(Redirected from Dallas)
The 'City of Dallas' (
pronounced or ) is the third-largest city in the state of
Texas and the
ninth-largest city in the
United States. The city covers and is the
county seat of
Dallas County.
[2] As of
July 1,
2006, U.S. Census estimates put Dallas at a population of 1,232,940.
The city is the main cultural and economic center of the 12-county
Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan area—at 6 million people, it is the
fourth-largest metropolitan area in the United States.
[3] Dallas is listed as a
gamma world city by the
Loughborough University Globalization and World Cities Study Group & Network.
[4]
Dallas was founded in 1841 and formally incorporated as a
city on
2 February 1856. The city is well known for its role in
the petroleum industry,
telecommunications,
computer technology,
banking, and
transportation. It is the core of the largest inland metropolitan area in the United States and lacks any
navigable link to the sea
[5]—Dallas's prominence despite this comes from its historical importance as a center for the
oil and
cotton industries, its position along numerous railroad lines, and its powerful industrial and financial tycoons.
[6]
History
Main articles: History of Dallas, Texas
Before Texas was claimed in the 1500s as a part of the
Viceroyalty of New Spain by the
Spanish Empire, the Dallas area was inhabited by the
Caddo Native Americans. Later, France also
claimed the area, but in 1819 the
Adams-OnÃs Treaty made the
Red River the northern boundary of New Spain, officially placing Dallas well within Spanish territory.
[7] The area remained under Spanish rule until 1821, when
Mexico declared independence from Spain and the area became part of the Mexican state of
Coahuila y Tejas. In 1836, the
Republic of Texas broke off from Mexico to become an independent nation.
[8] In 1839, four years into the Republic's existence,
John Neely Bryan surveyed the area around present-day Dallas. He then left for Arkansas, but returned in 1841 and founded the city of Dallas. In 1846 the Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States and
Dallas County was established.
According to the City of Dallas, the origin of the name “Dallas†is a mystery, despite claims to the contrary. Bryan stated only that it was named “after my friend Dallas.†It has often been claimed that both the county and the city were named after
George Mifflin Dallas, the eleventh
Vice President of the United States. However, there is no evidence that Bryan ever met George Mifflin Dallas, and the area was called Dallas several years before the latter was elected. Another idea, was that the name was influenced from a small town in Pennsylvania, named "Dallas"
[9]
Dallas in 1905
Other leading candidates for Dallas's
eponym are:
:1. Commodore
Alexander James Dallas, brother of George Mifflin Dallas, stationed in the Gulf of Mexico;
:2. Walter R. Dallas, who fought at San Jacinto;
:3. James L. Dallas, Walter's brother and a Texas Ranger;
:4. Joseph Dallas of Arkansas, who lived in the Cedar Springs area in 1843, and moved from Washington County (near Bryan's land holdings in Crawford County) to the Dallas area a few years after Bryan's arrival. This possibility has much support, in that founder John Neely Bryan stated that he had named the town after "his friend," and he was indeed friends with Joseph Dallas at the time.
[10]
A notable fact is that, while the namesake of the city of Dallas is not known for certain, the namesake of the county of Dallas is clear, as noted in the transcripts of the Texas legislature. Dallas County was named after Vice-President
George Mifflin Dallas, leading to the intriguing possibility that the county seat was named for a different person than the county of the same name.
[10]
Dallas was founded in 1841 and formally incorporated as a city on
2 February 1856 The city had a few
slaves, mostly brought by settlers from
Alabama and
Georgia. Dallas was just another small town dotting the Texas frontier until after the
American Civil War in which it was part of the
Confederate States of America, and only legally became a city in 1871. The city paid the
Houston and Central Texas Railroad US$5,000 to shift its route 20
miles (32
km) to the west and build its north-south tracks through Dallas, rather than through
Corsicana as planned. A year later, Dallas leaders could not pay the
Texas and Pacific Railroad to locate there, so they devised a way to trick the Railroad. Dallas had a rider attached to a state law which required the railroad to build its tracks through Browder Springs—which turned out to be just south of
Main Street. In 1873, the major north-south and east-west Texas railroad routes intersected in Dallas, thus ensuring its future as a center.
By the turn of the twentieth century Dallas was the leading drug, book, jewelry, and wholesale liquor market in the
Southwestern United States. It also quickly became the center of trade in
cotton,
grain, and even
buffalo. It was the world's leading inland cotton market, and continued to lead the world in manufacture of
saddlery and
cotton gin machinery.
As it further entered the 20th century, Dallas transformed from an agricultural center to a center of
banking,
insurance, and other businesses.
In 1930,
oil was discovered 100 miles (160 km) east of Dallas and the city quickly became the financial center for the oil industry in Texas and
Oklahoma.
In 1958 the
integrated circuit was invented in Dallas by
Jack Kilby of
Texas Instruments, which punctuated the Dallas area's development as a center for high-technology manufacturing. During the 1950s and 1960s, Dallas became the nation's third-largest technology center, with the growth of such companies as Ling-Temco-Vought (
LTV Corporation) and Texas Instruments. In 1957 two developers,
Trammell Crow and
John M. Stemmons, opened a Home Furnishings Mart that grew into the
Dallas Market Center, the largest wholesale trade complex in the world.
[12] On
22 November 1963, President
John F. Kennedy was
assassinated on Elm Street while his motorcade passed through
Dealey Plaza in
downtown Dallas.
Dallas's skyline before a late spring afternoon thunderstorm.
In the 1970s and 1980s, Dallas underwent a building boom that produced a distinctive contemporary profile and prominent skyline for
downtown Dallas. The 1980s also saw many oil industry companies relocate to
Houston in order to be closer to offshore operations and the
Port of Houston. However, Dallas was beginning to benefit from a burgeoning technology boom at the same time, driven by the growing computer, microchip, and telecommunications industries. Dallas also remained a strong center of banking, insurance, and business. The mid-to-late 1980s were tumultuous for the city when many Dallas banks collapsed from the
Savings and Loan crisis. The hit effectively threw the city's economy to its knees and plans for hundreds of millions of dollars worth of development were scrapped. The city remained in recession during the 1990s but the explosive growth of technology-based businesses kept the city's economy fairly stable—During the 1990s, Dallas became known as the
Silicon Prairie, similar to
California's
Silicon Valley.
