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A 'nightclub' (or "night club" or "club") is a drinking, dancing, and entertainment venue which does its primary business after dark. A nightclub is usually distinguished from bars, pubs or taverns, by the inclusion of a dance floor and a DJ booth, where a DJ plays recorded dance and pop music. Some nightclubs have other forms of entertainment, such as comedians, "go-go" dancers, a floor show or strippers (see strip club). The music in nightclubs is either live bands or, more commonly a mix of songs played by a DJ through a powerful PA system. Most clubs or club nights cater to certain music genres, such as house music or salsa.

Contents

Types

History

Early history

1970s: Disco

1980s London

1990s and 2000s

See also

References

Types

In the US, the largest nightclubs are found in New York, Miami, Chicago, Las Vegas, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Washington, D.C.. Elsewhere in the world, nightclubs congregate in major and capital cities, although often even very small towns and cities feature at least one nightclub, often the sole focus for weekend late night activities.
Nightclubs often feature lighting and other effects, to enhance the dancing experiences. Lighting and effects include flashing colored lights, moving light beams, laser light shows, strobe lights, a mirror-covered disco balls, or foam, and smoke machines.
Nightclub hours vary widely; depending on the liquor regulations in a region, in the U.S nightclubs may stay open until 1 AM or even 4 AM. In some cities, illegal "after hours" clubs stay open and serve alcohol after the legal closing time. However, in many other countries such as the United Kingdom, Japan and Australia, nightclubs stay open legally all night and into early daylight hours. Particularly in the United Kingdom where alcohol can be bought 24 hours legally, this has resulted in some nightclubs staying open for 24 hours.

Variant types of nightclubs include non-smoking and alcohol-free nightclubs, or comedy clubs. Restaurants or supper clubs may provide music and entertainment similar to that provided by a nightclub. However, the food is the main attraction at these establishments, whereas entertainment is the main attraction at a nightclub. Another type of club is a concert club, which specializes in hosting performances of live music. In contrast to regular night clubs, concert clubs are usually only open when a performance is scheduled. Another type of nightclub is the under 18's kind, this is usually one night a week/month where the nightclub opens business for those usually over 14 and under 18. On these nights alcohol isn't served and chewing gum is sometimes forbidden too. These under 18's nights are especially popular for schoolkids in the UK.
Nightclubs are usually built in former warehouses and cinemas, underground buildings, and custom-built buildings, with thick, insulated walls and few or no windows, so that the neighboring buildings will not be disturbed by the powerful beat of the dance music and the flashing strobe lights. As well, this style of construction keeps light and noise from the street from entering the club. This allows the nightclub to turn the dance floor into an alternate, illusory realm of timelessness. Even if an all-night rave at a nightclub lasts until 6 AM, when it is light outside, to the clubgoers, it is still dark inside the club, and the partying and dancing continue.

In most cases entering a night club requires a flat fee called a cover charge. Early arrivers and women often have cover waived, though (in the United Kingdom at least), this latter option is illegal under the Sex Discrimination Act 1975. Friends of the doorman or the club owner may gain free entrance. Sometimes, especially at larger clubs, one only gets a pay card at the entrance, on which all money spent in the discotheque (often including the entrance fee) is marked. Sometimes entrance fee and wardrobe costs are paid by cash and only the drinks in the club are paid using a pay card.

History

Early history

During US Prohibition, nightclubs went underground as illegal speakeasy bars. With the repeal of Prohibition in February 1933 nightclubs were revived, such as New York's Stork Club, El Morocco and the Copacabana. In Harlem, the Cotton Club was a popular venue for white audiences. Before 1953 and even some years thereafter, most bars and nightclubs used a jukebox or mostly live bands. In Paris, at a club named ''Whisky à Gogo'', Régine laid down a dance-floor, suspended coloured lights and replaced the juke-box with two turntables which she operated herself so there would be no breaks between the music. The Whisky à Gogo set into place the standard elements of the modern ''discotheque''-style nightclub. In the early 1960s, Mark Birley opened a members-only discotheque nightclub, Annabel's, in Berkeley Square, London. However, the first rock and roll generation preferred rough and tumble bars and taverns to elegant nightclubs, and the nightclub did attain mainstream popularity until the 1970s disco era.

