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A variety of terricolous fungi inhabit the biological soil crust of arid regions. Those exposed to the sun typically contain melanin and are resistant to high temperatures, dryness and low nutrition. Species that are common elsewhere (e.g. ''Penicillium spp.'' and common soil ''Aspergillus spp.'') do not thrive in these conditions. Producing large dark multicellular spores also helps survival. Sexually reproducing ascomycetes, especially ''Chaetomium spp.'', have developed resilience by growing thick, dark perithecia. Under desert shrubs, however, more sensitive species such as ''Gymnoascus reesii'' prevail.^[1]
1. Grishkan, I., E. Zaady & E. Nevo. (2006) "Soil crust microfungi along as southward rainfall gradient in desert ecosystems." ''Eur. J. Soil Biol.'' '42': 33-42.