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' Daniel Joseph Tobin' (April 1875 - November 14, 1955) was an American labor leader and president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT, or "the Teamsters") from 1907 to 1952.

Contents

Early life

Election as Teamster president

President, 1907-1930

Presidency, 1931-1952

Fight with the United Brewery Workers

Retirement and death

Notes

References

External links

Early life

Tobin was born in County Clare, Ireland, to John and Bridget (Kennelly) Tobin. His father was a shopkeeper, and the family Roman Catholic. He attended public school in Ireland, but did not graduate. In August 1898, he married Annie Reagan.^[1] The couple had five sons.^[2]
Tobin emigrated to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1890. He found employment as a sheet metal worker, and attended high school in Cambridge, Massachusetts at night. In 1894, he became a motorman and driver for a local street car company. He found work as a truck driver for a local meatpacking firm (earning $11 a week), and joined Local 25 of the Teamsters. He was elected the union's business representative in 1904.¹²

Election as Teamster president

The American Federation of Labor (AFL) had begun organizing local unions of teamsters soon after its founding in 1886. These local unions were directly affiliated with the AFL rather than a national union of their own. In November 1898, the AFL called a convention to establish a national union for teamsters—the Team Drivers' International Union. George Innis was elected the union's first president. In 1902, another new national union of teamsters formed in Chicago, Illinois, the Team Driver's National Union. In 1903, the AFL brokered a merger agreement between the two unions, which created the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. Cornelius Shea was elected the union's first president, but the union remained divided between its two primary predecessor groups.^[3]
In 1905, Shea led the Teamsters in a walkout aimed at the Montgomery Ward department store in Chicago. The strike, which was unsuccessful, was a violent, long and bitter one. Toward the end of the strike, Shea and several other Teamster leaders were indicted on charges of extortion.^[4] Angry at the strike's failure, Shea's apparent guilt in the extortion plot, and Shea's failure to unite the union's two warring factions led the members to oust Shea in 1906 and elected Tobin in his place.³
Tobin took control as president of the international union on January 1, 1907 and moved to Indianapolis, Indiana (where the IBT's headquarters were then located).² Although he faced opposition in his re-election races in 1908, 1909 and 1910, he never again faced opposition until his retirement in 1952.^[5]