[13]
Recession continued to plague the city into the early 21st century. From 1988 to 2005, not a single high-rise structure was built within the
downtown freeway loop, and the city was running out of developable land in
north Dallas and
Lake Highlands. Totally hemmed in on the north by suburbs, most new housing was being built in
Carrollton,
Coppell,
Frisco,
McKinney,
Plano and
Richardson. By the mid-2000s, the dried up downtown market began to turn around with the construction of multiple art venues, office towers, residential towers, and residential conversions. Downtown housed little over 1,600 residents in 2000, but by the year 2010, the
North Central Texas Council of Governments expects over 10,000 residents to be living in the neighborhood.
[14] Just north,
Uptown is one of the hottest real estate markets in the country, and major advances are taking place in the underdeveloped
south Dallas and
Oak Cliff areas, including the construction of the
University of North Texas at Dallas.
Geography
Dallas is the
county seat of
Dallas County. Portions of the city extend into neighboring Collin,
Denton,
Kaufman and
Rockwall counties.
According to the
United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of — of it is land and of it (11.03%) is water. Dallas makes up one-fifth of the much larger urbanized area known as the
Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex—about a quarter of all Texans live in the Dallas/Fort Worth/Arlington metropolitan area.
[15]
Topography
Main articles: Geology of the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex
of light on the right (east), Fort Worth the smaller on the left (west).]]
Dallas, and its surrounding area, is mostly flat and lies at an elevation ranging from to . The western edge of the
Austin chalk formation, a
limestone escarpment, rises and runs roughly north-south through Dallas County. The uplift is particularly noticeable in the neighborhood of
Oak Cliff and the adjacent cities of
Cockrell Hill,
Cedar Hill,
Grand Prairie, and
Irving. Marked variations in terrain are also found in cities immediately to the west in
Tarrant County surrounding
Fort Worth.
The
Trinity River is a major Texas waterway that passes from the city of
Irving into
west Dallas, where it is paralleled by
Interstate 35E along the
Stemmons Corridor, then flows alongside western
downtown, and through and alongside
south Dallas and
Pleasant Grove, paralleled by
Interstate 45, where it exits into unincorporated
Dallas County and heads southeast to
Houston. The river is flanked on both sides by tall earthen
levees to protect the city from floods.
[16] The river has been treated much like a drainage ditch throughout Dallas's history, but as Dallas began shifting towards a postindustrial society, public outcry about a lack of aesthetic and recreational use for the river ultimately gave way to the
Trinity River Project. The project, which began in the early 2000s and is scheduled to reach completion in the 2010s, will result in lakes, new park facilities and trails, and transportation improvements.
[17]
White Rock Lake is Dallas's other significant water feature. The lake and surrounding park is a popular destination among boaters, rowers, joggers, and bikers in the
Lakewood/
Casa Linda Estates neighborhoods of
east Dallas. The
Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden lies on the lake's eastern shore.
[18] Bachman Lake, just northwest of
Love Field, is a smaller lake and park also used for recreation.
Lake Ray Hubbard, a lake, is a vast and popular recreational lake located in an extension of Dallas surrounded by
Garland,
Rowlett,
Rockwall and
Sunnyvale.
[19] Mountain Creek Lake is a small lake along Dallas's border with
Grand Prairie and is home to the (defunct as of September 1998)
Naval Air Station Dallas (
Hensley Field).
[20] North Lake, a small lake in an extension of Dallas surrounded by
Irving and
Coppell, served primarily as a water source for a nearby power plant, but the surrounding area is now being targeted for redevelopment due to its proximity to
Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport (a plan that the neighboring cities oppose).
[21]
Climate
Main articles: Climate of Dallas, Texas
The spring and fall seasons are pleasant in Dallas, as seen in this March photograph from an Oak Cliff park
Dallas has a
humid subtropical climate, yet this part of Texas also tends to receive warm, dry winds from the north and west in the summer. Winters are generally mild, although strong cold fronts from the north sometimes pass through Dallas, occasionally plummeting nightly lows between and .
Snowfall is seen on average three days out of the year and snow accumulation is seen two days out of the year.
[22] Occasionally, warm and
humid air from the south overrides cold, dry air, leading to
freezing rain, which usually causes major disruptions in the city for a day or two if the roads and highways become dangerously slick.
Spring and
autumn bring very pleasant weather to the area and are usually the best times to visit. In the spring months, residents and visitors appreciate the beauty of the vibrant
wildflowers (such as the
bluebonnet,
Indian paintbrush and other
flora) which bloom in spring and are planted around the highways throughout Texas.
[23] In the spring the weather can be
quite volatile and can change dramatically in a matter of minutes. Barring storms, springtime is very mild and enjoyable in the city. The weather in Dallas is also very pleasant between late September and early November, and unlike springtime, major storms rarely form in the area.
In the spring, cool fronts moving from
Canada collide with warm, humid air streaming in from the
Gulf Coast. When these
fronts meet over northern and central Texas, severe
thunder storms are generated with spectacular
lightning shows, occasional torrents of rain,
hail, and at times, a few tornadoes. Over time,
tornadoes are perhaps the biggest threat to the city. Dallas was hit by a powerful tornado on
2 April 1957, The tornado would have likely been an
F3.
[24] On March 28, 2000, the “
Fort Worth Tornado†impacted Dallas's neighbor
Fort Worth's downtown,amd tornado in
Arlington, Texas also happened that day damaging some homes. Even though Dallas lies at the lower end of the "
Tornado Alley", that day had the worst tornadoes to happen to the metroplex in the last 50 years.
The
U.S. Department of Agriculture places the city of Dallas in
Plant Hardiness Zone 8a.
[25] Dallas has the 12th worst ozone air pollution in the nation according to the
American Lung Association, ranking it behind
Los Angeles and
Houston.
[26] Much of the air pollution in Dallas, and the DFW Metroplex in general, comes from a hazardous materials incineration plant in the southern-most suburb of
Midlothian, as well as concrete installations in neighboring
Ellis County.
[27] Another major contributor to air pollution is exhaust from automobiles. Due to Dallas's spread out nature and high amount of
urban sprawl, automobiles are the only available mode of transportation for many.
All time recorded high is 113F,and all time recorded low is 2F.
The average daily low in Dallas is and the average daily high in Dallas is .
[28]
Dallas receives approximately of rain per year, much of which is delivered in the spring or summer.
