DUM DIVERSAS

'''Dum Diversas''' is a papal bull issued on June 18, 1452 by Pope Nicholas V, that is credited with "ushering in the West African slave trade."^[1] It authorized Afonso V of Portugal to enslave Saracens and pagans to indefinite slavery.^[2] Pope Calixtus III reiterated the bull in 1456 with ''Etsi cuncti'', renewed by Pope Sixtus IV in 1481 and Pope Leo X in 1514 with ''Precelse denotionis'', and extended to the Americas in 1493 by Pope Alexander VI with ''Inter Cetera''.^[3][4][5]
Issued one year before the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the bull may have been intended to begin another crusade against the Ottoman Empire. Nicholas V's nephew, Loukas Notaras, was Megas Doux of the Byzantine Empire.^[6] Some historians view these bulls together as extending the theological legacy of Pope Urban II's Crusades to justify European colonization and expansionism,^[7] accommodating "both the marketplace and the yearnings of the Christian soul."^[8] ''Dum Diversas'' was essentially "geographically unlimited" in its application, perhaps the most important papal act relating to Portuguese colonization.^[9]
''Dum Diversas'' provided:
In 1686 the Holy Office limited the bull by decreeing that Africans enslaved by unjust wars should be freed.
''Dum Diversas'', along with other bulls such as ''Romanus Pontifex'' (1454), ''Ineffabilis et summi'' (1497), ''Dudum pro parte'' (1516), and ''Aequum reputamus'' (1534) document the Portuguese ''ius patronatus''.^[10][11] Pope Alexander VI, a native of Valencia, issued a series of bulls limiting Portuguese power in favor of that of Spain, most notably ''Dudem siquidem'' (1493).^[12]

Contents

References

References

1. Love, David A. June 16, 2007. "The Color of Law On the Pope, Paternalism and Purifying the Savages." ''ZNet''.
2. Davenport, Frances Gardiner, and Paullin, Charles Oscar. 1917. ''European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1684''. Carnegie Institution of Washington. p. 12. A large excerpt of the bull, in Latin, can be found in Davenport, p. 17, Doc. 1, note 37.
3. Hayes, Diana. 1998. "Reflections on Slavery." in Curran, Charles E. ''Change in Official Catholic Moral Teaching''.
4. Hart, Jonathan Locke. 2003. ''Comparing Empires: European colonialism from Portuguese expansion to the Spanish-American War''. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1403961883. p. 18.
5. Bourne, Edward Gaylord. 1903. ''The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803''. The A.H. Clark company. p. 136.
6. Eaglestone, C.R. 1878. ''The siege of Constantinople, 1453''. p. 7.
7. Sardar, Ziauddin, and Davies, Merryl Wyn. 2004. ''The No-Nonsense Guide to Islam''. Verso. ISBN 1859844545. p. 94.
8. Hood, Robert Earl. 1994. ''Begrimed and Black: Christian Traditions on Blacks and Blackness''. Fortress Press. ISBN 0800627679. p. 117.
9. Grewe, Wilhelm Georg. 2000. ''The Epochs of International Law''. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3110153394. p. 230.
10. Desai, Guarav Gajanan, and Nair, Supriya. 2005. ''Postcolonialisms: An Anthology of Cultural Theory and Criticism''. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813535522. p. 52.
11. Mudimb̂ae, Valentin Yves, and Mudimbé, Vumbi Yoka. 1994. ''The Idea of Africa''. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253208726. p. 31.
12. Hart, 2003, p. 19.