President, 1907-1930

Tobin faced a crisis early in his presidency. In mid-1907, a group of dissident teamsters, the United Teamsters of America, had formed as a dual union and was seeking to organize members. Tobin pleaded for Samuel Gompers, president of the AFL, to intervene and bring about unity. Although Gompers worked hard at healing the rift, he was unsuccessful. When unity proved unworkable, Gompers denounced the United Teamsters as a dual union, declared their organizing practices deceptive, used the power of the AFL to promote the Teamsters as the only "legitimate" union for drivers, and ordered all local and regional AFL bodies to refused to affiliate or cooperate with the United Teamsters. The tactics worked, and the United Teamsters soon faded away.³
Power in the union was held by big-city locals, which handled all contract negotiations; the main role the locals saw for the international was preventing jurisdictional disputes with other unions, attending to bureaucratic details, and acting as the union representative in national affairs. Tobin quickly mastered his roles and founded and edited the union magazine, the ''International Teamster''. His main interest was in the American Federation of Labor, run by Samuel Gompers, which he served in numerous senior capacities.²¹
Initially, Tobin remained outside the AFL's decision-making hierarchy. But his policy stands reflect his support for Gompers. In 1913, when the Western Federation of Miners (WFM) was locked in a bitter strike in Michigan, Tobin supported Gompers' refusal to establish a national strike fund to aid the WFM—or any other union, for that matter.³
In 1915, the Catholic Archbishop of Trois-Rivières, Quebec, François-Xavier Cloutier, denounced secular labor unions. Archbishop Cloutier urged Catholics to abandon secular trade unions and join Catholic workers' unions. By 1919, anecdotal reports indicated that the number of Canadian Catholic workers leaving unions affiliated with the AFL had grown significantly, and Gompers feared a backlash by Protestant union members. In 1921, Gompers appointed Tobin, along with Matthew Woll and Frank Duffy, to a committee to investigate the problem. Their report indicated that the number of disaffiliating members was low; the problem was limited to the cities of Montreal, Sherbrooke and Quebec City; and that the only union significantly affected was the Carpenters. Tobin and the others issued a report documenting the inferior contracts of the Catholic workers' unions, and the issue was laid to rest.³
In late 1916, Samuel Gompers began pushing for the AFL to take a strongly supportive stance on President Woodrow Wilson's pro-war policies vis-a-vis Germany. On March 11, 1917, the AFL Executive Council did so, and reportedly unanimously. Tobin quickly exposed this as a lie. In an article in the ''International Teamster,'' he wrote that the vote had been up-or-down, with no possibility of amendment. He also reported that he himself had abstained from voting, which made the vote only technically unanimous. After the United States entered World War I, Tobin initially refused to acceded to Gompers' request for a ban on strikes.^3[6]
In 1917, Tobin defeated John B. Lennon in the race for treasurer of the AFL.^[7] Although membership in the AFL had risen to 2.371 million in 1917 from 2.072 million the year before, socialists and others in the federation felt that Lennon had not been sufficiently aggressive.³ Tobin, however, was forced to defend his previous actions, denounce pacifism, and declare his full support for the war effort.^[8] Tobin would serve as an AFL delegate to the IFTU until the AFL withdrew from that body in 1945.^[9] In 1918 and 1920, he served as an AFL delegate to the Pan-American Labor Conference.^1[10]
In 1920, Annie Tobin died. In October 1922, Tobin married the former Irene Halloran. The couple had one daughter.²
In September 1921, Tobin attempted to resign as treasurer of the AFL in a dispute with Gompers over the AFL's support for unemployment insurance. Gompers opposed the legislation, fearing worker dependence on government handouts and that government rather than unions would be seen as more important to workers. Tobin strongly supported the initiative, however. Gompers, however, realized he was in the minority on the AFL Executive Council and relented. Gompers refused to accept Tobin's resignation, and Tobin continued as treasurer.^3[11]
In 1921, Tobin helped defeat an amendment offered by African American union members which would have forced all members of the AFL to remove the word "white" from their constitutions and to admit all workers regardless of race, creed or nationality. Although three resolutions were offered, only one made it to the convention floor. When black delegates attempted to bypass the Committee on Organization (which had jurisdiction over the resolutions) and introduce the amendments on the floor of the 1921 AFL convention, Tobin supported Gompers in declaring the amendment out of order because it violated the AFL's explicit policy of noninterference in its members' affairs.^[12]
Tobin tried and failed to get the AFL to endorse Robert M. La Follette for President in 1924. He became increasingly involved in Democratic politics, and chaired the Labor Bureau of the Democratic National Committee in 1932, 1936, 1940, and 1944.²³ His re-appointment in 1936 by DNC chair James A. Farley deeply upset the leadership of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), who felt Tobin an uninspired campaigner and strategist. In response, the CIO formed Labor's Non-Partisan League to fully and completely mobilize labor support for Roosevelt.^[13]
When Tobin attempted to obtain AFL endorsement of the candidacy of Democrat Alfred E. Smith in the 1928 presidential election, AFL President William Green forced a resolution through the AFL Executive Council which reaffirmed the federation's nonpartisan policy. Tobin resigned as treasurer of the AFL in anger. Although Green and others feared the Teamsters might withdraw from the federation, Tobin assured the Executive Council he had no intention of doing so.^9[14]

