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'Dari' is a Northwestern Iranian ethnolect spoken as a first language by estimated 8,000 to 15,000 Zoroastrians in and around the cities of Yazd and Kerman in central Iran. The ethnolect is often overlooked by linguists because the region is predominantly Muslim and because Dari is only spoken (not written).
The Zoroastrians of Yazd and Kerman are known to preserve the language when they emigrate, and speakers of Dari may also be found among the Irani community of Bombay, India.
Dari is also known as 'Gabri', 'Gavrŭni', 'Gabrōni', or 'Behdināni'.

Contents

Genealogy

Name

Dialects

Endangered status

See also

External links

Select bibliography

Genealogy

Genealogically, Dari is a member of the Northwestern Iranian language subfamily, which includes several other closely related languages, for instance, Kurdish, Gilaki, and Balochi. These Northwestern Iranian languages are a branch of the larger Western Iranian language group, which is in turn a subgroup of the Iranian language family.

Name

Indigenous speakers of Dari prefer the name 'Dari', but among Iran's Muslims, the language is also known as 'Gabri'. This latter name can be considered offensive as it carries a pejorative connotation (cf. ''Gabr'' for details).
The Northwestern Iranian Dari as spoken by Iran's Zoroastrians should not be confused with the Eastern Iranian dialect spoken in Afghanistan and Central Asia.

Dialects

The Dari language has traditionally been divided into two main dialects: the variety spoken in Yazd and the one spoken in Kerman. This division of the language, based on the division of its speakers into their two main cities of residence, conceals the complexity of the actual dialectical situation. The Yazdi dialect is itself comprised of some thirty varieties, each distinct and unique to one of the Zoroastrian neighborhoods in and around Yazd. The variation amongst the Yazdi dialects is so great that, were they not for their geographic proximity, they would no doubt be classified as distinct dialects. The Kermani dialect may also contain (or may have contained at one time) a comparable level of dialectical complexity.

Endangered status

The vitality of the Dari language is being affected, or has been affected in the past, by two main types of pressure: economic and political.
The pressures affecting the vitality of Dari today are largely economic. In order to obtain an economic advantage, speakers are giving up their traditional language for the dominant language of Iran, Persian. Parents intentionally do not transmit Dari to their children in order that they may have what is felt to be an advantage in school and in life. The language loss can also occur more indirectly and less visibly when people move to larger urban centers or abroad in pursuit of better economic opportunities; the lack of a complete language environment in which to immerse a child decreases or completely inhibits the transmission of the language to new generations.
In past times, Dari speakers have experienced political pressures to yield up their language as well. The period since the seventh-century Muslim conquest of Persia has been a time of great persecution for the Zoroastrians of Iran. Political pressures have directly resulted in language loss when Zoroastrians have deliberately abandoned their language as a means of hiding their identity so as to escape persecution. Political pressures have also led to language loss indirectly; the oppression the Zoroastrians have been experienced under Iran’s various rulers over the past thousand or so years has driven a steady stream of Zoroastrians to more tolerant areas, mostly the capital, Tehran, or abroad. Again, a complete language environment does not exist in these places, inhibiting the transmission of Dari to new generations.
Linguists currently consider Dari to be in a state of language shift. Many of the language’s speakers have assimilated to the dominant culture of the society they live in and have given up—intentionally or unintentionally—their traditional language. Languages like Dari are transitioning from a state of language maintenance, in which a language is being sustained in the face of pressure from a dominant culture, to language death, a state in which the language is no longer spoken.
Many of Dari’s dialects are facing extinction at an even more rapid pace than the language as a whole. Since each of Dari’s many dialects has a smaller community of speakers, they are more susceptible to the forces driving the language towards extinction. Some dialects have already effectively reached extinction, for example, the Mohammadabad dialect, which, it is reported, possesses only a few speakers living in Tehran. The Kerman dialect, always susceptible because of the smaller size of its Zoroastrian population, also seems to be largely lost.

See also

★ Dari (Afghanistan)

★ Zoroastrians in Iran

★ Parsis

★ Gabr

External links

★ Dari Language Project

★ Ethnologue: GBZ

★ About Dari language in PDF format

Select bibliography

★ Bailey, H. W. (1936) Yazdi. ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies'' 8(2/3): 335-361.

★ Berésine, E. (1853) ''Recherches sur les dialectes persans.'' Casan, vol. 1 100-118 (grammar), vol. 2 19-25 (dialogues), vol. 3 2-147 (vocabulary).

★ Browne, E. G. (1897) A Specimen of the Gabri Dialect of Persia. ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'' 103-110.

★ Farudi, A. and M. D. Toosarvandani. (2005) The Loss of Ergativity in Dari Modal Verbs. ''Oxford Working Papers in Linguistics''.

★ Firuzbaxsh, Farānak. (1997 [1376]) ''An Examination of the Grammatical Construction of the Behdinān Dialect of the City of Yazd.'' [Baresi-ye sāxtiman-e dasturi-ye guyesh-e behdinān-e shahr-e yazd.] Tehran: Sāzman-e Inteshārāt-e Faravahr.

★ Houtum-Schindler, A. (1882) Die Parsen in Persien, ihre Sprache und einige ihrer Gebräuche. ''Zeitschrift der deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft'' 36: 54-88.

★ Huart, M. Clément. (1888) Le prétendu dérî des Parsis de Yezd. ''Journal Asiatique'' 8 ser. 11(2): 298-302.

★ Ivanow, W. (1934, 1938, 1939) The Gabri Dialect Spoken by the Zoroastrians of Persia. ''Rivista degli studi orientalni'' 16: 31-97 (introduction, grammar), 17: 1-39 (texts), 18: 1-59 (vocabulary).

★ Justi, Ferdinand. (1881) Über die Mundart von Jezd. ''Zeitschrift der deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft'' 35: 327-414.

★ Lorimer, D. L. R. (1916) Notes on the Gabri Dialect of Modern Persia. ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'' 423-489.

★ Lorimer, D. L. R. (1928) Is there a Gabri Dialect of Modern Persia? ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'' 287-319.

★ Mazdāpūr, Katāyun. (1995) ''A Dictionary of Zoroastrian Dialect in the City of Yazd.'' Tehran: Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies.

★ Puladi-Darvish, Mitra. (2000) ''The Description of Verb Construction in Zoroastrian Dialect of the Center of Yazd.'' M.A. Thesis, Islamic Azad University, Tehran.

★ Rehatsek, E. (1873) Deri Phrases and Dialogues. ''Indian Antiquary'' 2: 331-335.

★ Surush Surushiān, J. (1978) ''Dictionary of the Zoroastrian language'' [Farhang-e Behdinān]. Tehran: Enteshārāt-e Dānishgāh-e Tehrān.