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The 'Cuyahoga River' (IPA pronunciation: , or ''kuy-a-HAW-ga'', locally ''kie-uh-HOE-guh'') is located in Northeast Ohio in the United States. Outside of Ohio, the river is most famous for being "the river that caught on fire"—which has actually happened more than once—helping to spur the environmental movement in the late 1960s. It begins its 100 mile (160 km) journey in Hambden, Ohio, flowing southwards to Cuyahoga Falls, where it turns sharply north and flows through the Cuyahoga Valley National Park (CVNP). It then flows through Cleveland to its northern terminus, emptying into Lake Erie. The river drains 813 square miles (2,105 km²) of land in portions of six counties. Native Americans called this winding water "Cuyahoga," which means "crooked river" in the Iroquois language.

Contents

Description

History

Fires and environmental concerns

Dams on the Cuyahoga

Variant names

See also

References

External links

Description

The river is a relatively recent geological formation, formed by the advance and retreat of ice sheets during the last ice age. The final glacial retreat, which occurred 10-12,000 years ago, caused changes in the drainage pattern near Akron. This change in pattern resulted in the originally southward-flowing Cuyahoga to turn north. As its newly reversed currents flowed towards Lake Erie, the river carved its way around glacial debris left by the receding ice sheet, resulting in the river's winding U-shape. These meanderings stretched the length of the river (which was only 30 miles (50 km) when travelled directly) into a 100-mile (160 km) trek from its headwaters to its mouth. The depth of the river (except where noted below) ranges from 3 to 6 feet (90-180 cm).

The lower Cuyahoga River has been subject to numerous changes. Originally, the river met Lake Erie approximately 4,000 feet west of its existing mouth, forming a shallow marsh. The current mouth is man-made and lies just west of present-day downtown Cleveland, which allows shipping traffic to flow freely between the river and the lake. Additionally, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dredged the final five miles of the otherwise shallow river to a depth of 27 feet (8 m, from the Mittal Steel Cleveland Works to its mouth) in order to accommodate ship traffic that serves the industries located on the river. The Corps of Engineers has also straightened and widened the river along the Federal Navigation Channel to facilitate maritime operations.

History

Moses Cleaveland, a surveyor charged with exploring the Connecticut Western Reserve, first arrived at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River in 1796, and subsequently decided to locate a settlement there which became Cleveland, Ohio.
The Cuyahoga River was one of the features along which the "Greenville Treaty Line" ran beginning in 1795, per the Treaty of Greenville, effectively becoming the western boundary of the United States and remaining as such briefly.

Fires and environmental concerns

Fires plagued the Cuyahoga beginning in 1936 when a spark from a blow torch ignited floating debris and oils. Fires erupted on the river several more times before June 22, 1969, when a river fire captured the attention of ''Time'' magazine, which described the Cuyahoga as the river that "oozes rather than flows" and in which a person "does not drown but decays."^[2]
This event helped spur an avalanche of pollution control activities resulting in the Clean Water Act, Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, and the creation of the federal and state Environmental Protection Agency. As a result, large point sources of pollution on the Cuyahoga have received significant attention from the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency in recent decades. These events are referred to in Randy Newman's 1972 song "Burn On" and R.E.M.'s 1986 song "Cuyahoga".
Water quality has improved and, in recognition of this improvement, the Cuyahoga River was designated as one of 14 American Heritage Rivers in 1998. Pollution remains, however, including nonpoint source problems, Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs),^[3] and stagnation due to water impounded by dams. For this reason, the Environmental Protection Agency classified portions of the Cuyahoga River Watershed as one of 43 Great Lakes Areas of Concern.

Dams on the Cuyahoga

The largest dam is the Ohio Edison Dam in Akron, near Cuyahoga Falls. This 57-foot dam has for over 90 years flooded the Falls for which the City of Cuyahoga Falls was named; more to the point of water quality, it has created a large stagnant pool with low dissolved oxygen.^[4] Two other dams, in Kent and in Munroe Falls, though smaller, have had an even greater impact on water quality due to the lower gradient in their respective reaches. For this reason, the Ohio EPA has required the communities to mitigate the effects of the dams. The Kent Dam was bypassed in 2004;^[5] the Munroe Falls Dam was modified in the Summer of 2005.^[6]
During the modification of the Munroe Falls Dam in Summer, 2005, a natural waterfall was uncovered.^[7] Given this new knowledge about the riverbed, some interested parties, including Summit County, campaigned for complete removal of the dam. The revised plan, initially denied on September 20, 2005, was approved by the Munroe Falls City Council on September 27, 2005. The dam, constructed of sandstone blocks, has been removed, replacing an 11.5-foot dam with a natural ledge which is 4.5 feet high at its maximum drop.^[8][9]