Presidency, 1931-1952

When Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president in 1932, William Green and other AFL officials attempted to have Tobin appointed Secretary of Labor. Roosevelt appeared to express an interest in Tobin, but told close associates he was also considering John P. Frey and Edward McGrady. Roosevelt eventually chose Frances Perkins, angering Green.^9[15]
He was elected a vice president of the AFL in 1934, after the council expanded to 18.^[16] He was appointed chair of the Committee on Laws, which oversaw constitutional amendments to the AFL constitution. As chair of the committee, Tobin blocked proposals by John L. Lewis in 1935 to weaken craft unionism and permit industrial unionism.^[17]
Tobin denounced the Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934, and later trusteed the local which had led the strike.^[18]
Tobin was a very strong anti-communist and anti-fascist. He argued that holding radical ideas was not enough to warrant expulsion of a union from the AFL, but supporting the Communist Party was. His anti-fascist views were given less prominence in his actions. However, he was highly critical of Father Charles Coughlin. When President Green sent an observer to a meeting of Coughlin's National Union for Social Justice, Tobin excoriated Green for doing so (and for not consulting the Executive Council first).⁹
Tobin did not oppose passage of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). However, he expressed deep concern that the Act did not expressly protect craft unionism and the right of craft unions to protect their jurisdiction through the creation of craft-based bargaining units. Tobin convinced the AFL to seek introduction of an amendment permitting bargaining units along craft lines. But although Senator Robert F. Wagner agreed to submit an amendment, he failed to do so. Despite this failure to amend the bill, Tobin strongly supported the Act. But after the quick growth of the CIO under the NLRB, Tobin became disenchanted and though the NLRA should be repealed and the NLRB disbanded.^9[19]
Although Tobin supported the principle of craft unionism, he was tolerant of unions which advocated industrial unionism under certain limitations. In many ways, the Teamsters were already an industrial union, with wide diversity in membership, and Tobin advocated a moderate line toward industrial unionism in part to defend his own union. When the AFL Executive Council proposed in July 1935 suspending the unions which had formed the Committee for Industrial Organization, Tobin argued that the Executive Council lacked the authority to do so.^[20] But once the Executive Council's decision was made, Tobin enforced it and ordered Teamster local unions to cut off relations with CIO unions.⁹
Tobin remained eager to heal the breach between AFL and CIO, however. Tobin had a strong relationship with John L. Lewis,^[21] and the AFL relied on this relationship in peace talks. Tobin was a member of the AFL committee involved in merger talks in 1936, 1937, and 1939, helped negotiate the 1942 agreement which established a joint AFL-CIO jurisdictional disputes committee. He played an active role in the 1943 negotiations to get United Mine Workers of America back into AFL, and served on the Committee of Ten which negotiated the merger of the AFL and CIO in 1955.⁹
In June 1940, President Roosevelt appointed Tobin to be the official White House liaison to organized labor. But Tobin resigned on August 26, 1940. He accepted re-appointment as chair of the Labor Division of the Democratic National Committee as worries about Roosevelt's ability to win a third term mounted.^[22]
The first real challenge to Tobin's leadership of the Teamsters came in 1940, when dissident members of the union accuse him of being a dictator over the union's affairs. Tobin angrily denied the charges.^[23] Over the next year, however, Tobin cracked down on dissidents and trusteed several large locals led by his political opponents.^[24]
He twice refused offers to be Secretary of Labor—in 1944 and 1947.²
The Teamsters paid him very well--a salary of $30,000 by 1940, when the large union had 450,000 members. Tobin was aggressively anti-communist, and was active in international labor affairs.² In 1947 he was forced to turn over operations to Dave Beck. He retired in 1952, with union membership at 1.26 million.²
After William Green died on November 20, 1952, Meany and Tobin contended for the presidency of the AFL. Tobin fell short by one vote on the first informal ballot. He withdrew from the running, convinced that Meany would eventually defeat him. The formal vote taken after his withdrawal was unanimous for Meany.^[25]