Cityscape
Dallas skyline from the Trinity River floodplain Architecture
Dallas's skyline contains
several buildings over in height and the city is considered the fifteenth-tallest city on Earth while
Houston, its intra-state rival is ranked 7th in the world.
[29]
Most of the notable architecture in Dallas is
modernist and
postmodernist. Iconic examples of modernist architecture include
I. M. Pei's
Fountain Place, the
Bank of America Plaza,
Renaissance Tower, and
Reunion Tower. Examples of postmodernist architecture include the
JPMorgan Chase Tower and
Comerica Bank Tower. Several smaller structures are fashioned in the
Gothic Revival (
Kirby Building) and
neoclassical (
Davis and
Wilson Buildings) styles. One architectural “hotbed†in the city is a stretch of homes along
Swiss Avenue, which contains all shades and variants of architecture from
Victorian to neoclassical.
[30]
Neighborhoods
The City of Dallas has many communities and neighborhoods. Major areas in the city include:
Near the Farmers Market in downtown
Central Dallas is anchored by
Downtown, the center of the city and the epicenter of urban revival, coupled with
Oak Lawn and
Uptown Dallas,
new urbanist areas anchored by dense retail, restaurants, and nightlife. Downtown Dallas has a variety of neighborhoods, including the
West End Historic District, the
Arts District, the
Main Street District,
Farmers Market District, the
City Center business district, the
Convention Center District, the
Reunion District and
Victory Park. North of downtown is
Oak Lawn, a densely-populated area that contains parks along
Turtle Creek and the popular
Uptown area with
LoMac,
Cityplace and the
West Village.
The east side of Dallas contains the community of
east Dallas, home to
Deep Ellum, a trendy arts area close to downtown, homey
Lakewood, the historic
Vickery Place,
Bryan Place, and historically and architecturally significant homes on
Swiss Avenue. Above the
Park Cities is
north Dallas, home to mansions as palatial as
Versailles in
Preston Hollow, strong middle and upper-class communities north into
Bent Tree and
Far North Dallas, and high-powered shopping at
Galleria Dallas,
NorthPark Center, and
Preston Center. East of north Dallas and north of east Dallas is
Lake Highlands, one of the most unified middle-class areas in the city, with the strongest definition—it is in the northeastern part of the city above
White Rock Lake and east Dallas.
[31]
Kidd Springs Park in Oak Cliff
The West Village in Oak Lawn
The southern portion of Dallas is home to
Oak Cliff, a hilly area in southwest Dallas that is predominantly
Hispanic and includes entertainment districts such as the
Bishop Arts District.
South Oak Cliff became a predominantly
African American district after the early 1970s and has struggled with high rates of poverty and crime.
[32] To the east,
south Dallas lays claim to the
Cedars, an eclectic artist hotbed south of downtown,
Fair Park, and areas west of the Trinity River and east of
Interstate 35E. The
University of North Texas at Dallas, currently located south of Oak Cliff along
Interstate 20,
[33] is being built in the area along Houston School Road.
[34] Further east, above (north and east of) the
Trinity River, is
Pleasant Grove—once an independent city, it is a predominantly black collection of neighborhoods stretching to
Seagoville to the southeast.
The city is further surrounded by many suburbs and encloses the following
enclaves: Cockrell Hill,
Highland Park and
University Park.
Culture
Main articles: Culture of Dallas, Texas
In a larger context, the Dallas-area is seen as
right-wing politically, with a heavy cultural emphasis placed on
Protestant Christianity and close historical and cultural ties to both the rugged
American West and agricultural
South. The popular television series ''
Dallas'' bolstered this view epitomizing the city with wealthy oil barons,
big hair, and
cowboy hats. However, a closer look at the city proves this image to be nothing more than an outdated stereotype.
Politics
Present-day Dallas as a singular entity can be seen as fairly moderate, exceptionally so relative to its position in what is seen as an extremely conservative area (The nearby suburb of Plano was ranked as the 5th most conservative city in America by The Bay Area Center for Voting Research). In 2004, only 25% of votes cast in the City of Dallas were cast for conservative candidates, while they narrowly won Dallas County as a whole.
[35][36] In the 2006 elections for Dallas County judges, 41 out of 42 seats went to Democrats.
In 2004,
Lupe Valdez was elected
Sheriff of Dallas County the first Hispanic, first woman, and first openly lesbian ever to fill that role. She is currently the only female sheriff in the state of
Texas.
[37]
In 2006, Republican Tom Leppert defeated Ed Oakley by a margin of 58% to 42% to become the Mayor of Dallas, though the cities election are non-partisan.
Cuisine
Dallas is renowned for
barbecue, authentic
Mexican and
Tex-Mex cuisine. Famous products of the Dallas culinary scene include the
frozen margarita and the restaurants La Calle Doce, Sonny Bryan's Smokehouse, Enchilada's, Mi Cocina, Bone Daddy's Barbecue, and
The Mansion on Turtle Creek.
[38] The French Room at the Hotel Adolphus in downtown Dallas was named the best hotel restaurant in the US by Zagat. Several nationally ranked steak and chop houses can be found in the Dallas area including Bob's Steak & Chop House which is currently ranked #3 according to the USDA Prime Steakhouses chart.
[39] On average, Dallasites eat out about four times every week, which is the third highest rate in the country, behind Houston and
Austin, and Dallas has more restaurants per capita than
New York City.
[40][41]
Arts
The
Arts District in
downtown is home to several arts venues, both existing and proposed. Notable venues in the district include the
Dallas Museum of Art, the
Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center,
The Trammell & Margaret Crow Collection of Asian Art, the
Nasher Sculpture Center,
The Dallas Contemporary,
The Dallas Children's Theatre. Venues under construction or planned include the
Winspear Opera House and the
Dallas Center for the Performing Arts.
[42][43] The district is also home to
DISD's
Booker T. Washington High School for the Performing and Visual Arts, which is currently being expanded.
[44]
Deep Ellum originally became popular during the 1920s and 1930s as the prime
jazz and
blues hotspot in the
south.
[45] Artists such as
Blind Lemon Jefferson,
Robert Johnson, Huddie “
Leadbelly†Ledbetter, and
Bessie Smith played in original Deep Ellum clubs such as The Harlem and The Palace. Today, Deep Ellum is home to hundreds of artists who live in lofts and operate in studios throughout the district alongside bars, pubs, and concert venues.
