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'Danylo of Halych' (, Danylo Halytsky), (1201 – 1264) King of Halych (1205–1206, 1211–1212, 1229–1231, 1233–1235, 1238–1255), Peremyshl (1211), and Volodymyr-Volynsky (1212–1231). He was crowned by a papal archbishop in Dorohychyn 1253 as the 1st King of Halych-Volhynia (1253–1264).

Contents

Biography

Family

See also

References

External links

Biography

In 1205, after the death of his father, Roman Mstyslavich, the ruler of Halych-Volynia, the boyars of Galicia forced the four-year-old Danylo into exile with his mother Anna of Byzantium and brother Vasylko. After the boyars proclaimed one of their own as prince in 1213, the Poles and Hungarians invaded the principality, ostensibly to support the claims of young Danylo and Vasylko, and divided it between themselves. In 1219 he renounced his claims to Halych in favour of his father-in-law Mstislav the Bold.
In 1221 Danylo re-established his rule over Volhynia, where the boyars and populace had remained loyal to his dynasty. By 1238, he had defeated the Teutonic Knights, and regained most of Galicia, including the capital at Halych. While the Prussians were under pressure from the Teutonic Order, Daniel attempted to conquer the related Yatvingians.
The following year, Danylo acquired Kiev, the traditional capital of the defunct state of Kievan Rus'. Faced with the Mongol menace, he sent his commander Dmytro to defend the city. However, after a long siege its walls were breached and despite fierce fighting within the city, Kiev fell on December 6 1240 and was largely destroyed. A year later, the Mongols passed through Galicia and Volhynia while campaigning against the Poles and Hungarians, destroying Halych. On 17 August 1245, Danylo defeated a combined force of the Prince of Chernihiv, disaffected boyars, and Hungarian and Polish (see also Order of Dobrin) elements at Yaroslav and finally took the remainder of Galicia, thus reconstituting his father's holdings. He made his brother Vasylko ruler of Volhynia and retained the Galician title for himself, though he continued to exercise real powers in both places.
Danylo's domestic policies focused on stability and economic growth. During his rule, German, Polish, and Ukrainian merchants and artisans were invited into Galicia, and numbers of Armenians and Jews established themselves in the towns and cities. Danylo founded the towns of Lviv (1256) and Kholm (naming the former for his son), and fortified many others. He appointed officials to protect the peasantry from aristocratic exploitation and formed peasant-based heavy infantry units.
Yet Danylo's successes and his failed defense of Kiev attracted the further attention of the Mongols. In 1246, he was summoned to the capital of the Golden Horde at Sarai on the Volga River and was forced to accept Mongol overlordship. According to the Ukrainian historian Orest Subtelny, Danylo was handed a cup of fermented mare's milk by the Mongol khan Batu and told to get used to it, as "you are one of ours now."
While formally accepting the Mongols as overlords, and supplying them with soldiers as required, Danylo built a foreign policy around opposition to the Golden Horde. He established cordial relations with the rulers of Poland and Hungary, and requested aid from Pope Innocent IV in the form of a crusade. In return for papal assistance, Danylo offered to place his lands under the ecclesiastical authority of Rome, a pledge never realized. Wooed by the prospect of extending his authority, the pope encouraged Danylo's resistance to the Mongols and his Western orientation, and in 1253, had a papal representative crown Danylo at Dorohochyn on the Bug River. The following year, Danylo repelled Mongol assaults on Ponyzia and Volhynia and dispatched an expedition with the aim of taking Kiev. Despite initial successes, in 1259, a Mongol force under Burundai entered Galicia and Volhynia and offered an ultimatum: Danylo was to destroy his fortifications or Burundai would assault the towns. Danylo complied and pulled down the city walls.
In the last years of his reign, Danylo engaged in dynastic politics, marrying a son and a daughter to the offspring of Mindaugas of Lithuania and acquiring territorial concessions in Poland from the latter. He also arranged for the marriage of his son Roman to Gertrude, the Babenberg heiress, but was unsuccessful in his bid to have him placed on the ducal throne of Austria.
By his death in 1264, Danylo had reconstructed and expanded the territories held by his father, held off the expansionist threats of Poland and Hungary, minimized Mongol influence on Western Ukraine, and raised the economic and social standards of his domains. He was succeeded in Galicia by his son Lev.

Family

'Mother'

★ Anna, allegedly a Byzantine noblewoman (+ after 1219), Princess of Halych-Volynia ca 1200 - 1205, Grand Princess of Kiev 1203 - 1205
'Father'

★ Roman the Great (
★ ca 1150, + murdered nr Zavikhvost 19 June 1205), Prince of Novgorod 1168 - 1170, Prince of Volynia 1173 - 1187, 1188 - 1205, Prince of Halych 1187 - 1188, 1199 - 1205, Grand Prince of Kiev 1203 - 1205
'Wives'

★ Anna of Novgorod (+ bef. 1252), 1218, daughter of Mstislav the Bold

★ NN, niece of King Mindaugas of Lithuania, bef. 1252
'Brother'

★ Vasilko Romanovich (
★ 1203, + 1269), Prince of Belz 1207 - 1211, Prince of Brest 1221 - 1231, Prince of Volhynia 1231 - 1269
'Sisters'

★ Feodora of Galicia (+ after 1200), m. 1187 (div 1188) Vasilko of Galicia

★ Maria of Galicia (+ after 1241), m. before 1200 Michael of Chernigov, sometime grand prince of Kiev and ultimately a saint.
'Sons'

★ Irakli Danylovich (
★ ca 1223, +by 1240)

★ Lev Danylovich (
★ ca 1228, +ca 1301), Prince of Belz 1245 - 1264, Prince of Peremyshl 1264 - 1269, Prince of Halych 1269 - 1301, Prince of Halych-Volynia 1293 - 1301 ; he moved his capital from Halych to the newly-founded city of Lviv(Lwów, Lemberg), m. 1257 Constance, daughter of Béla IV of Hungary.

★ Roman Danylovich (
★ ca 1230, +ca 1261), Prince of Black Ruthenia (Navahradak) 1255? - 1260?, and Slonim

★ Mstislav Danylovich (+aft 1300), Prince of Lutsk 1265 - 1289, Prince of Volynia 1289 - aft 1300

★ Švarn the Lightning (Shvarno, Švarnas, Ioann; +1269, bur. Chelm), Grand Prince of Lithuania 1264 - 1267 (1268 - 1269?), Prince of Chelm 1264 - 1269
'Daughters'

★ Pereyaslava (+ 12 April 1283), m. ca 1248 Prince Siemowit I of Masovia

★ Ustinia, m. 1250/1251 Prince Andrew II of Vladimir-Suzdal

★ Sofia Danylovna, m. 1259 Graf Heinrich V von Schwarzburg-Blankenburg

See also

★ List of rulers of Halych and Volhynia

References

★ Ukraine: A History, , Orest, Subtelny, University of Toronto Press, 1988, ISBN 0-8020-5808-6

External links

★ Danylo Romanovych at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine

★ Genealogy of Danylo's family