Fight with the United Brewery Workers

Much of Tobin's presidency was consumed by a long-running and sometimes physically violent jurisdictional battle with the National Union of United Brewery Workmen.
The Brewery Workmen's union had formed in 1886 and affiliated with the AFL in 1887, and was one of the first one of the first industrial unions in the U.S. The Brewery Workmen engaged in numerous jurisdictional disputes with unions representing firefighters, teamsters and engineers. One of Shea's first actions as president was to challenge the formal jurisdiction of the Brewery Workmen. AFL conventions in 1903 and 1905 as well as a special arbitrator had found against the Brewery Workmen.⁹⁵
At Tobin's insistence, in 1907 the AFL revoked the Brewery Workers' charter. But a firestorm of protest from local unions around the country led the AFL to reinstate the charter in 1909, albeit with a number of limitations on the union's ability to organize workers outside of its newly-narrowed jurisdiction. In 1913, Tobin demanded that the Brewery Workmen turn over all beer wagon drivers to the Teamsters. This time, however, the AFL convention ruled in the Brewery Workmen's favor. A 1915 agreement between the Teamsters and Brewery Workmen seemed to settle the jurisdictional question.⁹⁵
But after the end of Prohibition in 1933, Tobin again demanded that the brewers' union cede jurisdiction over drivers to the Teamsters. On April 24, 1933, the AFL Executive Council agreed. The union, now known as the United Brewery, Flour, Cereal and Soft Drink Workers of America (or United Brewery Workers) refused. The Council's ruling was upheld at the AFL Convention in November 1933. Green and the president of the United Brewery Workers reached an agreement to permit the workers themselves determine which union they wished to belong to. But the United Brewery Workers reneged on the agreement. Tobin asked Green to suspend the United Brewery Workers from the AFL. The Executive Council suspended the union in 1935 convention of the AFL, but delegates to the AFL Convention asked Green to mediate the dispute before suspension occurred. The peace talks failed.^95[26]
The United Brewery Workers filed suit in federal court in 1936 for an injunction barring the suspension and transfer of workers to the Teamsters. On October 6, 1939, on the eve of the AFL convention, the District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia ruled that the AFL could not transfer jurisdiction over beer drivers to the Teamsters without violating the rights of the United Brewery Workers.^[27] The AFL appealed the ruling. On March 17, 1941, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit reversed, concluding that the dispute fell under the jurisdiction of the Norris-LaGuardia Act. The appellate court found that the AFL had acted within the scope of its constitutional power, and that no contractual rights had been abrogated.^[28]
While the appeal was proceeding, the delegates to the 1939 AFL Convention established yet another committee to seek a solution to the jurisdictional battle.^[29] The resolution passed over Tobin's strong objections. At the committee's hearing in mid-November of 1939, the United Brewery Workers reiterated their belief that the Teamsters were in violation of the 1915 jurisdictional agreement. Tobin rejected this interpretation, arguing that subsequent AFL conventions had overturned the agreement in favor of the Teamsters. The Brewery Workers offered a plan to submit the controversy to a vote of the workers, but Tobin rejected this as well.^[30]95
The committee recommended that the AFL continue to seek peace between the two unions. But Green and the Executive Council felt a resolution was not possible. On October 13, 1941, the Supreme Court of the United States refused to grant certiorari and denied the appeal of the United Brewery Workers.^[31] The November 1941 AFL Convention suspended the Brewery Workers by a vote of 30,202 to 1,765 (9,859 abstaining).⁹⁵
Tobin led the Teamsters in a series of raids against the United Brewery Workers for the next several years. Both unions also fought over the same workers in numerous organizing campaigns after the Teamsters established "Bottled Beer Drivers and Bottlers" locals throughout the country in 1942. Tobin's Teamsters, with nearly 1 million members, easily bested the 50,000-member United Brewery Workers in a number of disputes. In early 1946, the United Brewery Workers sought to reaffiliate with the AFL in order to stop the debilitating jurisdictional war, but Tobin refused to agree to their readmittance until they turned their remaining beer drivers over to the Teamsters. Outraged at the veto wielded by Tobin, the United Brewery Workers affiliated with the CIO in July 1946.^5[32]
A major dispute broke out on September 29, 1946 in Pennsylvania. A Pittsburgh-based union, Local 144 of the United Brewery Workers, voted to return to the AFL and join the Teamsters. The United Brewery Workers trusteed the local and blocked the disaffiliation. Tobin ordered all Teamster locals at Pennsylvania breweries and bottlers (including soft drink manufacturers in addition to beer bottlers) out on the picket line, effectively closing 63 brewers as other unions refused to cross the lines. The United Brewery Workers then engaged in a jurisdictional strike. Since the CIO union controlled the dock and receiving workers, the jurisdictional strike shut the plants down as supplies could not be off-loaded from trucks and given to warehouse workers. The Pittsburgh Building and Trades Council, an affiliate of the AFL, refused to engage in any construction at breweries or bottlers. Tobin responded by threatening to have 56 locals halt all truck deliveries to brewers or bottlers in Pennsylvania, Maryland, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. Tobin also threatened a railroad embargo of the city of Pittsburgh, so that no freight would be offloaded or moved from rail cars. CIO president Philip Murray told the press that he might order locals of the United Steelworkers out on strike in retaliation. Fears grew that the labor war would spread across the country.^[33]
The Pittsburgh "beer war" quickly grew violent. A large crowd of Teamsters severely beat a member of the United Brewery Workers when he tried to report for work. At least 13 bombings occurred throughout the city, and six members of the Teamsters were tried on charges of incitement to riot and possession of illegal explosives. Violence spread to other cities in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Ohio. In Philadelphia, a two-day street brawl between Teamsters and United Brewery Workers members caused nine people to be hospitalized. To help settle the dispute, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) set an election for February 13, 1947, to settle the disagreement. Tobin rejected the NLRB's election results out of hand, however, since the labor board refused to put the Teamsters on the ballot.^[34] The United Brewery Workers easily won the election, 1,734 to 259. Although Tobin refused to accept the results, the situation in Pittsburgh was greatly calmed by the NLRB vote. Civic and business leaders soon implemented the "Toledo Plan" to establish industrial peace following the "beer war."^[35]
Although relationship between the Teamsters and United Brewery Workers never worsened so badly ever again, the two unions continued to raid one another and interfere in each other's organizing drives. In 1949, Teamsters Secretary-Treasurer Dave Beck announced an $18 million organizing drive aimed at raiding Brewery Workers locals. After the Brewers retaliated and raided several Teamsters locals in the Midwest, the Teamsters raided 5,500 United Brewery Workers members in New Jersey. Raiding continued long after Tobin stepped down as Teamsters president in 1952.^[36]

