CYCLIC GROUP

In group theory, a 'cyclic group' or 'monogenous group' is a group that can be generated by a single element, in the sense that the group has an element ''g'' (called a "generator" of the group) such that, when written multiplicatively, every element of the group is a power of ''g'' (a multiple of ''g'' when the notation is additive).

Contents

Definition

Properties

Examples

Representation

Subgroups and notation

Endomorphisms

See also

Definition

A group ''G'' is called cyclic if there exists an element ''g'' in ''G'' such that ''G'' = <''g''> = { ''g''^''n'' for all integers ''n'' }. Since any group generated by an element in a group is a subgroup of that group, showing that the only subgroup of a group G that contains ''g'' is ''G'' itself suffices to show that G is cyclic.
For example, if ''G'' = { ''e'', ''g''¹, ''g''², ''g''³, ''g''⁴, ''g''⁵ }, then ''G'' is cyclic, and, ''G'' is essentially the same as (that is, isomorphic to) the group of { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } with addition modulo 6. I.e. 1 + 2 mod 6 = 3, 2 + 5 mod 6 = 1, and so on. One can use the isomorphism φ defined by φ(''g'') = 1.
For every positive integer ''n'' there is exactly one cyclic group (up to isomorphism) whose order is ''n'', and there is exactly one infinite cyclic group (the integers under addition). Hence, the cyclic groups are the simplest groups and they are completely classified.
The name 'cyclic' may be misleading: it is possible to generate infinitely many elements and not form any literal cycles; that is, every $g^n$ is distinct (It can be said that it has one infinitely long cycle). A group generated in this way is called an 'infinite cyclic group', which is isomorphic to the additive group of integers 'Z'.
Since the groups are abelian, they are often written additively and denoted 'Z'_''n''. However, this notation can be problematic for number theorists because it conflicts with the usual notation for ''p''-adic number rings or localization at a prime ideal. The quotient notation 'Z'/''n'' or 'Z'/''n'''Z' (see also below) is a standard alternative, which we adopt here to avoid the collision of notation.
One may write the group multiplicatively, and denote it by ''C''_''n''. (For example, ''g''³''g''⁴ = ''g''² in ''C''₅, whereas 3 + 4 = 2 (mod 5) in 'Z'/5.)

Properties

The fundamental theorem of cyclic groups states that if $G,$ is a cyclic group of order $n,$ then every subgroup of $G,$ is cyclic. Moreover, the order of any subgroup of $G,$ is a divisor of $n,$ and for each positive divisor $k,$ of $n,$ the group $G,$ has exactly one subgroup of order $k,$.
Every finite cyclic group is isomorphic to the group { 0, 1, 2, ..., ''n'' − 1 } under addition modulo ''n'', and any infinite cyclic group is isomorphic to 'Z' (the set of all integers) under addition. Thus, one only needs to look at such groups to understand the properties of cyclic groups in general. Hence, cyclic groups are one of the simplest groups to study and a number of nice properties are known. Given a cyclic group ''G'' of order ''n'' (''n'' may be infinity) and for every ''g'' in ''G'',

★ G is abelian; that is, their group operation is commutative: ''gh'' = ''hg'' (for all ''h'' in ''G''). This is so since ''g'' + ''h'' mod ''n'' = ''h'' + ''g'' mod ''n''.

★ If ''n'' is finite, then $g^n\; =\; e$ since ''n'' mod ''n'' = 0.

★ If ''n'' = ∞, then there are exactly two generators: namely 1 and −1 for 'Z', and any others mapped to them under an isomorphism in other infinite cyclic groups.

★ If ''n'' is finite, then there are exactly φ(n) generators where φ() is the Euler phi function

★ Every subgroup of ''G'' is cyclic. Indeed, each finite subgroup of G is a group of { 0, 1, 2, 3, ... ''m'' − 1} with addition modulo m. And each infinite subgroup of G is ''m'''Z' for some m, which is bijective to (so isomorphic to) 'Z'.

★ ''G''_''n'' is isomorphic to 'Z'/''n'' (factor group of 'Z' over ''n'''Z') since 'Z'/''n'' = {0 + ''n'''Z', 1 + ''n'''Z', 2 + ''n'''Z', 3 + ''n'''Z', 4 + ''n'''Z', ..., ''n'' − 1 + ''n'''Z'} $cong$ { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ..., ''n'' − 1} under addition modulo ''n''.
More generally, if ''d'' is a divisor of ''n'', then the number of elements in 'Z'/''n'' which have order ''d'' is φ(''d''). The order of the residue class of ''m'' is ''n'' / gcd(''n'',''m'').
If ''p'' is a prime number, then the only group (up to isomorphism) with ''p'' elements is the cyclic group ''C''_''p'' or 'Z'/''p''.
The direct product of two cyclic groups 'Z'/''n'' and 'Z'/''m'' is cyclic if and only if ''n'' and ''m'' are coprime. Thus e.g. 'Z'/12 is the direct product of 'Z'/3 and 'Z'/4, but not the direct product of 'Z'/6 and 'Z'/2.
The definition immediately implies that cyclic groups have very simple group presentation ''C''_''n'' = < ''x'' | ''x''^''n'' >.
The fundamental theorem of abelian groups states that every finitely generated abelian group is the direct product of finitely many finite cyclic and infinite cyclic groups.
'Z'/''n'' and 'Z' are also commutative rings. If ''p'' is a prime, then 'Z'/''p'' is a finite field, also denoted by 'F'_''p'' or 'GF'(''p''). Every field with ''p'' elements is isomorphic to this one.
The units of the ring 'Z'/''n'' are the numbers coprime to ''n''. They form a group under multiplication modulo ''n'' with φ(''n'') elements (see above). It is written as ('Z'/n)^×. For example, we get ('Z'/''n'')^× = {1,5} when ''n'' = 6, and get ('Z'/n)^× = {1,3,5,7} when ''n'' = 8.
In fact, it is known that ('Z'/''n'')^× is cyclic if and only if ''n'' is 2 or 4 or ''p''^''k'' or 2 ''p''^''k'' for an odd prime number ''p'' and ''k'' ≥ 1, in which case every generator of ('Z'/''n'')^× is called a primitive root modulo ''n''. Thus, ('Z'/''n'')^× is cyclic for ''n'' = 6, but not for ''n'' = 8, where it is instead isomorphic to the Klein four-group.
The group ('Z'/p)^× is cyclic with ''p'' − 1 elements for every prime ''p'', and is also written ('Z'/p)
^★ because it consists of the non-zero elements. More generally, every ''finite'' subgroup of the multiplicative group of any field is cyclic.