[46] One major art infusion in the area is the city's stance on
graffiti; consequently, several public ways including tunnels, sides of buildings, sidewalks, and streets are covered in murals. One major example, the Good-Latimer tunnel, was torn down in late 2006 to accommodate the construction of a
light rail line through the site.
[47]
The Cedars has a growing population of studio artists and an expanding roster of entertainment venues. The area's art scene began to grow in the early 2000s with the opening of Southside on Lamar, a
Sears warehouse converted into lofts, studios, and retail.
[48] Current attractions include Gilley's Dallas and Poor David's Pub.
[49][50] Entrepreneur
Mark Cuban purchased land along Lamar Avenue near
Cedars Station in September 2005 and locals speculate that he is planning an entertainment complex for the site.
[51]
The Bishop Arts District in
Oak Cliff is home to a number of studio artists living in converted warehouses. Walls of buildings along alleyways and streets are painted with murals and the surrounding streets contain many eclectic restaurants and shops.
[52]
Dallas has an Office of Cultural Affairs as a department of the city government. The
City of Dallas Office of Cultural Affairs is responsible for six cultural centers located throughout the city, funding for local artists and theatres, public art projects and running the city owned radio station
WRR.
[53]
Sports
Dallas is home to the
Dallas Desperados (
Arena Football League),
Dallas Mavericks (
National Basketball Association), and
Dallas Stars (
National Hockey League). All three teams play at the
American Airlines Center. The
Major League Soccer team
FC Dallas, formerly the Dallas Burn, used to play in the
Cotton Bowl but moved to
Pizza Hut Park in
Frisco upon the stadium's opening in 2005.
[54] However, the college
Cotton Bowl football game is still played at the stadium. The
Dallas Sidekicks, a former team of the
Major Indoor Soccer League, used to play in
Reunion Arena.
[55] The
Texas Tornado, three-time defending champions of the
North American Hockey League, plays at the
Deja Blue Arena in
Frisco.
[56]
Nearby
Irving is home to the
Dallas Cowboys of the
National Football League while
Arlington is home to the
Texas Rangers of
Major League Baseball. By 2009, the Dallas Cowboys will be located in Arlington at
a new facility.
[57][58]
Other teams in the Dallas area include the
Dallas Harlequins of the USA
Rugby Super League, and the
Frisco RoughRiders of Minor League Baseball in
Frisco.
[59] The
Dallas Diamonds, the two-time national champions of the
Women's Professional Football League Women's American football team, plays in
North Richland Hills.
[60][61] McKinney is home to the
Dallas Revolution, an
Independent Women's Football League Women's American football team.
[62]
Recreation
The City of Dallas maintains and operates 406 parks on of parkland. Its flagship park is the
Fair Park which was originally developed to host the
Texas Centennial Exposition in 1936. The city is also home to Texas's first and largest zoo at — the
Dallas Zoo, which opened in 1888.
[63]
The city's parks contain 17 separate lakes, including
White Rock and Bachman lakes, spanning a total of . The city is traversed by of bike & jogging trails, including the
Katy Trail, and is home to 47 community and neighborhood recreation centers, 276 sports fields, 60 swimming pools, 232 playgrounds, 173 basketball courts, 112 volleyball courts, 126 play slabs, 258 neighborhood tennis courts, 258 picnic areas, six 18-hole golf courses, two driving ranges, and 477 athletic fields.
[64]
To the west of Dallas in Arlington is
Six Flags Over Texas.
Hurricane Harbor, a large water park, is also in Arlington.
Media
Dallas has numerous local newspapers, magazines, television stations and radio stations that serve the
Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex as a whole, which is the 5th-largest
media market in the
United States.
[65]
'Newspapers'
Dallas has one daily
newspaper, ''
The Dallas Morning News'', which was founded in 1885 by
A. H. Belo and is
Belo Corp's flagship newspaper. The ''
Dallas Times Herald'', started in 1888, was the ''Morning News's major competitor until Belo purchased the paper on
8 December 1991 and closed the paper down the next day. Other daily papers are ''
Al DÃa'', a Spanish-language paper, and ''
Quick'', a free, summary-style version of ''The News'', both published by Belo.
Other paper-publications include the ''
Dallas Observer'' and the ''
North Texas Journal'' , both alternative weekly newspapers, and ''
D Magazine'', a monthly magazine about business, life, and entertainment in the Metroplex.
In terms of the larger metro area, the ''
Fort Worth Star-Telegram'' is another significant daily newspaper, covering
Fort Worth/
Tarrant County and other suburban areas to the west and northwest of Dallas. The
Denton Record-Chronicle covers the
City of Denton and
Denton County.
'Television and radio stations'
The Dallas area television stations for the major broadcasting networks—
KDFW 4 (
FOX),
KXAS 5 (
NBC),
WFAA 8 (
ABC) (also owned by Belo),
KTVT 11 (
CBS),
KERA 13 (
PBS),
KTXA-21 (
IND),
KUVN 23 (
UNI),
KDFI 27 (
MNTV''),
KDAF 33 (
The CW'') and
KXTX 39 (
TMD).
63 radio stations operate within range of Dallas.
[66] The City of Dallas operates
WRR 101.1 FM, a
classical music radio station broadcast from city offices in
Fair Park.
[67] It was licensed in 1948 and is the oldest commercially operated radio station in Texas and the second-oldest in the United States, after
KDKA (AM) in Pittsburgh.
[68] Because of the city's centrally-located position and lack of nearby mountainous terrain, high-power
class A mediumwave stations
KRLD and
WBAP in neighboring
Fort Worth can broadcast as far as
North Dakota at night and can be used for emergency broadcasts when broadcasting is down in other major metropolitan areas in the United States.
Hispanic Broadcasting Corporation (HBC), the largest company in the Spanish language radio station business, was based in Dallas.
[69] In 2003, HBC was acquired by Univision and became Univision Radio Inc., but the radio company remains headquartered in Dallas.
[70]
Religion
There is a large
Protestant Christian influence in the Dallas community as the city is deep within the
Bible Belt—
Methodist and
Baptist churches are prominent in many neighborhoods and anchor the city's two major private universities. The
Cathedral of Hope, an
LGBT Protestant church, is the largest congregation of its kind in the world.
[71] The city is also home to a sizable
Mormon community, which led
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints to build
a major temple in the city in 1984.