Retirement and death

He settled in Miami Beach, Florida, in a lavish home built for him by the union (which also supplied him, free of charge, with a car and driver, full-time maid, and reimbursement for all incidental expenses for the rest of his life). In October 1955, he was flown to Indianapolis, Indiana, and hospitalized at St. Vincent's Hospital suffering from hypertension and coronary heart disease. He died from complications related to the two diseases on November 14, 1955.² He was interred in Indianapolis.^[37]

Notes

1. Fink, ''Biographical Dictionary of American Labor,'' 1984.
2. "Daniel Tobin Dies," ''New York Times,'' November 15, 1955.
3. Taft, ''The A.F. of L. in the Time of Gompers,'' 1957.
4. Leidenberger, ''Chicago's Progressive Alliance: Labor and the Bid for Public Streetcars,'' 2006.
5. Foner, ''History of the Labor Movement in the United States: The Policies and Practices of the American Federation of Labor, 1900-1909,'' 1964.
6. Foner, ''History of the Labor Movement in the United States: Labor and World War I, 1914-1918,'' 1987.
7. At the time, the offices of secretary and treasurer were separate. "Re-Elect Gompers, Lennon Defeated," ''New York Times,'' November 25, 1917.
8. AFL president Samuel Gompers and Tobin quickly became close friends and supporters of one another.
Tobin served as one of the AFL's delegates to the President's Industrial Commission in 1919.
That same year, Gompers chose Tobin as the AFL's second delegate to the founding convention of the International Federation of Trade Unions (IFTU)."Labor Leaders to Sail," ''New York Times,'' July 4, 1919.
9. Taft, ''The A.F. of L. From the Death of Gompers to the Merger,'' 1959.
10. "Labor Conference Bars Bolshevism," ''New York Times,'' November 16, 1918.
11. "Tobin Quits A.F.L. Council," ''New York Times,'' September 13, 1921.
12. Foner, ''History of the Labor Movement in the United States: The T.U.E.L., 1925-1929,'' 1994.
13. Schlesinger, ''The Age of Roosevelt: The Politics of Upheaval, 1935-1936,'' 1960.
14. "A.F of L. Neutral, Despite Smith Plea," ''New York Times,'' August 8, 1928.
15. Schlesinger, ''The Age of Roosevelt: Crisis of the Old Order, 1919-1933,'' 1957; "Roosevelt Is Asked to Make Tobin Aide," ''New York Times,'' December 20, 1932.
16. In 1933, Lewis proposed expanding the AFL Executive Council to 18 members from 11 members. Tobin argued this would have the effect of diluting support for President Green, and was a "sinister plot" to topple the president. Lewis, sitting on the dais on Green's left, caustically denied the charge. Tobin, sitting on Green's right, rose to his feet. Both men nearly came to blows before Green humorously defused the tension by declaring that this was merely a dispute between "two young boys." Stark, "A.F. of L. Rejects 'New Leadership'," ''New York Times,'' October 12, 1933. Oddly, the expansion which had almost led Tobin and John L. Lewis to come to blows in 1933 led to little discussion a year later. Both Lewis and Tobin were elected to the expanded council. "7 Added to Council to Govern A.F. of L.," ''New York Times,'' October 13, 1934.
17. Stark, "Fist Fight Puts A.F. of L. In Uproar," ''New York Times,'' October 20, 1935.
