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'Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft' (''Daimler Motor Company'' or DMG) was a German engine and later automobile manufacturer that operated from 1890 until 1926. Founded by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, it was based first in Cannstatt (today Bad-Cannstatt, a city district of Stuttgart). Daimler died in 1900 and the company moved in 1903 to Stuttgart-Untertürkheim, after the original factory was destroyed by fire, and again to Berlin in 1922. Other factories were located in Marienfelde (near Berlin) and Sindelfingen (next to Stuttgart).
The company started as a petrol engine producer, but after the success of a small number of race cars built on contract by Wilhelm Maybach for Emil Jellinek, it began to produce the ''Mercedes'' model of 1902, after which automobile production expanded to become ''DMG's'' main product and it built several models.
Because of the post World War One German economic crisis, DMG merged in 1926 with ''Benz & Cie.'', to become ''Daimler-Benz'' and adopted ''Mercedes-Benz'' as its automobile trademark. A further merger occurred in 1998 with ''Chrysler'' to become ''DaimlerChrysler''.

Contents

Daimler, Maybach, and the DMG company at Seelberg

Expansion (1902 to 1920)

Berlin-Marienfelde

Untertürkheim

The Cannstatt Fire (1903)

Sindelfingen

Motorboats

Automobiles

Phoenix (1894)

Mercedes (1900)

Racing

First automobile multinational

International Licenses

French licenses

British licenses

Airships and Fixed-Wing Aircraft

Three-pointed star: land, water and air

German crisis (1920s)

Daimler-Benz and the Mercedes-Benz brand (1926)

Trivia

See also

Daimler, Maybach, and the DMG company at Seelberg

By 1882 both Daimler and Maybach had left Nikolaus Otto's Deutz AG Gasmotorenfabrik and, eight years later, in 1890 they would found their own engine company, the Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (Daimler Engines Company) or DMG. Its purpose was the construction of small, high speed engines based on the same stationary engine technology.
''DMG'' thus grew out of an extension of the independent businesses of Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, both workaholic inventors who would revolutionize the world with their inventions for the automobile of a four-stroke petrol engine, carburetor, etc. The company would manufacture small internal combustion engines suitable for use on land, sea, and in the air (the basis for a symbol Daimler devised of a three pointed star, with each point indicating a different way).
On July 5, 1887, Daimler purchased a property in Seelberg Hill (Cannstatt) previously owned by the Zeitler & Missel who had used it as a precious metal foundry. The site covered 2,903 square meters, cost 30,200 Goldmark, and from it they produced engines for their successful ''Neckar'' motorboat. They also sold licenses for others to make their engine products and Seelberg became a centre of the rapidly growing automobile industry.
Daimler ran into financial problems because sales were not high enough and the licences didn't yield significant profit. An agreement was reached with the financiers Max Von Duttenhofer and William Lorenz, both of whom were also munitions manufacturers, along with the influential banker Kilian Steiner, who owned an Investment Bank, to convert the private company to a public one in 1890. (This agreement is regarded by some historians as a ''"devil's pact"''[1], as the inventors never got along with the new company status.)
Not really believing in automobile production the financiers expanded the stationary engine business, as they were selling well, and even considered a merger with Otto's ''Deutz-AG''. (During 1882, Daimler had serious personal problems with that company's chairman, Nicholas Otto, when Daimler and Maybach worked for Otto.) Daimler and Maybach continued to advocate car manufacturing and as a result even left the DMG company for a short period.
Two years later, in 1892, the enterprise was close to a crisis, but stabilised itself by selling mobile and stationary engines through a number of retailers around the world, from New York City to Moscow.
In 1900, Daimler died, but later ''DMG's'' successful ''Mercedes'' models based upon race cars designed by Maybach to the specifications of Emil Jellinek changed the board's outlook in favour of the automobile. Maybach continued as designer for a while, but quit in 1909 and was replaced by Paul Daimler (Gottlieb's son).

Expansion (1902 to 1920)

DMG's automobile sales took off, particularly with the first Daimler-Mercedes engine designed by Maybach placed into several race cars of 1900 built for Emil Jellinek. That race car was later referred to as the Mercedes 35 hp. Production capacity was extended to Untertürkheim. In 1902, the company officially adopted ''Mercedes'' as its automobile trademark, producing the first of the ''Mercedes'' models and the number of employees went from 821 (1903) to 2,200 (1904).
1906 to 1913 were further expansion years, with the creation of new capacity reducing the number of external suppliers. Increased mechanization took the annual productivity from 0.7 cars per worker, to 10. In 1911, shares of ''DMG'' were listed on the ''Stuttgart stock exchange''.