1970s: Disco

By the late 1970s many major US cities had thriving disco club scenes which were centered around discotheques, nightclubs, and private loft parties where DJs would play disco hits through powerful PA systems for the dancers. The DJs played "... a smooth mix of long single records to keep people “dancing all night long” "^[1] Some of the most prestigious clubs had elaborate lighting systems that throbbed to the beat of the music. The largest UK cities like Liverpool, Manchester, London and several key European places like Paris, Berlin, Ibiza, Rimini also played a significant role in the evolution of clubbing, DJ culture and nightlife.
Some cities had disco dance instructors or dance schools which taught people how to do popular disco dances such as "touch dancing", the "hustle" and the "cha cha." There were also disco fashions that discotheque-goers wore for nights out at their local disco, such as sheer, flowing Halston dresses for women and shiny polyester Qiana shirts for men. Disco clubs and "...hedonistic loft parties" had a club culture which had many African American, gay ^[2] and hispanic people.
In addition to the dance and fashion aspects of the disco club scene, there was also a thriving drug subculture, particularly for drugs that would enhance the experience of dancing to the loud music and the flashing lights, such as cocaine ^[3](nicknamed "blow"), amyl nitrite "poppers" ^[4], and the "...other quintessential 1970s club drug Quaalude, which suspended motor coordination and turned one’s arms and legs to Jell-O."^[5] The "[m]assive quantities of drugs ingested in discotheques by newly liberated gay men produced the next cultural phenomenon of the disco era: rampant promiscuity and public sex. While the dance floor was the central arena of seduction, actual sex usually took place in the nether regions of the disco: bathroom stalls, exit stairwells, and so on. In other cases the disco became a kind of “main course” in a hedonist’s menu for a night out."
Famous 1970s discotheques included "...cocaine-filled celeb hangouts such as Manhattan's ''Studio 54'' ", which was operated by Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager. Studio 54 was notorious for the hedonism that went on within; the balconies were known for sexual encounters, and drug use was rampant. Its dance floor was decorated with an image of the "Man in the Moon" that included an animated cocaine spoon. Other famous discotheques included the ''Loft'', the ''Paradise Garage'', and ''Aux Puces'', one of the first gay disco bars. By the early 1980s, the term "disco" had largely fallen out of favor in North America).

1980s London

London during the 1980s was perhaps the most vibrant and innovative city for nightclubs. The early eighties saw the New Romantic movement become fashionable with clubs like The Blitz,the Camden Palace and Club for Heroes. The movement nominally headed by the appropiately named Steve Strange was hugely influential for the post-punk generation who were bored of the nilhilism of punk. Both music and fashion embraced the aesthetics of the movement. Bands like Depeche Mode, Human League, Duran Duran, Blondie,Eurythmics and Ultravox all owe a debt to the New Romantics and the electronic beat they favoured.. It was cool for boys to wear make-up and girls to wear a man's suit. Indeed, it was the New Romantic movement that Boy George and Culture Club emerged from, though their music, like The Police, was reggae influenced rather than the electronic vibe bands such as Visage favoured. The New Romantics shone brightly at a time when the Bristish economy was in the doldrums but by the mid eighties was no more but a memory for early eightie's youth.

1990s and 2000s

In Europe and North America, nightclubs play disco-influenced dance music such as house music, techno, and other dance music styles such as electro or trance. Most nightclubs in the U.S. major cities such as New York, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Chicago, Dallas, Atlanta, Miami, Detroit, and San Francisco play hip-hop, house and trance music. These clubs are generally the largest and most frequented of all of the different types of clubs.
In most other languages, nightclubs are referred to as "discos" or "discothèques" (French: ''discothèque''; Italian and Spanish: ''discoteca''; German: ''Disko'' or ''Diskothek''). In Japanese ディスコ, ''disuko'' refers to an older, smaller, less fashionable venue; while クラブ, ''kurabu'' refers to a more recent, larger, more popular venue. The term ''night'' is used to refer to an evening focusing on a specific genre, such as "retro music night" or a "singles night."

See also

★ Bar

★ Discothèque

★ Gay bar

★ Rave

★ Superclub

★ Supper club

★ Public house

★ Karaoke bar

★ Pay card

★ Light organ

References

1. The body and soul of club culture, , Hillegonda C., Rietveld, Unesco Courier, 2000
2. Reviews of Love Saves the Day
3. Gootenberg, Paul 1954-
Between Coca and Cocaine: A Century or More of U.S.-Peruvian Drug Paradoxes, 1860-1980
Hispanic American Historical Review - 83:1, February 2003, pp. 119-150. He says that "The relationship of cocaine to 1970s disco culture cannot be stressed enough; ..."

4. Nitrites
5. Disco, , Peter, Braunstein, American Heritage Magazine, 1999