18. Schlesinger, ''The Age of Roosevelt: The Coming of the New Deal, 1933-1935,'' 1959.
19. "Teamsters Score NLRB," ''Associated Press,'' June 19, 1942; "Teamsters Union Asks Repeal Of Wagner Act and End of NLRB," ''New York Times,'' January 9, 1945.
20. Most historians conclude Tobin was correct. For example, Taft notes that the Executive Council ignored parliamentary procedure (including a motion made by Tobin) in order to ram through a motion by President Green to try the CIO unions. Taft, ''The A.F. of L. From the Death of Gompers to the Merger,'' 1959; Phelan, ''William Green: Biography of a Labor Leader,'' 1989.
21. Tobin had been one of the few supporters of the United Mine Workers in the 1919 coal strike.
22. Stark, "White House Link to Conciliate A.F.L.," ''New York Times,'' June 11, 1940; "Tobin, to Aid Flynn, Quits White House," ''New York Times,'' August 27, 1940.
23. Stark, "Dictatorship Issue Stirs Teamsters," ''New York Times,'' September 14, 1940.
24. "Teamsters Order 2d Ouster in Jersey," ''Associated Press,'' March 12, 1941; "Seceding Drivers Face Union Strife," ''New York Times,'' June 11, 1941.
25. Buhle, ''Taking Care of Business: Samuel Gompeers, George Meany, Lane Kirkland, and the Tragedy of American Labor,'' 1999.
26. "Craft Unionists Win in Federation," ''New York Times,'' October 11, 1933.
27. ''Obergfell v. Green,'' 29 F. Supp. 589 (1939); "A.F.L. Is Enjoined In Unions' Merger," ''New York Times,'' October 7, 1939.
28. ''Green v. Obergfell,'' 73 App. D.C. 298; 121 F.2d 46 (1941). See also "Backs AFL Authority," ''New York Times,'' March 18, 1941.
29. Stark, "Court Order Spurs A.F.L. Peace Move," ''New York Times,'' October 9, 1939.
30. When a similar agreement had been reached in 1933, the leadership of the United Brewery Workers had agreed to remain neutral in the election. They had violated this agreement, and Tobin concluded they would not respect any subsequent election agreement, either.
31. ''Obergfell v. Green,'' 314 U.S. 637; 62 S. Ct. 72; 86 L. Ed. 511 (1941).
32. "AFL Will Discuss Return of Brewers," ''New York Times,'' January 27, 1946.
33. "Dispute Hampers Breweries," ''Associated Press,'' October 3, 1946; "AFL and CIO Dispute Over Brewery Union," ''New York Times,'' October 22, 1946; "Breweries Face Supply Blockade," ''New York Times,'' October 24, 1946.
34. The choice was between union and no union.
35. "NLRB Voting Set in AFL Beer Fight," ''New York Times,'' February 9, 1947; "9 Hurt in AFL-CIO Clash," ''New York Times,'' November 27, 1946; "Bombings and Beatings in AFL-CIO Rivalry in Beer Trade Are Told to House Committee," ''New York Times,'' March 7, 1947; Committee on Education and Labor, ''The Pittsburgh Beer War,'' 1947.
36. Levey, "Beck Details Plan of Teamster Drive," ''New York Times,'' January 15, 1949; "CIO Union Defies Beck," ''New York Times,'' February 21, 1949; "CIO Brewery Unit Wins," ''Associated Press,'' September 2, 1949; "Brewery Tie-Up Reduces St. Louis Beer to Trickle," ''Associated Press,'' October 24, 1951; Levey, "Major Test Snaps A.F.L.-C.I.O. Peace," ''New York Times,'' March 21, 1952.
37. "Rites Held for Tobin," ''New York Times,'' November 18, 1955.

