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'Dragon's blood' is a bright red resin that is obtained from different species of four distinct plant genera: ''Croton'', ''Dracaena'', ''Daemonorops'', and ''Pterocarpus''. The red resin was used in ancient times as varnish, medicine, incense, and dye. It continues to be employed for the aforementioned purposes by some, down to the present time.

Contents

Name and source

Uses

List of botanical sources for Dragon's blood

References

Name and source

A great degree of confusion existed for the ancients in regard to the source and identity of dragon's blood. ''Dracaena'' resin, "true" dragon's blood, and the poisonous mineral cinnabar (mercury sulphide) were often confused by the ancient Romans, as there appears to be a tendency to call all things that are bright red "dragon's blood". In ancient China, little or no distinction was made between the dragon's blood from the different species.
Both ''Dracaena'' and ''Daemonorops'' resins are still often marketed in contemporary times as dragon's blood with little or no distinction between the plant sources.
Voyagers to the Canary Islands in the 15th century obtained dragon's blood as dried garnet-red drops from ''Dracaena draco'', a native to the Canary Islands and Morocco. The resin is exuded from the wounded trunk or branches of the tree. Dragon's blood is also obtained by the same method from ''D. cinnabari'', which is endemic to the island of Socotra east of Somalia. This resin was traded to ancient Europe via the Incense Road.
Dragon's blood resin is also produced from the rattan palms of the genus ''Daemonorops'' of the Indonesian islands and known there as jerang or djerang. It is gathered by breaking off the layer of red resin encasing the unripe fruit of the rattan. The collected resin is then rolled into solid balls before being sold.

Uses

The dragon's blood known to the ancient Romans was mostly collected from ''D. cinnabari'', and is mentioned in the 1st century Periplus (30: 10. 17) as one of the products of Socotra. Socotra had been an important trading centre since at least the time of the Ptolemies. Dragon's blood was used as a dye and medicine in the Mediterranean basin, and was held by early Greeks, Romans, and Arabs to have medicinal properties. Dioscorides and other early Greek writers described its medicinal uses. Locals of Moomy city on Socotra island use the dragon's resin as a sort of cure-all, using it for such things as general wound healing, a coagulant (though this is ill advised with commercial products, as the ''Daemonorops'' species acts as an anti-coagulant and it is usually unknown what species the dragon's blood came from), curing diarrhea, lowering fevers, dysentery diseases, taken internally for ulcers in the mouth, throat, intestines and stomach, as well as an antiviral for respiratory viruses, stomach viruses and for such skin disorders as eczema. It was also used in medieval ritual magic and alchemy. Not native to North America, some of the plants have been brought over in recent years and have become naturalised .
Dragon's blood of both ''Dracaena draco'' and ''Dracaena cinnabari'' were used as a source of varnish for 18th century Italian violinmakers. There was also an 18th century recipe for toothpaste that contained dragon's blood. In modern times it is still used as a varnish for violins, in photoengraving, as an incense resin, and as a body oil.
Dragon's blood from both ''Daemonorops'' were used for ceremonies in India. Sometimes ''Dracaena'' resin, but more often ''Daemonorops'' resin, was used in China as red varnish for wooden furniture. It was also used to colour the surface of writing paper for banners and posters, used especially for weddings and for Chinese New Year.
In African-American folk magic or vodun, it is used in mojo hands for money-drawing or love-drawing, and is used as incense to cleanse a space of negative entities or influences. It is also added to red ink to make "Dragon's Blood Ink", which is used to inscribe magical seals and talismans.
In folk medicine, dragon's blood is used externally as a wash to promote healing of wounds and to stop bleeding. It is used internally for chest pains, post-partum bleeding, internal traumas and menstrual irregularities. In neopagan Witchcraft, it is used to increase the potency of spells for protection, love, banishing and sexuality. In New Age shamanism it is used in ceremonies in a similar way as the neopagans use it.
It is also commonly distributed as "red rock opium" to unsuspecting would-be opium buyers, though it contains no opiates and has not been shown to have intoxicating effects [1].

List of botanical sources for Dragon's blood

★ ''Croton draconoides'' Müll. Arg.

★ ''Croton draco'' Schltdl. & Cham.

★ ''Croton lechleri'' Müll. Arg.

★ ''Croton urucurana'' Baill.

★ ''Croton xalapensis'' Kunth

★ ''Daemonorops draco'' Blume

★ ''Daemonorops didymophylla'' Becc.

★ ''Daemonorops micranthus'' Becc.

★ ''Daemonorops motleyi'' Becc.

★ ''Daemonorops rubra'' (Reinw. ex Blume) Mart.

★ ''Daemonorops propinquus'' Becc.

★ ''Dracaena cinnabari'' Balf.f.

★ ''Dracaena cochinchinensis'' Hort. ex Baker

★ ''Dracaena draco'' (L.) L.

★ ''Pterocarpus officinalis'' Jacq.

References

★ Casson, L. 1989. ''The Periplus Maris Erythraei''. Princeton University Press. Especially pp. 69, 169-170. ISBN .

★ Plant Resins: Chemistry, Evolution, Ecology, and Ethnobotany, , J., Langenheim, Timber Press Inc., 2003, ISBN 0-88192-574-8

★ Schafer, E. H. 1963. ''The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A study of T'ang Exotics''. University of California Press. First paperback edition, 1985., p. 211. ISBN

★ Schoff, Wilfred H. 1912. ''The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea''. Longmans, Green, and Co., New York, Second Edition. Reprint: New Delhi, Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1974. (A new hardback edition is available from Coronet Books Inc. Also reprinted by South Asia Books, 1995, ISBN 81-215-0699-9 )

★ Hoodoo Herb & Root Magic, , C., Yronwode, The Lucky Mojo Curio Co., Forestville, CA, 2002, ISBN 0-9719612-0-4