The 'culture of
Japan' has evolved greatly over the years, from the country's original
Jomon culture to its contemporary hybrid culture, which combines influences from
Asia,
Europe and
North America. After several waves of immigration from the continent and nearby Pacific islands (see
History of Japan), followed by a heavy importation of
culture from
China, the inhabitants of
Japan experienced a long period of relative isolation from the outside world under the
Tokugawa shogunate until the arrival of the "
The Black Ships" and the
Meiji era. As a result, a culture distinctively different from other Asian cultures developed, and echoes of this persist in contemporary Japan.
Japanese language
Main articles: Japanese language
The Japanese language has always played a significant role in Japanese culture. Spoken mainly in Japan but also in some Japanese emigrant communities around the world, it is an
agglutinative language and the sound inventory of Japanese is relatively small but has a lexically distinct
pitch-accent system. Early Japanese is known largely on the basis of its state in the
8th century, when the three major works of
Old Japanese were compiled. The earliest attestation of the Japanese language is in a Chinese document from 252 A.D.
Japanese is written with a combination of three different types of scripts: Chinese characters
Kanji, and two syllabic scripts,
Hiragana and
Katakana. The Latin alphabet,
rÅmaji, is also often used in modern Japanese, especially for company names and logos, advertising, and when inputting Japanese into a computer. The
Hindu-Arabic numerals are generally used for numbers, but traditional Sino-Japanese numerals are also commonplace.
Visual arts
Main articles: Japanese art
Painting
Main articles: Japanese painting
Painting has been an art in Japan for a very long time: the brush is a traditional writing tool, and the extension of that to its use as an artist's tool was probably natural. Native Japanese painting techniques are still in use today, as well as techniques adopted from continental Asia and from the West.
Calligraphy
Main articles: Japanese calligraphy
The flowing, brush-drawn Japanese language lends itself to complicated
calligraphy. Calligraphic art is often too esoteric for Western audiences and therefore general exposure is very limited. However in East Asian countries, the rendering of text itself is seen as a traditional artform as well as a means of conveying written information. The written work can consist of phrases, poems, stories, or even single characters. The style and format of the writing can mimic the subject matter, even to the point of texture and stroke speed. In some cases it can take over one hundred attempts to produce the desired effect of a single character but the process of creating the work is considered as much an art as the end product itself.
This artform is known as Sumi-e and involves making ink by grinding a solid ink stick on a special stone, and mixing it with water.
Sculpture
Main articles: Japanese sculpture
Traditional Japanese sculptures mainly settled on the subject of
Buddhist images, such as
Tathagata,
Bodhisattva and
MyÅ-Å. The most oldest sculpture in Japan is a wooden statues of
Amitabha at the
ZenkÅ-ji temple, which was tributed from an ancient Korean king. In the
Nara period, Buddhist statues were made by the national government to boost its prestige. These examples are seen in present-day
Nara and
Kyoto, most notably a colossal bronze statue of the Buddha
Vairocana in the
TÅdai-ji temple.
Wood has traditionally been used as the chief material in Japan, along with the traditional
Japanese architectures. Statues are often
lacquered,
gilded, or brightly painted, althogh there are little traces on the surfaces. Bronze and other metals are also used. Other materials, such as
stone and
pottery, have had extremely important roles in the plebeian beliefs.
Ukiyo-e
Main articles: ukiyo-e
is a genre of
woodblock prints that exemplifies the characteristics of pre-
Meiji Japanese art. Because these prints could be mass-produced, they were available to a wide cross-section of the Japanese populace — those not wealthy enough to afford original paintings — during their heyday, from the
17th to
20th century.
The widespread popularity of ''ukiyo-e'' prints lead to their recognition as a very Japanese artform, which in turn has led to significant modern mimicry of ''ukiyo-e'' stylings in advertisements, posters, and other art including
manga.
Ikebana
Main articles: ikebana
is the Japanese art of flower arrangement. It has gained widespread international fame for its focus on harmony, color use, rhythm, and elegantly simple design. It is an art centered greatly on expressing the seasons, and is meant to act as a symbol to something greater than the flower itself. Many Japanese women entering into a third party marriage learn Ikebana to be a more appealing and well-rounded lady. Ikebana is widely practiced in Japan today, as well as around the world.
Performing arts
Main articles: Theatre of Japan
Mention Kabuki, Noh, Takurazuka, and Bunraku.
Architecture
Main articles: Japanese architecture
Japanese architecture has as long a history as any other aspect of Japanese culture. Originally heavily influenced by
Chinese architecture, it also develops many differences and aspects which are indigenous to Japan. Examples of traditional architecture are seen at
Temples,
Shinto shrines and
castles in
Kyoto and
Nara. Some of these buildings are constructed with
traditional gardens, which are influenced from
Zen ideas.
Some mordern architects, such as
Yoshio Taniguchi and
Tadao Ando are known for their amalgamation of Japanese traditional and Western architectural influences.
