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EspañolDISJUNCTIVE PRONOUN
A 'disjunctive pronoun' is a stressed form of a personal pronoun reserved for use in isolation or in certain syntactic contexts.
Disjunctive pronominal forms are typically found in the following environments. The examples are taken from French, which uses the disjunctive first person singular pronoun ''moi''. The (sometimes colloquial) English translations illustrate similar uses of ''me'' as a disjunctive form.
★ in syntactically unintegrated disjunct (or "dislocated") positions
:''Les autres s'en vont, mais 'moi', je reste.'' "The others are leaving, but 'me', I'm staying."
★ in elliptical constructions ("sentence fragments") with no verb (e.g. short answers)
:''Qui veut du gâteau ? 'Moi'.'' "Who wants cake? 'Me'."
:''Il est plus âgé que 'moi'.'' "He is older than 'me'."
★ in a coordination with a noun phrase or another pronoun
:''Mes parents et 'moi' arrivons dans une heure.'' "'Me' and my parents are arriving in an hour."
★ in the main clause of a cleft sentence
:''C'est 'moi' que vous cherchez.'' "It's 'me' that you're looking for."
★ after a preposition.
:''Comptez sur 'moi'.'' "Count on 'me'."
Disjunctive pronouns are often semantically restricted. For example, in a language with grammatical gender, there may be a tendency to use masculine and feminine disjunctive pronouns primarily for referring to animate entities.
:''Si l'on propose une bonne candidate, je voterai pour 'elle'.'' "If someone proposes a good candidate, I'll vote for her."
:''Si l'on propose une bonne loi,
★ je voterai pour 'elle'.'' "If someone proposes a good law, I'll vote for her (it)."
Main articles: It's I/It's me
In some languages, a personal pronoun has a form called a disjunctive pronoun, which is used when it stands on its own, or with only a copula, such as in answering to the question "Who wrote this page?" The natural answer for most English speakers in this context would be "me" (or "It's me"), parallel to ''moi'' (or ''C'est moi'') in French. Unlike in French, however, where such constructions are considered standard, English pronouns used in this way have caused dispute. Some grammarians have argued and persuaded some educators that the correct answer should be "I" or "It is I" because "is" is a linking verb and "I" is a predicate nominative, and up until a few centuries ago spoken English used pronouns in the subjective case in such sentences. However, since English has lost noun inflection and now relies on word order, using the accusative ''me'' after the verb ''be'' like other verbs seems very natural to modern speakers. The phrase "It is I" historically came from the Middle English "It am I" and the change from "am" to "is" was also a step towards fixing the SVO word order.
★ Clitics in the Languages of Europe, , Anna, Cardinaletti, Mouton de Gruyter, 1999,
★ Irish morphology
★ English personal pronouns
★ French personal pronouns
| Contents |
| Examples and usage |
| "It's me" |
| References |
| See also |
Examples and usage
Disjunctive pronominal forms are typically found in the following environments. The examples are taken from French, which uses the disjunctive first person singular pronoun ''moi''. The (sometimes colloquial) English translations illustrate similar uses of ''me'' as a disjunctive form.
★ in syntactically unintegrated disjunct (or "dislocated") positions
:''Les autres s'en vont, mais 'moi', je reste.'' "The others are leaving, but 'me', I'm staying."
★ in elliptical constructions ("sentence fragments") with no verb (e.g. short answers)
:''Qui veut du gâteau ? 'Moi'.'' "Who wants cake? 'Me'."
:''Il est plus âgé que 'moi'.'' "He is older than 'me'."
★ in a coordination with a noun phrase or another pronoun
:''Mes parents et 'moi' arrivons dans une heure.'' "'Me' and my parents are arriving in an hour."
★ in the main clause of a cleft sentence
:''C'est 'moi' que vous cherchez.'' "It's 'me' that you're looking for."
★ after a preposition.
:''Comptez sur 'moi'.'' "Count on 'me'."
Disjunctive pronouns are often semantically restricted. For example, in a language with grammatical gender, there may be a tendency to use masculine and feminine disjunctive pronouns primarily for referring to animate entities.
:''Si l'on propose une bonne candidate, je voterai pour 'elle'.'' "If someone proposes a good candidate, I'll vote for her."
:''Si l'on propose une bonne loi,
★ je voterai pour 'elle'.'' "If someone proposes a good law, I'll vote for her (it)."
"It's me"
Main articles: It's I/It's me
In some languages, a personal pronoun has a form called a disjunctive pronoun, which is used when it stands on its own, or with only a copula, such as in answering to the question "Who wrote this page?" The natural answer for most English speakers in this context would be "me" (or "It's me"), parallel to ''moi'' (or ''C'est moi'') in French. Unlike in French, however, where such constructions are considered standard, English pronouns used in this way have caused dispute. Some grammarians have argued and persuaded some educators that the correct answer should be "I" or "It is I" because "is" is a linking verb and "I" is a predicate nominative, and up until a few centuries ago spoken English used pronouns in the subjective case in such sentences. However, since English has lost noun inflection and now relies on word order, using the accusative ''me'' after the verb ''be'' like other verbs seems very natural to modern speakers. The phrase "It is I" historically came from the Middle English "It am I" and the change from "am" to "is" was also a step towards fixing the SVO word order.
References
★ Clitics in the Languages of Europe, , Anna, Cardinaletti, Mouton de Gruyter, 1999,
See also
★ Irish morphology
★ English personal pronouns
★ French personal pronouns
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