References

★ "A.F of L. Neutral, Despite Smith Plea." ''New York Times.'' August 8, 1928.

★ "AFL and CIO Dispute Over Brewery Union." ''New York Times.'' October 22, 1946.

★ "A.F.L. Is Enjoined In Unions' Merger." ''New York Times.'' October 7, 1939.

★ "A.F.L. Merger Rejected." ''Associated Press.'' July 3, 1953.

★ "A.F.L. Teamsters Ask C.I.O. Union to Merge." ''New York Times.'' June 24, 1953.

★ "AFL Will Discuss Return of Brewers." ''New York Times.'' January 27, 1946.

★ "A.F.L.-C.I.O. Backing Teamster Rebellion." ''Associated Press.'' August 20, 1961.

★ "Backs AFL Authority." ''New York Times.'' March 18, 1941.

★ "Big Brewer Local and Chiefs Split." ''New York Times.'' September 26, 1954.

★ "Bombings and Beatings in AFL-CIO Rivalry in Beer Trade Are Told to House Committee." ''New York Times.'' March 7, 1947.

★ "Breweries Face Supply Blockade." ''New York Times.'' October 24, 1946.

★ "Brewery Tie-Up Reduces St. Louis Beer to Trickle." ''Associated Press.'' October 24, 1951.

★ "Brewery Workers Accuse Teamsters." ''New York Times.'' March 12, 1956.

★ "Brewery Workers Merger With Teamsters Is Backed." ''New York Times.'' October 24, 1973.

★ Buhle, Paul. ''Taking Care of Business: Samuel Gompers, George Meany, Lane Kirkland, and the Tragedy of American Labor.'' New York: Monthly Review Press, 1999. ISBN 1583670041

★ "CIO Brewery Unit Wins." ''Associated Press.'' September 2, 1949.

★ "C.I.O. Calls Beck Threat to Unions." ''New York Times.'' November 17, 1953.

★ "C.I.O to Approve No-Raiding Pact." ''New York Times.'' November 15, 1953.

★ "CIO Union Defies Beck." ''New York Times.'' February 21, 1949.

★ Committee on Education and Labor, United States House of Representatives. ''The Pittsburgh Beer War. Hearings before the special subcommittee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, pursuant to H. Res. 111.'' 80th Congress, 1st session. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1947.

★ "Craft Unionists Win in Federation." ''New York Times.'' October 11, 1933.

★ "Daniel Tobin Dies." ''New York Times.'' November 15, 1955.

★ "Dispute Hampers Breweries." ''Associated Press.'' October 3, 1946.

★ Fink, Gary M., ed. ''Biographical Dictionary of American Labor.'' Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 1984. ISBN 0313228655

★ Foner, Philip S. ''History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 3: The Policies and Practices of the American Federation of Labor, 1900-1909.'' New York: International Publishers, 1964. Cloth ISBN 0-7178-0093-8; Paperback ISBN 0-7178-0389-9

★ Foner, Philip S. ''History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 7: Labor and World War I, 1914-1918.'' New York: International Publishers, 1987. Cloth ISBN 0717806383; Paperback ISBN 0717806278

★ Foner, Philip S. ''History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 10: The T.U.E.L., 1925-1929.'' New York: International Publishers, 1994. Cloth ISBN 071780691X; Paperback ISBN 0-7178-0091-X

★ Garnel, Donald. ''The Rise of Teamster Power in the West.'' Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1972. ISBN 0520017331

★ Korth, Philip. ''Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934.'' East Lansing, Mich.: Michigan State University Press, 1995. ISBN 0870133853

★ "Labor Conference Bars Bolshevism." ''New York Times.'' November 16, 1918.

★ "Labor Leaders to Sail." ''New York Times.'' July 4, 1919.

★ Leidenberger, Georg. ''Chicago's Progressive Alliance: Labor and the Bid for Public Streetcars.'' DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, 2006. ISBN 0875803563

★ Leiter, Robert D. ''The Teamsters Union A Study Of Its Economic Impact.'' New York: Bookman Associates, 1957.