The
Catholic Church is also a significant organization in the community—it operates the
University of Dallas, a liberal-arts university in the Dallas suburb of Irving. The
Cathedral Santuario de Guadalupe in the
Arts District oversees the second-largest membership in the United States: 49 parishes in the Dallas Diocese. Dallas is also home to three
Eastern Orthodox Christian churches.
[72]
The city also houses a large
Jewish community, especially notable in
eastern and
northern Dallas[73], including
Temple Emanu-El, the largest
synagogue in the South and Southwest. Dallas's most significant
Muslim community lies in the city's northern and northeastern suburbs. A strong
Hindu community exists in the city limits,
[74] as well as in
Irving and other suburbs.
Events
The UT-OU Red River Shootout in 2006
The most notable event held in Dallas is the
State Fair of Texas which has been held annually at
Fair Park since 1886. The fair is a massive event for the state of Texas and brings an estimated
US$350 million to the city's economy annually. The Red River Shootout (
UT-
OU) game at the
Cotton Bowl and other
Cotton Bowl games also bring significant crowds to the city.
Other festivals in the area include
Cinco de Mayo festivities hosted by the city's large
Mexican population,
Saint Patrick's Day parades in
Irish communities especially along
east Dallas's
Lower Greenville Avenue,
Juneteenth festivities, the
Greek Food Festival of Dallas, and an annual Halloween parade on
Cedar Springs Road.
Economy
A portion of the downtown skyline
In its beginnings, Dallas relied on farming, neighboring
Fort Worth's cattle market, and its prime location on trade routes with Indians to sustain itself. Dallas's real key to growth came in 1873 though with the building of multiple rail lines through the city. As Dallas grew and technology developed, cotton became its boon—by 1900 Dallas was the largest inland cotton market on Earth and led the world in cotton gin machinery manufacturing. By the early 1900s, Dallas was a hub for economic activity all over the Southwestern United States and was selected in 1914 as the seat of the
Eleventh Federal Reserve District; by 1925, Texas churned out more than â…“ of the nation's cotton crop, and 31% of Texas cotton was produced within a 100
mile (161
km)
radius of Dallas. In the 1930s, oil was discovered east of Dallas near
Kilgore, Texas, and Dallas's proximity to the discovery put it at the center of the nation's oil market. Oil discoveries in the
Permian Basin, the
Panhandle, the
Gulf Coast, and
Oklahoma in the following years further solidified Dallas's position as the hub of the market as it was roughly the geographic center of all 5 regions.
[75]
After
World War II, Dallas was seeded with a nexus of communications engineering and production talent by companies such as Collins Radio Corp. The telecommunication and information revolutions that ensued still drive a great deal of the local economy. The city is sometimes referred to as Texas's
Silicon Valley or the
Silicon Prairie because of a high concentration of
telecommunications companies—the epicenter of which lies along the ''“
Telecom Corridorâ€'', home to more than 5,700 companies.
[76] The corridor is also home to
Texas Instruments and regional offices for
Alcatel,
AT&T,
Ericsson,
Fujitsu,
MCI,
Nokia,
Rockwell,
Sprint, and
Verizon, as well as the national offices of
CompUSA and Canadian
Nortel.
In the 1980s, Dallas was a real estate hotbed, with populations skyrocketing and the demand for housing and jobs soaring along with it.
Downtown Dallas's largest buildings are the fruit of this boom, but over-speculation and the
Savings and Loan crisis knocked the area to its knees. Between the late 1980s and the early 2000s, Dallas suffered a lengthy recession and has only recently bounced back—like much of the country, the real estate market has improved significantly in recent years.
Dallas is no longer a hotbed for manufacturing like it was in the early 20th century—partially due to constraints placed by the DFW Ozone Nonattainment Area—but plenty of goods are still manufactured in the city.
[77] Texas Instruments employs 10,400 people at its corporate headquarters and chip plants in Dallas and neighboring
Richardson.
[78] Oak Farms Dairy also headquarters and has a plant in the city.
[79]
Companies headquartered in Dallas, Irving or Mesquite include
ExxonMobil, the largest company in the world (by revenue),
[80] 7-Eleven,
id Software,
Blockbuster,
ENSCO Offshore Drilling,
Kimberly-Clark,
TXU,
Mary Kay Cosmetics,
Southwest Airlines,
CompUSA,
Texas Instruments,
Fluor,
Zales and
Comerica Bank. Corporate headquarters in the northern suburb of
Plano include
EDS,
Frito Lay,
Dr Pepper, and
JCPenney.
The Dallas metroplex has more
shopping centers per capita than any other United States city or metro, and is also home to the second shopping center in the United States,
Highland Park Village, which opened in 1931.
[81] The city itself is also home to 12 billionaires—concentrated in the
Preston Hollow area of
north Dallas—placing it
9th worldwide among cities with the most billionaires.
When combined with the 8 billionaires who live in Dallas's neighboring city of
Fort Worth, the
Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex is one of the greatest concentrations of billionaires in the world.
:
:
:
Law and government
Main articles: Law and government of Dallas, Texas
The city uses a
council-manager government with
Tom Leppert serving as Mayor,
Mary Suhm serving as city manager, and 14 council members serving as representatives to the 14 council districts in the city.
[82][83][84] This organizational structure was recently contested by some in favor of a strong-mayor city charter only to be rejected by Dallas voters.
In the 2006-2007 fiscal year, the city's total
budget (the sum of
operating and capital budgets) was
US$2,344,314,114.
[85] The city has seen a steady increase in its budget throughout its history due to sustained growth: the budget was $1,717,449,783 in 2002-2003,
[86] $1,912,845,956 in 2003-2004,
$2,049,685,734 in 2004-2005,
[87] and $2,218,345,070 in 2005-2006.
The Dallas Police headquarters in the
Cedars neighborhood.
The
United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, which exercises original jurisdiction over 100 counties in North and West Texas, convenes in the
Earle Cabell Federal Building and Courthouse in the
Government District of
downtown. The same building additionally houses
United States Bankruptcy and Magistrate Courts and a
United States Attorney office. Dallas also is the seat of the
Fifth Court of Appeals of Texas.
Crime and enforcement
Policing in Dallas is provided predominantly by the Dallas Police Department, which has 2,977 officers.
The Dallas chief of police is David Kunkle.
[88] The central police station is located in the Cedars, a
south Dallas neighborhood near
downtown.
According to the FBI, a city to city comparison of crime rates is not meaningful, because recording practices vary from city to city, citizens report different percentages of crimes from one city to the next, and the actual number of people physically present in a city is unknown.