Berlin-Marienfelde

On October 2, 1902, ''DMG'' opened a new works in the mountainous region to the south of Berlin. Its scope was initially limited to motorboat and marine engines. Later, it expanded into making trucks (1905) and fire trucks (1907). The region became a centre of the automobile industry, and other companies moved in.

Untertürkheim

Untertürkheim was an ideal location to site a large factory as it was close to both the Neckar river and the Stuttgart-Ulm railroad. The local Mayor Eduard Fiechtner sold the land (185,000 square meters) at a low price and also arranged for a railroad extension with its own station and energy from the Neckar's hydro-electric plant which had been built in 1900.
''DMG'' had planned to open the facility in 1905 but the total destruction of Cannstatt's factory by fire in 1903 hastened the work and the new ''Art-Nouveau'' building, with a ''jagged-roof'', was brought forward to start production in December 1903. The work force continued to grow.
On May 17, 1904, Unterturkheim became the company's headquarters with the rest of the administration staff moving in on May 29. In 1913, an additional 220,000 square meters were acquired and between 1915 and 1918 it was extended further. By the 1920s, Untertürkheim had almost all the production processes on one site from foundries to final car assembly. In 1925 the DMG design department also moved in.

The Cannstatt Fire (1903)

On the night of June 10, 1903, the original Seelberg-Cannstatt plant suffered a great fire. All the machinery and 93 finished ''Mercedes'' cars, a quarter of the annual production, were destroyed, together with a small museum with historical items like Daimler-Maybach's first ever motorcycle.

The displaced workers received ''haven-salaries'' and additional bread rations. Neighboring companies lent workshops, allowing production to continue. ''DMG'' created a ''Relief Fund'' (one of the first worker insurance schemes) and began building separator blocks in all its plants.
The following year, 1904, the whole operation moved to Untertürkheim. The last unit produced in Seelberg rolled out in the first weeks of 1905.

Sindelfingen

At the outbreak of the ''First World War'', in 1914, companies rushed to produce war supplies. In the autumn of 1915, ''DMG'' opened the Sindelfingen factory for military vehicles, aircraft engines, and even entire aircraft. After the war, limited by the ''Versailles Treaty'', it produced only automobile bodies.

Motorboats

The production of motorboats by Daimler and Maybach began early, in 1886, with the ''Neckar'' (4.5 meters long with a speed of 11 km/h (6 knots)), the first in the world, and tested on the local Neckar river. That boat became ''DMG's'' first commercial hit, helped by the poor state of Germany's roads. Once the company was formed, motorboat production became one of the new financiers' main interests and lead in 1902 to the building of the ''Berlin-Marienfelde'' factory specifically for their manufacture.

Automobiles

Daimler had sold automobile-engine licenses all over the world including to France, Austria, the UK, and the United States through an agreement with the piano-maker ''Steinway'', in New York.
The first DMG automobile sale took place in August, 1892 (its registration still survives) to the Sultan of Morocco.
Commercial vehicles had also been made mainly using a ''Phoenix'' engine, but up to 1900, when Daimler died, the bodies had not been standardised.
In 1902, the Mercedes car was announced, compact and modern, with many improved features, a move which sparked the board's interest in automobile production. ''Mercedes'' then became ''DMG's'' main car brand name. There were some small exceptions: the Mercedes Simplex of 1902-1909, (the name indicating it being "easy to drive") and the ''Mercedes Knight'' of 1910-1924, featuring Charles Yale Knight's sleeve-valve engine. All models were priced by their hp-rating.
The first truck, of 1.5 tons payload, was sold to London's ''British Motor Syndicate Ltd'' on October 1, 1896. Its rear-mounted ''Phoenix'' engine produced 4 hp at 700 rpm.
In 1897, the production of light commercial vehicles began. At that time they were popularly called ''business vehicles'', and were very successful in the United Kingdom.
At the first ''Paris Motor Show'', in 1898, a 5-ton truck was displayed, with a front-mounted engine.