Examples

In 2D and 3D the symmetry group for ''n''-fold rotational symmetry is ''C''_''n'', of abstract group type Z_n. In 3D there are also other symmetry groups which are algebraically the same, see ''Cyclic symmetry groups in 3D''.
Note that the group ''S''¹ of all rotations of a circle (the circle group) is ''not'' cyclic, since it is not even countable.
The ''n''^th roots of unity form a cyclic group of order ''n'' under multiplication. e.g., $0\; =\; z^3\; -\; 1\; =\; (z\; -\; s^0)(z\; -\; s^1)(z\; -\; s^2)$ where $s^i\; =\; e^\{2\; pi\; i\; /3\}$ and a group of $\{\; s^0,\; s^1,\; s^2\; \}$ under multiplication is cyclic.
The Galois group of every finite field extension of a finite field is finite and cyclic; conversely, given a finite field ''F'' and a finite cyclic group ''G'', there is a finite field extension of ''F'' whose Galois group is ''G''.

Representation

The cycle graphs of finite cyclic groups are all ''n''-sided polygons with the elements at the vertices. The dark vertex in the cycle graphs below stand for the identity element, and the other vertices are the other elements of the group. A cycle consists of successive powers of either of the elements connected to the identity element.

C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6	C7	C8

Subgroups and notation

All subgroups and quotient groups of cyclic groups are cyclic. Specifically, all subgroups of 'Z' are of the form ''m'''Z', with ''m'' an integer ≥0. All of these subgroups are different, and apart from the trivial group (for ''m''=0) all are isomorphic to 'Z'. The lattice of subgroups of 'Z' is isomorphic to the dual of the lattice of natural numbers ordered by divisibility. All factor groups of 'Z' are finite, except for the trivial exception 'Z' / {0}. For every positive divisor ''d'' of ''n'', the quotient group 'Z'/''n'''Z' has precisely one subgroup of order ''d'', the one generated by the residue class of ''n''/''d''. There are no other subgroups. The lattice of subgroups is thus isomorphic to the set of divisors of ''n'', ordered by divisibility. In particular, a cyclic group is simple if and only if its order (the number of its elements) is prime.
Using the quotient group formalism, 'Z'/''n'''Z' is a standard notation for the additive cyclic group with ''n'' elements.
In ring terminology, the subgroup ''n'''Z' is also the ideal (''n''), so the quotient can also be written 'Z'/(''n'') or 'Z'/''n'' without abuse of notation. The last form has the advantages that it reads exactly the same way that the group or ring is often described verbally, "Zee mod en"; and it does not conflict with the notation for ''p''-adic integers.
As a practical problem, one may be given a finite subgroup ''C'' of order ''n'', generated by an element ''g'', and asked to find the size ''m'' of the subgroup generated by ''g''^''k'' for some integer ''k''. Here ''m'' will be the smallest integer > 0 such that ''mk'' is divisible by ''n''. It is therefore ''n''/''m'' where ''m'' = (''k'', ''n'') is the gcd of ''k'' and ''n''. Put another way, the index of the subgroup generated by ''g''^''k'' is ''m''. This reasoning is known as the 'index calculus algorithm', in number theory.

Endomorphisms

The endomorphism ring of the abelian group 'Z'/''n'' is isomorphic to 'Z'/''n'' itself as a ring. Under this isomorphism, the number ''r'' corresponds to the endomorphism of 'Z'/''n'' which maps each element to the sum of ''r'' copies of it. This is a bijection if and only if ''r'' is coprime with ''n'', so the automorphism group of 'Z'/''n'' is isomorphic to the unit group ('Z'/''n'')^× (see above).
Similarly, the endomorphism ring of the additive group 'Z' is isomorphic to the ring 'Z'. Its automorphism group is isomorphic to the group of units of the ring 'Z', i.e. to {−1, +1} $cong$ ''C''₂.

See also

★ Cyclic symmetry groups in 3D

★ Cyclic extension

★ Cyclic module

★ Modular arithmetic