[1] Also, most of the violent crime in a city is concentrated in a few bad neighborhoods. With that in mind, however, Dallas's violent crime rate (12.06) is lower than such major cities as St Louis (24.81 per thousand), Detroit (24.22), Baltimore (16.96), Philadelphia (15.62), Atlanta (15.54), Cleveland (15.47), Miami (15.09), Washington DC (14.48), Kansas City (14.44) and Boston (13.39).
[2]
Fire protection
Fire protection and emergency medical service in the city is provided by Dallas Fire-Rescue, which has 1,670 firefighters and 55 working fire stations in the city limits.
The Dallas Fire & Rescue chief is Eddie Burns, Sr.
The department also operates the Dallas Firefighter's Museum at Dallas's oldest remaining fire station, built in 1907, along Parry Avenue near
Fair Park. The Dallas Fire Department operates in mutual aid agreements with several surrounding municipalities.
In 1995, the Dallas Fire Department Training Academy (now the Chief Dodd Miller Training Academy) began to host firefighter recruits from other Metroplex municipalities in its 22 week basic firefighter training school, effectively becoming a regional training center. The Academy is reverently known as “the Tower†by instructors and graduates, referring to the facility's most taxing structure/activity: a six story tower whose staircase is routinely climbed three times in rapid succession by recruits in full gear and hi-rise hose packs.
Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Dallas, Texas
As of the
census of 2000, there were 1,188,580 people, 451,833 households, and 266,581 families residing in Dallas proper. The
population density was 3,469.9 people per square mile (1,339.7/km²). There were 484,117 housing units at an average density of 1,413.3 per square mile (545.7/km²).
There were 451,833 households out of which 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.8% were
married couples living together, 14.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.0% are classified as non-families by the
United States Census Bureau. Of 451,833 households, 23,959 are unmarried partner households: 18,684 heterosexual, 3,615 same-sex male, and 1,660 same-sex female households. 32.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.37.
In the city the population was spread out with 26.6% under the age of 18, 11.8% from 18 to 24, 35.3% from 25 to 44, 17.7% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females there were 101.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $37,628, and the median income for a family was $40,921. Males had a median income of $31,149 versus $28,235 for females. The
per capita income for the city was $22,183. About 14.9% of families and 17.8% of the population were below the
poverty line, including 25.1% of those under age 18 and 13.1% of those aged 65 or over. In 2006 the median price for a house was $123,800, and save a 2003 recession, Dallas has seen a steady increase in the cost of homes over the past 6 years.
[90]
The racial makeup of Dallas was 48.89%
White, 40.41%
Hispanic or
Latino of any race, 25.88%
Black or
African American, 0.54%
Native American, 2.91%
Asian, 0.01%
Pacific Islander, 20.24% from
other races, and 5.33% from two or more races. Hispanics outnumbered African-Americans for the first time in the
2000 census as the largest minority group in Dallas.
The city has historically been predominantly
white but its population diversified as it grew in size and importance over the 20th century—almost 25% of Dallas's population is foreign born.
[91] The largest minority group in the city is the
Hispanics—Dallas is a major destination for
Mexican immigrants seeking opportunity in the
United States because Texas makes up part of the U.S-Mexico border. The southwest area of the city, especially
Oak Cliff, is a mixture of black and hispanic people
Hispanic. The southern and southeastern areas of the city, especially
Pleasant Grove and
south Dallas, are predominantly black. The northern and eastern parts of the city are mostly white and the
northwestern portion of the city is home to a fairly equal mix of Hispanics and Asians. The city also contains localized populations of Caribbean, Chinese, Taiwanese,
Korean, Indian, Vietnamese,
German,
Muslim, Polish, Romanian, Russian and
Jewish peoples. In addition Dallas has a high gay population and is estimated to have the ninth largest gay population in the United States.
[92]
Education
Main articles: Education in Dallas, Texas
Colleges and universities
Dallas Hall at Dedman College at Southern Methodist University
Dallas is a major center of education for much of the
South Central United States. The city itself contains several universities, colleges, trade schools, and educational institutes. Several major Universities also lie in
enclaves,
satellite cities, and
suburbs of the city.
The University of Texas at Dallas, part of the public UT system, is located in the city of
Richardson, adjacent to Dallas in an area known as the
Telecom Corridor. UT Dallas, or UTD as longtime residents refer to it, is renowned for its work in combining the arts and technology, as well as for its programs in engineering, computer science, economics, international political economy, neuroscience, speech and hearing, pre-health, pre-law and management. UT Dallas has many collaborative research relationships with UT Southwestern (see below). UT Dallas is home to approximately 15,000 students.
Southern Methodist University (SMU) is a
private,
coeducational university in
University Park, an
enclave of Dallas. It was founded in 1911 by the
Southern Methodist Church and now enrolls 6,500
undergraduates, 1,200 professional students in the
law and
theology departments, and 3,500
postgraduates.
[93][94]
The
University of Texas Southwestern Medical School is a medical school located in the
Stemmons Corridor of Dallas. It is part of the
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, again one of the largest facilities of its kind in the world. The school is highly selective, admitting around 200 students a year. The facility enrolls 3,255
postgraduates and is home to four
Nobel Laureates: three in
physiology/medicine and one in
chemistry.
Dallas Baptist University (DBU) is a private, coeducational university located in the Mountain Creek area of southwestern Dallas. Originally in
Decatur, it moved to Dallas in 1965.
[95] The school currently enrolls over 5,100 students.
[96]
Paul Quinn College is a private, historically
Black college located in southeast Dallas. Originally in
Waco Texas, it moved to Dallas in 1993 and is housed on the campus of the former
Bishop College, another private, historically Black college. Dallas billionaire and entrepreneur
Comer Cottrell, Jr., founder of
ProLine Corporation, bought the campus of Bishop College and it to Paul Quinn College in 1993.
[97] The school enrolls 3,000 undergraduate students.
The
University of North Texas at Dallas, currently located at a temporary site south of Oak Cliff along
Interstate 20, is being built in
south Dallas along Houston School Road.
The school will be the first public university within Dallas city limits.
The
University of Dallas in the adjacent suburb of
Irving, Texas is an enclave of traditional
Roman Catholicism in the
Protestant landscape of Dallas.