The Ohio Edison Dam was built in 1912 to serve the dual functions of generating hydropower and providing cooling-water storage for a coal-burning power plant; however, the hydropower operation was discontinued in 1958, and the coal-burning plant was decommissioned in 1991[1]. Some environmental groups, including American Rivers and Friends of the Crooked River, and recreational groups, including the Cleveland-based Keel-haulers Canoe Club and American Whitewater, want the dam removed.^[10] Others contend that such an effort would be expensive and complicated, for at least two reasons: 1) the formerly hollow dam was filled in with concrete in the early 1990's, and 2) because of the industrial history of Cuyahoga Falls, the sediment upstream of the dam is expected to contain hazardous chemicals, possibly including heavy metals and PCBs. The Ohio EPA estimates that removal of the dam would cost $5-10 million; removing the contaminated sediments, $60 million.^[11] The dam is licensed through 2041.
Advanced Hydro Solutions (AHS), a company based in Fairlawn, Ohio, recently filed a notice of intent to utilize the dam to generate hydropower. They say that hydropower is a cleaner source of power and that the emissions saved by the plant will be the equivalent of taking 10,000 cars off the road.¹¹ Citing concerns with erosion, dewatering of the scenic river reach below the dam, and use that is inconsistent with the Gorge MetroPark's purpose, opponents to this plan include, in addition to environmental and recreational groups, some governmental agencies, including Metro Parks, Serving Summit County, the U.S. Department of the Interior, and the Ohio EPA. At public meetings held on July 27, 2005, the proposed project, which would only generate enough electricity to power 2000 homes, encountered substantial opposition. On May 25, 2007, Advanced Hydro Solutions suffered a setback in its effort to develop the site. The United States Court of Appeals for the sixth circuit denied its application to conduct tests at the site, refusing to overturn a lower court's ruling that the MetroParks had the right to deny AHS access to conduct the tests.^[12] In a letter dated June 14, 2007, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) terminated AHS's application for the Integrated Licensing Permit without prejudice, citing the company's failure to adhere to strict timelines. FERC will allow AHS to re-file if it can conduct the required studies and move forward with the project.^[13][14] The final decision from the FERC on the project is due in July, 2009.¹¹

Variant names

According to the Geographic Names Information System, the Cuyahoga River has also been known as:


★ Cajahage River

★ Cayagaga River

★ Cayahoga River

★ Cayhahoga River

★ Cayohoga River

★ Cujahaga River

★ Cuyohaga River

★ Gichawaga Creek

★ Goyahague River

★ Gwahago River

★ River de Saguin

★ Riviere Blanch

★ Riviere a Seguin

★ Saguin River

★ Yashahia

★ Cayahaga River

★ Cayanhoga River

★ Cayhoga River

★ Coyahoga River

★ Cuahoga River

★ Guyahoga River

★ Gwahoga River

★ Kiahagoh River

See also

★ List of Ohio rivers

References

1. Map of Ohio watersheds
2. The Cities: The Price of Optimism, ''Time''. 1969-08-01.
3. United States Environmental Protection Agency, ''Cuyahoga River Area of Concern'', June 20th, 2007. Retrieved June 20, 2007.
4. Ohio EPA, ''Biological and Water Quality Study of the Cuyahoga River and Selected Tributaries'', August 15, 1999. Retrieved June 20, 2007.
5. City of Kent, Ohio, ''Cuyahoga River Restoration Project FINAL SUMMARY''. Retrieved June 20, 2007.
6. Summit County, Ohio, ''Munroe Falls Dam''. Retrieved June 20, 2007.
7. NewsNet5, ''Crews Unearth Natural Waterfall'', September 13, 2005. Retrieved June 20, 2007.
8. Munroe Falls dam to stand, but shorter Bob Downing
9. AP / Cleveland ''Plain Dealer''. Dam removal to return Cuyahoga to natural, free-flowing state. Posted September 29, 2005; retrieved October 6, 2005.
10. Kent Environmental Council, Newsletter June 2005. Retrieved June 21, 2007.
11. Hydropower plan hits rough water Bob Downing
12. Still no Gorge park access for company Mark R Potter
13. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, ''Letter to Metro Hydroelectric Company'', June 14, 2007. Retrieved June 20, 2007.
14. Bob Downing, Akron Beacon-Journal, ''Agency Dismisses Company's Park Plans'', June 16, 2007. Retrieved June 20, 2007.


★ Removal could be in dam's future Phil Keren

★ Change proposed for Gorge Dam Phil Keren

★ Metro Parks discuss future of Gorge Dam Lauren Passell

★ Akron Beacon Journal Editorial (2005). All Wet. Retrieved July 29, 2005.

★ AP / Cleveland ''Plain Dealer''. Dam removal to return Cuyahoga to natural, free-flowing state. Posted September 29, 2005; retrieved October 6, 2005.

★ Hydroelectric project has upstream battle John C Kuehner

★ Still no Gorge park access for company Mark R Potter

External links

★ Cuyahoga River Community Planning Organization

★ Cuyahoga Valley

★ Friends of the Crooked River

★ National Whitewater River Inventory

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★ Lower Cuyahoga Gorge (below the Ohio Edison Dam)

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★ Upper Cuyahoga Gorge (Cuyahoga Falls, above the Dam)

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★ Kent to Munroe Falls

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★ Ira Rd. to Peninsula

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★ Peninsula to Boston Mills

★ Cuyahoga River and Cuyahoga River Fire entries from the ''Encyclopedia of Cleveland History''