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Contents

Introduction

The Origins of Dignitas

The Personal Significance of Dignitas

The Influence of Dignitas on Roman Conflict

The Changing Definition of Dignitas

The Combination of Dignitas and Otium

References

See also

Introduction

'''Dignitas''' was a unique social concept in the Ancient Roman mindset. The word does not have a direct connotation or translation in English. Some interpretations include dignity (merely a derivation) and prestige. The Oxford Latin Dictionary defines the expression as fitness, suitability, worthiness, visual impressiveness or distinction, dignity of style and gesture, rank, status, position, standing, esteem, importance, and honor.
With respect to Ancient Rome, ''dignitas'' was regarded as the sum of the personal clout and influence that a male citizen acquired throughout his life. When weighing the ''dignitas'' of a particular individual, factors such as personal reputation, moral standing, and ethical worth had to be considered, along with the man's entitlement to respect and proper treatment.

The Origins of Dignitas

Authors who had used ''dignitas'' extensively in their writings and oratories include M. Tullius Cicero, Julius Caesar, Cornelius Tacitus, and T. Livius (Livy). The most prolific user was Cicero, who initially related it to the established term auctoritas. These two words were highly associated, with the latter defined as the expression of a man’s ''dignitas''.

The Personal Significance of Dignitas

The cultivation of ''dignitas'' in Ancient Rome was extremely personal. Men of all classes, most particularly noblemen of Consular families, were highly protective and zealous of this asset. This is because every man who took on a higher political office during the Roman Republic considered ''dignitas'' as comprising much more than just his dignity. It referred to his “good name,” i.e. his past and present reputation, achievement, standing, and honor. Most politicians were prepared to kill, commit suicide (as in a famous case of Marcus Antonius), or go into exile in order to preserve their ''dignitas''.

The Influence of Dignitas on Roman Conflict

The personal significance of one's ''dignitas'' had encouraged several conflicts in Ancient Rome. Florus claimed that Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis’ stubbornness had driven Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus to prepare defenses in order to build up his ''dignitas''. Cicero wrote that Caesar valued his status so greatly that he did not want anyone to be his equal in ''dignitas''. Aulus Hirtius had written that Marcus Claudius Marcellus, who was one of the instigators of Caesar’s recall from Gaul, had attempted to build all of his own reputation on his success on turning people’s feelings against Caesar. Whether the exact term was used much during these times is unknown, however the concept of ''dignitas'' was certainly influential and worth fighting for.

The Changing Definition of Dignitas

Over the course of Ancient Roman history, ''dignitas'' had never taken on all of the aforementioned descriptions simultaneously. The term took on different meanings over time, adjusting for the gradually changing viewpoints of society, politicians, and the various authors.
Years after Caesar's death, his heir Augustus rejected the contemporary meaning of ''dignitas''. Augustus found the related term ''auctoritas'' to be a suitable alternative.
In 46 B.C., Cicero cited the ambiguous nature of the concept of ''dignitas''. He wrote, "And so I have, if loyal feeling for the state and winning good men's approval of those loyal feelings is all that ''dignitas'' amounts to; but if in ''dignitas'' you include the power of translating those loyal feelings into action or of defending them with complete freedom, then ''ne vestigium quidem ullum est reliquum nobis dignitatis'' [not even a trace is left to us of our dignity]."

The Combination of Dignitas and Otium

When paired with the term otium, the word ''dignitas'' took on a different meaning. Cicero did not consider himself worthy of having ''dignitas'' alone because he felt that -- by turning his back on the Roman public -- he had neglected the duty of one whose life had normally exemplified the concept. He then altered the definition to mean "[lifetime] impact," to better describe his unique status. By this time, Cicero's political life had ended, and he labeled his past political influence as his ''dignitas'', and his present standing as ''otium''.

References

Balsdon, J.p.v.d. "Auctoritas, Dignitas, Otium." The Classical Quarterly ns 10 (1960): 43-50.
Cicero, Ad Familiares 4.14
Cicero, Epistulae Ad Familiares. J. Paul Leonard Library, San Fransisco. Cicero, Epistulae ad familiares. San Francisco State University. 18 May 2007
Radin, Max. "Roman Concepts of Equality." Political Science Quarterly 38 (1923): 262-289.
Ridler, Vivian. "Dignitas." Oxford Latin Dictionary. 1 vols. London: Oxford UP, 1968.

See also

★ ''Pietas''

★ ''Gravitas''

★ ''Auctoritas''