St. Albert the Great Dominican Priory and
Holy Trinity Seminary are located on campus. The
Cistercian Monastary and Cistercian Preparatory School are located just to the southeast, and
The Highlands School, a PK-12
Legionary school, is connected to the east by jogging trails. The Cistercian Monastery continues to be notable in scholastic developments in theology.
Also in the nearby suburbs and neighboring cities are the
University of North Texas in
Denton and the
University of Texas at Arlington in Arlington.
Primary and secondary schools
Public schools
The city of Dallas is mostly within the
Dallas Independent School District, the twelfth-largest school district in the United States.
[98] The school district operates independently of the city and enrolls over 161,000 students.
In 2006, one of the district's
magnet schools, The
School for the Talented and Gifted, was named the best school in the United States (among public schools) by ''
Newsweek'' and retained said title in 2007. Another one of DISD's schools, the
Science and Engineering Magnet, came in at number eight in the same survey in 2006 and moved up to the #2 seat in 2007.
[99] Other DISD schools named to the list were
Hillcrest,
W. T. White and
Woodrow Wilson high schools. Woodrow Wilson High School was also named the top comprehensive high school in Dallas by local publication ''
D Magazine''.
Dallas also extends into several other school districts including
Carrollton-Farmers Branch,
Duncanville,
Garland,
Highland Park,
Mesquite,
Plano, and
Richardson. The
Wilmer-Hutchins Independent School District once served portions of southern Dallas, but it was shut down for the 2005-2006 year. WHISD students started attending other Dallas ISD schools during that time. Following the close, the
Texas Education Agency consolidated WHISD into Dallas ISD.
Many school districts in
Dallas County, including Dallas ISD, are served by a governmental agency called
Dallas County Schools. The system provides busing and other transportation services, access to a massive media library, technology services, strong ties to local organizations for education/community integration, and staff development programs.
[100]
Private schools
There are also private schools in Dallas, most notably
St. Mark's School of Texas,
The Hockaday School,
Jesuit College Preparatory School of Dallas,
Episcopal School of Dallas,
Bishop Dunne Catholic School,
Bishop Lynch High School, and
Ursuline Academy of Dallas. Many Dallas residents also attend
Cistercian Preparatory School and
The Highlands School in adjacent
Irving and
Greenhill School in adjacent
Addison.
Ursuline Academy of Dallas, founded by a group of Ursuline nuns in 1874, is credited with being the oldest school in the city.
Libraries
The city is served by the
Dallas Public Library system. The system was originally created by the Dallas Federation of Women's Clubs with efforts spearheaded by then-president Mrs. Henry (May Dickson) Exall. Her work raising money led to a grant from philanthropist and steel baron
Andrew Carnegie, which enabled the construction of the first branch in 1901.
[101] Today the library operates 22 branch locations throughout the city including the
J. Erik Jonsson Central Library, the 8-story main branch in the
Government District of
downtown.
[102]
Infrastructure
Health systems
The city of Dallas has many hospitals within its bounds and a number of medical research facilities. One major research center is
UT Southwestern Medical Center in the
Stemmons Corridor, along with its affiliate medical school,
UT Southwestern Medical School. The system includes
Parkland Memorial Hospital and
Children's Medical Center Dallas.
The city also has a
VA hospital in
south Dallas, the
Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Dallas is the home of a
Consolidated Mail Outpatient Pharmacy (CMOP), part of an initiative by the Department of Veterans Affairs to provide mail order prescriptions to veterans using computerization at strategic locations throughout the United States.
Other hospitals include
Baylor University Medical Center in
east Dallas,
Central Methodist Hospital in
Oak Cliff,
Charlton Methodist Hospital near
Duncanville,
Medical City Dallas Hospital and Presbyterian Hospital in
north Dallas, and the
Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children in
Oak Lawn.
Transportation
Main articles: Transportation in Dallas, Texas
The primary mode of local transportation in the city is the automobile, though efforts have been made to increase the availability of alternative modes of transit including the construction of light rail lines, biking and walking paths, wider sidewalks, and more efficient public transportation. The city is much like other United States cities developed primarily in the late 20th century—criss-crossed by a vast network of highways which has led to and contributes to Dallas being a very low-density city.
The city of Dallas is at the confluence of a large number of major
interstate highways—Interstates
20,
30,
35E, and
45 all run through the city. The city's freeway system, as it has no major geographical inhibitors surrounding it, is set up in the popular
hub-and-spoke system, much like a wagon wheel. Starting from
downtown Dallas, there is the
main downtown freeway loop, the
Interstate 635/
20 Lyndon B. Johnson loop, and ultimately the tolled
President George Bush Turnpike. Inside these freeway loops are other partially-
limited-access and
parkway-style loops including
Loop 12 and
Belt Line Road. Another beltway around the city is planned upwards of from downtown in Collin County. Radiating out of downtown as the spokes of the system are Interstates 30, 35E, and 45,
US 75,
US 175,
SH Spur 366, the tolled
Dallas North Tollway, and further out
SH 114,
US 80 and
US 67. Other major highways within the city that do not serve primarily as spokes include
SH 183 and
SH Spur 408. The recently completed interchange for
Interstate 635 and
Central Expressway, called the
High Five Interchange, contains five stacks and is one of the largest freeway interchanges in the United States.
Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) is the Dallas area public transportation authority, providing buses, rail, and
HOV lanes. DART began operating the first
light rail system in the
Southwest United States in 1996 and continues to expand its coverage. Currently, two light rail lines are in service. The travels through
Oak Cliff,
South Dallas,
downtown,
Uptown,
north Dallas,
Richardson and
Plano. The goes through
south Dallas, downtown, Uptown,
east Dallas,
Lake Highlands, and
Garland. The and lines are conjoined in between
8th & Corinth Station in Oak Cliff and
Mockingbird Station in
north Dallas. The two lines service
Cityplace Station, the only subway station in the Southwest. DART has also begun construction on its and lines, which will serve
DFW Airport,
Irving and
Las Colinas, Carrollton,
Farmers Branch, the
Stemmons Corridor,
Victory Park, downtown,
Deep Ellum,
Fair Park,
south Dallas and
Pleasant Grove.
Fort Worth's smaller public transit system,
The T, connects with Dallas's via a commuter rail line, the , connecting downtown Dallas's
Union Station with downtown Fort Worth's
T&P Station and several points in between. The system of light rail transit, especially through downtown, has skyrocketed land values and has led to a flurry of residential and transit-oriented development.