Clothing
Main articles: Japanese clothing,
Japanese fashion
The Japanese word means "something one wears" and they are the traditional garments of Japan. Originally, the word ''kimono'' was used for all types of clothing, but eventually, it came to refer specifically to the full-length garment also known as the
naga-gi, meaning "long-wear", that is still worn today on special occasions by women, men, and children. It is often known as
wafuku which means "Japanese clothes". Kimono come in a variety of colors, styles, and sizes. Men mainly wear darker or more muted colors, while women tend to wear brighter colors and
pastels, and often with complicated abstract or floral patterns. The summer kimono which are lighter are called
yukata. Formal kimono are typically worn in several layers, with number of layers, visibility of layers, sleeve length, and choice of pattern dictated by social status and the occasion for which the kimono is worn.
Cuisine
Sushi. L-R: nigiri, makizushi
Through a long culinary past, the Japanese have developed a sophisticated and refined
cuisine highly sensitive to the change of seasons. Modern Japanese enjoy a variety of traditional Japanese food, including the staples of
rice and
miso soup, as well as many seafood dishes (
sushi and
sashimi for instance), and a multitude of foreign dishes.
One can easily find
Chinese,
Korean, and
Thai dishes as well as non-regional American, French, and Italian foods. Japanese cuisine is a product of its environment and people. The ease of acquiring fresh ingredients led to
sushi, high temperature and humidity led to varieties of
pickled and
fermented food like
natto,
umeboshi,
tsukemono and
soy sauce. Adaptation of foreign cuisines, such as
ramen, which originated in
China, are also popular among the masses.
In recent years, Japanese food has become popular in the U.S. and Europe. Generally they have the reputation of being low in calories and otherwise healthy, which is potentially related to the longevity of Japanese people.
Sports
Judo played by a Japanese policeman and an American Marine
In the long feudal period governed by the
samurai class, some methods that were used to train warriors were developed into well-ordered
martial arts, referred to collectively as
Koryū. Examples include
Kenjutsu,
Kyudo,
SÅjutsu,
Jujutsu and
Sumo, all of which were established in the
Edo period. After the rapid social change in the
Meiji Restoration, some martial arts changed to modern sports,
Gendai BudÅ.
Judo was developed by
Kano Jigoro, who studied some sects of Jujutsu. These sports are still widely practiced in present day Japan and other countries.
Baseball,
football (soccer) and other popular western sports were imported to Japan in the
Meiji period. These sports are commonly practiced in schools along with traditional martial arts.
The most popular professional sports in today's Japan are Sumo, baseball and football(soccer). In addition, many semi-professional organizations, such as
volleyball,
basketball and
rugby, are sponsored by private companies.
Popular culture
Main articles: Japanese popular culture
Japanese popular culture not only reflects the attitudes and concerns of the present but also provides a link to the past. Popular
films,
television programs,
comics, and
music all developed from older artistic and literary traditions, and many of their themes and styles of presentation can be traced to traditional art forms. Contemporary forms of popular culture, much like the traditional forms, provide not only entertainment but also an escape for the contemporary Japanese from the problems of an industrial world. When asked how they spent their leisure time, 80 percent of a sample of men and women surveyed by the government in
1986 said they averaged about two and one-half hours per weekday watching
television, listening to the
radio, and reading
newspapers or
magazines. Some 16 percent spent an average of two and one-quarter hours a day engaged in hobbies or amusements. Others spent leisure time participating in sports, socializing, and personal study.
Teenagers and
retired people reported more time spent on all of these activities than did other groups.
In the late
1980s, the family was the focus of leisure activities, such as excursions to parks or shopping districts. Although
Japan is often thought of as a hard-working society with little time for pleasure, the Japanese seek entertainment wherever they can. It is common to see Japanese commuters riding the
train to work, enjoying their favorite
manga or listening through earphones to the latest in
popular music on portable music players.
A wide variety of types of popular entertainment are available. There is a large selection of music, films, and the products of a huge comic book industry, among other forms of entertainment, from which to choose. Game centers, bowling alleys, and
karaoke are popular hangout places for teens while older people may play
shogi or
go in specialized parlors.
Nihonjinron
Main articles: Nihonjinron
The term literally means "''theories/discussions about the
Japanese''" and refers to a large number of texts, ranging over such varied fields as
sociology,
psychology,
history,
linguistics,
philosophy,and even
science, published predominantly in
Japan by Japanese, though noted examples of the genre have also been penned by foreign scholars, journalists and residents.
See also
References
★
Modern Japanese Cuisine: Food, Power and National Identity, , Katarzyna J., Cwiertka, Reaktion Books, 2007, ISBN 1861892985 Review
★
Japan
Footnotes
Traditional Japanese footwear is not seen that often these days as is usually only worn with other traditional clothing. Zori are sandals made from rice straw or lacquered wood and are worn with a kimono for formal occasions. Geta are raised wooden clogs that are worn with the informal yukata. Geta are most often seen these days on the feet of sumo wrestlers. You will most likely hear them before you see them as they make a distinctive clacking noise as the wearer walks. This is sometimes mentioned as one of the sounds that older Japanese miss most in modern life. You may see the occasional buddhist monk wearing waraji, sandals made from straw rope that in the past were the standard footwear of the common people. All three designs allow for free circulation of air around the feet, a feature that probably came about because of Japan's humid climate.
External links
★
Agency for Cultural Affairs
★
JAPANESE CULTURE, Mi Marketing Pty Ltd.
★
Japanese culture and info
العربية
ä¸å›½
Français
Deutsch
Ελληνική
हिनà¥à¤¦à¥€
Italiano
日本語
Português
РуÑÑкий
Español