Phoenix (1894)

In 1894, while working from temporary premises in the unused ''Hermann Hotel'' in Cannstatt, Gottlieb Daimler, his son Paul, and Wilhelm Maybach designed the ''Phoenix'' engine. It amazed the automobile world with:

★ four cylinders placed vertical and parallel (a first for an automobile engine)

★ camshaft-operated exhaust valves

★ ''spray-nozzle'' carburetor (patented by Maybach in 1893)

★ improvements in the belt-drive system.
The ''Phoenix'' won the first car-race in history, ''The Paris to Rouen 1894'', in the ''petrol engine'' category, even beating some steam-cars,: .
Production of this engine which was put into cars, trucks, and boats became ''DMG's main product until the ''Mercedes'' car of 1902.

Mercedes (1900)

An automobile that would later be called the ''Mercedes 35 hp'' was created by Maybach to the order of the successful Austrian merchant Emil Jellinek who became fascinated by both the ''Phoenix'' engine and race cars.
Jellinek competed as a driver, painting ''"Mercedes"'' (Spanish for ''godsend''), on the automobiles he raced after his 10-year-old daughter. Jellinek's pursuit of higher speed brought him to Stuttgart personally, to Wilhelm Maybach's office where he also met with Paul Daimler, son of Gottlieb. Together they designed a new kind of automobile that would be "larger, wider, and with a lower center of gravity". A small number would be produced for Jellinek under contract. This was the first true automobile designed by DMG, as opposed to a coach with an engine fitted into it.
Blending the technical refinements of Maybach's new 4-cylinder engine, with a new chassis the automobile stunned the motorsport world of 1901. Jellinek had promised to purchase a large number of the race cars, (36 units for 550,000 Goldmark), if he could also be the sole concessionaire in Austria-Hungary, France, Belgium, and the USA, using the name ''Daimler-Mercedes'' for the engine, and also become a member of the Board of Management.
In June 1902, after ''DMG'' realized that they had already conceded their ''Daimler'' trademark to ''Panhard & Levasor'' for the whole of France, they decided to name all their cars ''Mercedes'' after the engine and began to produce the ''Mercedes'' series. The great demand for the car soon had ''DMG'' operating at full-capacity.

Racing

In these early years, car races were used as advertising for their makers. Therefore, both ''DMG'' and ''Benz & Cie.'', their great rival, put the best of their cars on the track. ''Daimler'' cars were able to beat ''Benz'' until 1908, when a Benz achieved the land speed record, but in the following years, both brands were equal.

First automobile multinational

The company expanded abroad with subsidiary companies:

★ USA Daimler

★ Austro Daimler

International Licenses

French licenses

Edouard Sarazin began early negotiations to license Gottlieb Daimler's engines in France. After his death, his wife finally succeeded, helped by Emile Levassor and Rene Panhard (then a timber-machinery manufacturers) selling their first engine in 1887.
Armand Peugeot, one of their clients, began fitting vehicles with ''Panhard & Levassor'' engines, and acquired ''Daimler's license from them. Peugeot focussed, successfully, on the German market.
''Panhard & Levassor'' designed a complete automobile. Levassor mounted an engine (Daimler's) over the front axle, giving better balance and turning. Marketed in October 1891, it featured rear wheel drive by two side chains, pedal clutch, front radiator, and steering by lever.
Historians consider that the automobile was ''"a German invention, while France expanded it commercially"'', mainly by publicity from car-racing since in January of 1886 Karl Benz was granted the first patent for an automobile he designed and built in 1885.

British licenses

In 1893, returning to the United Kingdom with the ''Phoenix'' engine, Frederick Simms formed the ''Daimler Motor Syndicate''. In 1896, after buying the Daimler rights from Simms, Harry J. Lawson founded the British Daimler Motor Company in Coventry. In 1910, the company was acquired by the BSA, and began also producing military vehicles.
For years, the British Daimler Motor Company produced a variety of vehicles including police cars and buses. The automobiles were distinguished by their radiator shells which had a series of scallops on the top edge. In 1960, the company was sold to Jaguar, which engaged in badge-engineering and often Jaguar and Daimler cars could only be distinguished by the grille and name badge. Currently (2005), the only Daimler models being produced are luxury models, such as the Daimler Super Eight.

Airships and Fixed-Wing Aircraft

Daimler flew the first airship in history in 1888, by adapting an engine to fit a balloon. In 1897, ''Dr. Woelflin'' flew one over Berlin with a ''DMG'' engine.
From 1899 to 1907 ''DMG'' provided Maybach designed engines to the Zeppelin Company. Wilhelm Maybach quit DMG in 1909. After 1909 Maybach and his son Karl founded their own company in Württemberg and took over supplying the engines.
During the ''First World War'', from 1915 the Sindelfingen factory produced large numbers of winged aircraft and aircraft engines. Production was prohibited after the conflict under conditions laid down by the ''Versailles Treaty''.