Dallas is served by two commercial airports:
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (known as DFW International) and
Dallas Love Field. In addition,
Dallas Executive Airport (formerly Redbird Airport), is a
general aviation airport located within the city limits, and
Addison Airport is another general aviation airport located just outside the city limits in the suburb of Addison. Two more general aviation airports are located in the outer suburb of
McKinney, and two more general aviation airports are in
Fort Worth, on the west side of the Metroplex.
DFW International Airport is located in the suburbs north of and equidistant to downtown Fort Worth and downtown Dallas. In terms of size, DFW is the largest airport in the state, the second largest in the United States, and third largest in the world. In terms of traffic, DFW is the busiest in the state, third busiest in the United States, and sixth busiest in the world. The headquarters of
American Airlines, the largest air carrier in the world, is located less than a mile from DFW, in Fort Worth.
Love Field is located within the city limits of Dallas, 6 miles (10 km) northwest of downtown, and is headquarters to
Southwest Airlines.
Utilities
Dallas is served by
Dallas Water Utilities, which operates several waste treatment plants and pulls water from several area reservoirs.
[103] The city's electric system is maintained by
TXU Electric Delivery,
[104] whose parent company, TXU, headquarters in the city.
[105] The city offers garbage pickup and recycling service weekly through its Sanitation Services department.
[106] Telephone networks are available from several companies and broadband Internet and cable television service is available for the majority of the city.
References
1. Population Estimates for the 25 Largest U.S. Cities based on July 1, 2006 Population Estimates
2. Dallas - Serving you!
3. United States Census Bureau - “Estimates of Population Change for Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Rankings: July 1, 2005 to July 1, 2006.†Retrieved on 8 April 2007.
4. Globalization and World Cities Study Group & Network - Inventory of World Cities. Retrieved on 21 October 2006.
5. : In ascending order from the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex (in terms of metropolitan population): Chicago via Lake Michigan, Los Angeles via the Pacific Ocean, and New York City via the Atlantic Ocean.
6. Handbook of Texas Online - DALLAS, TX. By Jackie McElhaney and Michael V. Hazel. Retrieved on 20 April 2006.
7. Herbert E. Bolton, “Athanase de Mezieres and the Louisiana-Texas Frontier 1768-1780,†Cleveland: Arthur H Clark Company, 1914.
8. Handbook of Texas Online - “Republic of Texas.†By Joseph Milton Nance. Retrieved 25 September 2006.
9. Dallas Historical Society - Dallas History. Retrieved 21 April 2006
10. http://www.dallashistory.org/cgi-bin/webbbs_config.pl?noframes;read=374
11. http://www.dallashistory.org/cgi-bin/webbbs_config.pl?noframes;read=374
12. Dallas Market Center - About. Retrieved 29 August 2006.
13. City of Dallas Office of Economic Development - Information on the home page. Retrieved 19 October 2006.
14. NCTCOG - 2030 Demographic Forecast - Dallas CBD. Retrieved 18 October 2006.
15. DFW Metroplex population: 6,003,967 per A. Texas population: 23,507,783 per B; 6,003,967/23,507,753 = 0.24935538 or 25.54%.
16. Trinity River Corridor Project - Dallas Floodway History. ('PDF'). Retrieved on 19 October 2006.
17. Trinity River Corridor Project - FAQs. Retrieved on 19 October 2006.
18. Dallasarboretum.org - Dallas Blooms. Retrieved on 17 April 2006.
19. Lake Ray Hubbard - the Hook! ''Guide to Lone Star Lakes and Lunkers'' - Lake Ray Hubbard. Retrieved on 17 April 2006.
20. GlobalSecurity.org - Military - http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/ US Military Facilities] - NAS Dallas / Hensley Field. Retrieved on 17 April 2007.
21. ''The Dallas Morning News'' - 18 May 2005. “Foes say North Lake development a threat to lifestyle†by Eric Aasen. Retrieved on7 April 2006.
22. NOAA - DFW Climate. Retrieved on 26 March 2006.
23. TXDOT - Wildflower and Fall Foliage. Retrieved on 17 April 2007.
24. Stormtrack.org - APRIL 2, 1957: DALLAS'S DATE WITH DISASTER. Retrieved on 17 April 2006.
25. USNA - USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map: South-Midwest US. Retrieved on 13 June 2006.
26. Lungusa.com. Retrieved on 2 March 2006.
27. Downwindersatrisk.org - Pollution in Midlothian. Retrieved on 17 April 2006.
28. Weather.com - Climatology Graph - Dallas, Texas, United States. Applies to as well. Retrieved on 28 March 2006.
29. Ultrapolis Project - World's Tallest Cities. Numbers for 2004 & 2005, 2006 numbers under development. Retrieved on 22 April 2007.
30. Swissavenue.com - Retrieved 13 June 2006.
31. Lake Highlands Area Improvement Association - Map. Retrieved 3 October 2006.
32. ''Dallas Morning News'' - “Dallas at the Tipping Point†- Costs of Crime. Retrieved 25 October 2006.
33. University of North Texas Dallas Campus - Location. Retrieved 4 October 2006.
34. University of North Texas Dallas Campus. New Campus. Retrieved 4 October 2006.
35. The Bay Area Center for Voting Research - The Most Conservative and Liberal Cities in the United States. (PDF). Page 23. Retrieved on 9 November 2006
36. United States Election Atlas - 2004 Presidential Election Results for Dallas County, Texas. Retrieved on 21 October 2006.
37. LupeValdez.com - Information from home page. Retrieved on 17 April 2007.
38. One Man's Invention, Forever Frozen In Time - Dallas: Margarita Machine Takes Its Rightful Place In History Colleen McCain Nelson
39. USDA top 10 Steak Houses in America
40. Zagat Surveys - Dining Out More, For Less. Retrieved on 19 October 2006.
41. Dallas Convention and Visitors Bureau - Deep in the Heart of Dallas. Retrieved on 19 October 2006.
42. The Dallas Opera - The Winspear Opera House. Retrieved on 19 October 2006.
43. Dallas Center for the Performing Arts - Building the Center. Retrieved on 19 October 2006.
44. Artsmagnet.org. Retrieved on 20 April 2006.
45. Dallas, an illustrated history, , Darwin, Payne, Windsor Publications, 1982, ISBN 0-89781-034-1
46. The Deep Ellum Association - Time Line. Retrieved on 19 October 2006.
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