★ Levey, Stanley. "Beck Details Plan of Teamster Drive." ''New York Times.'' January 15, 1949.

★ Levey, Stanley. "Major Test Snaps A.F.L.-C.I.O. Peace." ''New York Times.'' March 21, 1952.

★ Loftus, Joseph A. "Labor Still Seeks Union Raiding Ban." ''New York Times.'' December 15, 1953.

★ "More Brewers Quit C.I.O." ''Associated Press.'' July 21, 1953.

★ "NLRB Voting Set in AFL Beer Fight." ''New York Times.'' February 9, 1947.

★ "9 Hurt in AFL-CIO Clash." ''New York Times.'' November 27, 1946.

★ "94 Unions Accept No-Raiding Pact." ''New York Times.'' June 10, 1954.

★ Phelan, Craig. ''William Green: Biography of a Labor Leader.'' Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1989. ISBN 0887068707

★ Pomfret, John D. "Hoffa Wins Poll in Philadelphia." ''New York Times.'' November 19, 1962.

★ "Re-Elect Gompers, Lennon Defeated." ''New York Times.'' November 25, 1917.

★ "Reuther Accuses A.F.L. of 'Raiding'." ''New York Times.'' July 13, 1953.

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★ "Roosevelt Is Asked to Make Tobin Aide." ''New York Times.'' December 20, 1932.

★ Schlesinger Jr., Arthur M. ''The Age of Roosevelt: The Coming of the New Deal, 1933-1935.'' New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1959. ISBN 0395081602

★ Schlesinger Jr., Arthur M. ''The Age of Roosevelt: Crisis of the Old Order, 1919-1933.'' New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1957. ISBN 0395081599

★ Schlesinger Jr., Arthur M. ''The Age of Roosevelt: The Politics of Upheaval, 1935-1936.'' New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1960. ISBN 0618340874

★ "Seceding Drivers Face Union Strife." ''New York Times.'' June 11, 1941.

★ "7 Added to Council to Govern A.F. of L." ''New York Times.'' October 13, 1934.

★ "7 Brewery Locals Join A.F.L." ''Associated Press.'' January 26, 1954.

★ "7 Brewery Locals Vote to Quit C.I.O." ''New York Times.'' July 7, 1953.

★ Stark, Louis. "A.F. of L. Rejects 'New Leadership'." ''New York Times.'' October 12, 1933.

★ Stark, Louis. "Court Order Spurs A.F.L. Peace Move." ''New York Times.'' October 9, 1939.

★ Stark, Louis. "Dictatorship Issue Stirs Teamsters." ''New York Times.'' September 14, 1940.

★ Stark, Louis. "Fist Fight Puts A.F. of L. In Uproar." ''New York Times.'' October 20, 1935.

★ Stark, Louis. "White House Link to Conciliate A.F.L." ''New York Times.'' June 11, 1940.

★ Taft, Philip. ''The A.F. of L. From the Death of Gompers to the Merger.'' Hardback reprint ed. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1959. ISBN 0374977143

★ Taft, Philip. ''The A.F. of L. in the Time of Gompers.'' Hardback reprint. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1957. ISBN 0374977348

★ "Teamsters Order 2d Ouster in Jersey." ''Associated Press.'' March 12, 1941.

★ "Teamsters Plan Merger With Brewery Workers." ''Associated Press.'' August 3, 1972.

★ "Teamsters Score NLRB." ''Associated Press.'' June 19, 1942.

★ "Teamsters' Union Accused of 'Raid'." ''New York Times.'' July 22, 1955.

★ "Teamsters Union Asks Repeal Of Wagner Act and End of NLRB." ''New York Times.'' January 9, 1945.

★ "3 More Brewery Locals Switch to A.F.L." ''New York Times.'' July 9, 1953.

★ "Tobin Quits A.F.L. Council." ''New York Times.'' September 13, 1921.

★ "Tobin, to Aid Flynn, Quits White House." ''New York Times.'' August 27, 1940.

★ "Union Protests Transfer." ''New York Times.'' July 9, 1953.

★ Van Tine, Warren R. "Tobin, Daniel Joseph." In ''Dictionary of American Biography. Supplement 5.'' New York: Charles Scribner, 1977.

External links

★ Labor Press Project

★ The First Teamsters