Three-pointed star: land, water and air

In the 1870s, while working for Otto at the Deutz-AG gas-engine company, in Cologne, Daimler sent his wife Emma Kunz a postcard, marking his residence with a ''three-pointed star'' and writing: ''"one day this star will shine over our triumphant factories"''. Since then, this line has inspired both Daimler and Maybach when developing light and powerful engines for ''"land, water, and air"''.
In the 1900s, after the ''Mercedes' success, ''DMG'' was still lacking a trademark. Paul and Adolf Daimler, the sons of Gottlieb (who had died in early March of 1900), suggested using that symbol. The company's board accepted the proposal in June 1909, also registering a ''four-pointed'' one (which has never been used).
The ''three-pointed star'' debuted in 1910. In 1916, it was surrounded by a circle with four additional stars, with either the name ''Mercedes'' or of the respective factory (''Untertürkheim'' or ''Berlin-Marienfelde''). In 1937, the familiar symbol was registered by Daimler-Benz, a ''three-dimensional three-pointed star, contained in a circle''.

German crisis (1920s)

''DMG'' was one of the most important German companies at the time of the German crisis; tripling its capital to 100 million shares in 1920, and moving its headquarters to Berlin in 1922.
After the war the German automobile industry stagnated because of insufficient demand and because automobiles were taxed by the government as luxury items. The country also was hit by a petrol shortage.
In 1923, DMG production fell to 1,020 units, compared to Benz & Cie. making 1,382 in Mannheim. The average cost of a car was 25 million marks. Strike action and inflation pushed DMG to the limit. To survive DMG produced Mercedes bicycles and typewriters, and it even issued its own emergency money.

Daimler-Benz and the Mercedes-Benz brand (1926)

For the two companies to survive the financial problems of the day, in 1919, the ''Benz & Cie.'' proposed a merger, but ''DMG'' formally rejected it in December. Then, as the German crisis worsened, the struggling companies met again in 1924 and signed an ''Agreement of Mutual Interest'', valid until the year 2000. They standardized design, production, purchasing, sales, and advertising—marketing their car models jointly—although keeping their respective brands.
In June 28, 1926, ''DMG'' and ''Benz & Cie.'' merged into the ''Daimler-Benz Company'', establishing its headquarters in the Untertürkheim factory.
Their automobiles were baptized ''Mercedes Benz'', in honour of ''DMG's'' most important car model and the last name of Karl Benz. Its new trademark consisted of a ''three-pointed star'' surrounded by the traditional laurels of Karl Benz's logo and labeled ''Mercedes Benz''. The next year, 1927, the number of units sold tripled to 7,918, and diesel truck production was launched.

Trivia

★ In 1890, ''DMG'' was delivering stationary and marine engines to Russia. In 1910, it opened its first dealership in Moscow. From 1912, it was a purveyor to the Russian Royal Court. Even after the war and the socialist revolution, the ''Mercedes'' won most of the great ''show'' competitions it entered in Russia.

★ In 1892, ''DMG'' designated Otto Speidel as its Munich representative.

★ In 1896, the ''Bavarian Engine & Automobile Company'' also began to sell their products, naming Karl Moll as representative in 1898.

★ In 1910, it opened a shop for trucks, buses and motorboats in ''Hiltenspergerstrasse 21''.

★ In 1914, in Paris, one of the greatest races in history took place, with 37 cars of six manufacturers from six countries. To beat the favorite Peugeot team, ''DMG'' used an aircraft engine designed by Paul Daimler and Fritz Nalliger. It was built by the automobile department but tested by the airship department. The cars produced 105 hp at 3100 rpm (no Mercedes had exceeded 1500 rpm before then). It had 4 steel cylinders (''M93654'', 4483 cc and four valves each), an aluminum crankcase, crankshafts of special Austrian steel and a single camshaft.

★ In 1921 ''DMG'' presented the ''Mercedes Kompressormotor'', successful in both the private market and on the race track.

See also

★ Mercedes 35hp

★ Mercedes Simplex

★ Gottlieb Daimler

★ Wilhelm Maybach

★ Mercedes Benz

★ Daimler Chrysler

★ ''USA Daimler ''

★ ''Austro Daimler ''