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In language, both 'dysphemism' (from the Greek “dys” δυς = non and “pheme'” φήμη = speech) and 'cacophemism' (in Greek “cacos” κακός = bad) refer to the usage of an intentionally harsh word or expression instead of a polite one; they are rough opposites of euphemism. “Dysphemism” may be either offensive or merely humorously deprecating, while “cacophemism” is usually deliberately offensive. (More recently, the linguist Kate Burridge has coined the term "orthophemism," to refer to a neutral name or expression.) Dysphemism is related to "blasphemy," but is less focused in scope, and therefore not directly synonymous.
Examples of dysphemism include “dead tree edition” for the paper version of an online magazine, or the American military personnel’s use of “shit on a shingle” for their common breakfast of creamed chipped beef on toast.
Dysphemism is common in everyday language. Few sports teams actually ''slaughter'' or ''annihilate'' one another, and while a losing team may be disappointed or angry, they are unlikely to be ''shattered''; few companies actually ''crush'' their competition; no one is actually ''dumb as a box of rocks''. See hyperbole.
Many of the same subjects can be dysphemized as euphemized, such as sex and death—a respected dead person may be said to have ''passed away'', a disrespected one to be ''worm food'' or to have ''. Oddly, some humorous expressions can be either euphemistic or dysphemic, depending on context, because terms which can be dysphemic can also be affectionate. For example, ''spanking the monkey'' might be used as either a softer alternative for “male masturbation,” or a more deliberately provocative one, depending on the audience. Likewise, ''pushing up daisies'' can be taken as either softer or harsher than “died.”

Contents

The “Dysphemism Treadmill”

Examples

See also

References

The “Dysphemism Treadmill”

Similar to the concept of the euphemism treadmill, a complementary “dysphemism treadmill” exists, but is more rarely observed. In these cases, notions of profanity, obscenity and other words once called “offensive” are later described as “objectionable,” then “questionable,” and in some cases, they reach near or outright acceptability.
One modern example is the word “.” “That sucks” began as American slang for “that is very unpleasant,” and is the shortened version of “that sucks cock/dick.” It developed over the late-20th century from being an extremely vulgar phrase to mainstream slang. (The origin of the intransitive usage, “sucks,” is disputed and may derive from more innocuous slang. See the archived discussions of The American Dialect Society [1]. The same may be said of the use of “screw,” often used as slang for sexual intercourse (and a euphemism for “fuck”), in such usages as “to screw up” (to make a major mistake).)
Sometimes a term will go from being a euphemism to being a dysphemism and then go back to being a euphemism. “Queer” and “gay,” for example, both started as euphemisms for “homosexual,” and then got on the euphemism treadmill and became insults—but are now the preferred adjectives amongst the gay community themselves. ^[1]
An especially active euphemism-dysphemism cycle has been turning for the race terms "black", "negro", and "colored"; the remaining euphemisms "of color" and those referring to African origin have not yet turned into dysphemisms.

Examples

★ Broken, losing, crippleware (referring to defects in software^[2])

★ Dead tree edition

★ Meatspace (refering to physical reality, as opposed to "cyberspace.")

★ Snail mail

★ (in French) “''Manger les pissenlits par la racine''” meaning “to eat dandelions by their roots” (for ''to be dead''—similar to English “pushing up daisies”)

★ Point your percy at the porcelain (for ''urinate'')

★ Pushing up daisies (for ''dead'')

★ Worm food (for ''dead'')

★ On the rag/red/blob or "Riding the crimson wave" (for ''menstruation'')
Many further examples can be found in a 'profanisaurus' published by 'Viz' magazine - ^[3]

See also

★ Hyperbole

★ Metaphor

★ Euphemism

★ Power word

References

1. http://clubs.myams.org/equip/index.asp?page=resources&sub=faq
2. Raymond, Eric (editor). Broken, crippleware and losing. ''Jargon File''. Retrieved on 2006-06-29.
3. http://www.viz.co.uk/profanisaurus/profan_front_index.php