[48] and forty-eighth on ''Premiere''
20th anniversary edition
The 20th Anniversary version of the film replaces the guns, used by the police, with walkie-talkies
An extended version of the film released on March 22, 2002, included altered special effects. Certain shots of E.T. had bothered Spielberg since 1982, as he did not have enough time to make the animatronics fully work. Computer-generated imagery (CGI) was used to modify several shots, including ones of E.T. running in the opening sequence. Spielberg also used CGI to add elements to the spaceship. Scenes shot for but not part of the original version played.[2] This third were included for the first time: E.T. taking a bath, and Gertie telling Mary that Elliott went to the forest. Spielberg did not add Harrison Ford's scene, feeling that would reshape the film too drastically. Having become a father, Spielberg was more sensitive about the scene where gun-wielding policemen threaten Elliott and his escaping friends; he digitally replaced the guns with walkie-talkies.
At the premiere, John Williams conducted a live performance of the score while the film release grossed $35 million domestically, and brought the film's total worldwide gross to $792 million since 1982. The 20th anniversary edition was released on a two-disc DVD on December 9, 2002, and was also packaged in a collector's edition with the original version.[56] The changes to the film, in particular the switch from guns to walkie-talkies, were criticized as politically correct. Peter Travers of ''Rolling Stone'' wondered, "Remember those guns the feds carried? Thanks to the miracle of digital, they're now brandishing walkie-talkies.... Is this what two decades have done to free speech?"[57] Chris Hewitt of ''Empire'' wrote, "[T]he changes are surprisingly low-key...while ILM's CGI E.T. is used sparingly as a complement to Carlo Rambaldi's extraordinary puppet."[58]
Other portrayals of E.T.
A traffic sign depicting E.T.
In July 1982, during the film's first theatrical run, Spielberg and Mathison wrote a treatment for a sequel to be titled "E.T. II: Nocturnal Fears". It would have seen Elliott and his friends kidnapped by evil aliens and follow their attempts to contact E.T. for help. Spielberg decided against pursuing the sequel, feeling it "would do nothing but rob the original of its virginity."[59]
In 1998, E.T. was licensed to appear in television public service announcements produced by Progressive Insurance. The announcements featured E.T.'s voice reminding drivers to "buckle up" their safety belts. Traffic signs depicting a stylized E.T. wearing a safety belt were installed on selected roads around the United States.[60] The following year, British Telecommunications launched the "Stay in Touch" campaign, with E.T. as the star of various advertisements.[61]
A theme park ride was also created based on the ''E.T.'' story.
Atari made a 2600 game that was based on the film. Despite the populatity of the film, the game was widely considered to be one of the worst games ever. Along with the Atari 2600 port of ''Pac-Man'', the movie game is often blamed for the videogame crash of 1983.
References
1.
★ ''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial'' at Box Office Mojo. Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
2.
3. Steve's Summer Magic
4. Starry Role
5.
6. Steven Spielberg, , Joseph, McBride, Faber and Faber, ,
7. Steven Spielberg, , Joseph, McBride, Faber and Faber, ,
8.
9. E.T. Gossip: The One That Got Away? Deborah Caulfield
10. E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial: Production Notes (DVD booklet)
11. Starry Role Steve Daly
12. Creating A Creature
13. Life is Sweet for Jack Dowd as Spielberg's Hit Film Has ''E.T.'' Lovers Picking up the (Reeses's) Pieces David van Biema
14. An Exceptional Encounter David E. Williams
15.
16. Taylor, Charles. "You can go home again." Salon.com (March 22, 2002).
17. Arnold, Gary. "E.T. Steven Spielberg's Joyful Excursion, Back to Childhood, Forward to the Unknown." ''Washington Post'' (June 6, 1982), G1.
18. Steven Spielberg, , Joseph, McBride, Faber and Faber, ,
19. Sebeok, Thomas A. "Enter Textuality: Echoes from the Extra-Terrestrial." In ''Poetics Today'' (1985), Porter Institute for Poetics and Semiotics. Published by Duke University Press.
20. Beck, Ilsa J. "The Look Back in E.T.," ''Cinema Journal'' 31(4) (1992): 25-41, 33.
21. Scott, A.O. "Loss and Love, A Tale Retold." ''New York Times'' (March 22, 2002).
22. The Panning of Steven Spielberg
23. Take 22: Moviemakers on Moviemaking
24. The Gospel According to St. Steven Stanley Kauffman
25. Kozlovic, Anton Karl. "The Structural Characteristics of the Cinematic Christ-figure," ''Journal of Religion and Popular Culture'' 8 (Fall 2004).
26. Andrews, Nigel. "Tidings of comfort and joy." ''Financial Times'' (December 10, 1982), I11
27. Gordon, Andrew. "E.T. as a Fairy Tale," ''Science Fiction Studies'' 10 (1983): 298-305.
28. Beck, Ilsa J. "The Look Back in E.T.," ''Cinema Journal'' 31(4) (1992): 25-41.
29. E.T.: The Second Coming Roger Ebert
30. E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial - Weekend Box Office
31. Spielberg's Creativity
32. Director Steven Spielberg Takes the Wraps Off E.T., Revealing His Secrets at Last Jim Callo
33. Citizen Spielberg's Purchase Deborah Caulfield
34. E.T.: THE EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL
35. Extra-Terrestrial Perception Michael Sragow
36. Leonard Maltin's Top 25 for 25 Years Leonard Maltin
37. Well, ''I'' Don't Love You, E.T. George Will
38. Satyajit Ray Collection receives Packard grant and lecture endowment John Newman
39. 100 Best-Reviewed Sci-Fi Movies
40. U.N. Finds ''E.T.'' O.K.
41. The Making of Jurassic Park: An Adventure 65 million Years in the Making, , Don, Shay, Boxtree Limited, ,
42. E.T. Awards
43. Awards for E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
44. AFI's 100 YEARS...100 MOVIES
45. America's Most Heart-Pounding Movies
46. America's Most Uplifting Movies
47. AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores
48. AFI's 100 YEARS...100 MOVIE QUOTES
49. The 100 Greatest Movie Lines
50. Films Selected to The National Film Registry, Library of Congress 1989-2006
51. 100 Greatest Family Films
52. E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
53. #8 E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial
54. The Sci-Fi 25
55.
56. E.T. - The 3 Disc Edition Richard Schuchardt
57. E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial Peter Travers
58. E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial: 20th Anniversary Special Edition Chris Hewitt
59. E.T. Returns to Test His Midas Touch John M. Wilson
60. E.T. to drive home safe road message: The Buckle Up program to air alien's plea during Super Bowl XXXIII Nick Madigan
61. ET phones home again
External links
★ Official homepage for the 20th anniversary edition
★
★
★ ''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial'' at Yahoo!
★ ''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial'' at Box Office Mojo
★ ''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial'' at Metacritic
★ ''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial'' at Spielberg Films
★ Deleted Scenes discussion
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