العربية
中国
Français
Deutsch
Ελληνική
हिन्दी
Italiano
日本語
Português
Русский
EspañolCOVERT OPERATION
From The U.S. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms - Joint Publication JP1-02 dated 05 January 2007:
:'Covert Operation:' ''An operation that is so planned and executed as to conceal the identity of or permit plausible denial by the sponsor. A covert operation differs from a clandestine operation in that emphasis is placed on concealment of identity of sponsor rather than on concealment of the operation.''
This definition is accepted by all U.S. intelligence and military groups, including the Special Operations Command. It is accepted (and in fact borrowed from) U.K. terminology, and is also recognized by all NATO allies.
Basically, a covert operation is one in which the operation may become known to the enemy or the world, but the responsible parties cannot be traced, or at worst proven.
"Covert" is often confused both within and outside the military community with the word "stealthy". Stealth and secrecy are desired characteristics of most military planning and in the approach to targets. It provides the element of surprise and reduces resistance. But stealth is not covertness, and covertness is not stealth.
A 'covert operation' is a military or political activity, often performed in secrecy, that would break specific laws or compromise policy in another country. Covert operations are frequently illegal in the target state and are sometimes in violation of the laws of the enacting country.
Covert operations are employed in situations where openly operating against a target would be politically or diplomatically risky, or be counterproductive to the mission's purpose. In the case of enemies, there may be issues regarding violation of neutrality, concerns over military strength, the presence of treaties, laws, moral principles, or aversion to negative media attention. Operations may be directed at or conducted with allies and friends to secure their support or to influence or assist their policy against an enemy. Covert operations may assist espionage efforts, or may diverge from such efforts by attempting to influence events in another country directly.
Covert operations have been employed by many national and sub-national governments and other organizations for centuries, with or without a formal intelligence agency. They are an established and often controversial component of foreign policy throughout the world. The equivalent Soviet terminology would be "active measures".
Law enforcement agencies also use covert operations to infiltrate suspected criminal organizations.
Covert/Clandestine action takes many different forms reflecting the diverse circumstances in which it is used. There are paramilitary operations, in which a state trains, supports, or advises a military force in another country. There is political subversion, in which a state supports or advises a political group in another country or directs propaganda at its population. In disinformation operations, a government provides forged documents to another government to turn that government against an enemy. Some of the most controversial covert actions are those directed against individuals, such as kidnappings, assassinations, and coups d'état.
A common tactic in covert or clandestine operations is to establish a front business or organization through which agents can operate unrecognized. Air America, the CIA-owned airline that supplied Hmong fighters in Laos during the Second Indochina War, is an example of such a front organization.
This campaign against North Vietnam—the largest and most complex covert/clandestine operation since World War II—was conducted by the Pentagon's Special Operations Group (under the cover name "Studies and Observation Group") between 1964 and 1972. It involved dispatching spies, psychological warfare, manipulation of North Vietnamese POWs, kidnapping, dirty tricks, commando raids, and operations on the Ho Chi Minh trail.[1]
===Indo-Pakistani War of 1971===
The creation of Bangladesh is rated as one of the most successful covert operations in modern times. It was well planned and carried out by India's external intelligence agency Research and Analysis Wing (RAW). A RAW assessment sent to the Prime Minister of India spelt out the need for surgical intervention as the reports that came in gave positive indications that Pakistan was preparing for war. RAW received the green signal. RAW established guerrilla training camps along the border and began to train an illegal army, known as Mukti Bahini.
The Bangladesh operation took place in two phases: covert subversion (Indian operatives would get into East Pakistan, arm the local population and capitalize on the frustrations brewing) and military intervention. Phase one was coordinated by R.N Kao, the director of RAW and phase two was carried out under the leadership of Indian Army's Chief General, Manekshaw, both reporting directly to Indira Gandhi, India's then Prime Minister. The mission was a success, with Pakistani Army surrendering to India within four days of intense combat resulting in the formation of Bangladesh.
===Operation Wrath of God===
Operation Wrath of God was conducted by Mossad and resulted in the assassination of Palestinians who organized the murder of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympics in Munich, Germany. Since the operation was eventually announced by the host country, the operation is regarded as a stealth mission rather than a covert (deniable) or clandestine (undetected) operation.
===COINTELPRO (Late 1960s - Mid 1970s)===
In Operation COINTELPRO, the FBI infiltrated and disrupted domestic left-leaning political groups during the Cold War. The mission was regarded by the sponsor (the FBI) to be clandestine in nature. When exposed, the activity was eventually declared illegal and led to additional U.S. laws being passed (e.g. FISA) to attempt to prevent further such actions by the U.S. against its own citizens.
The Iran-Contra Affair, also known as "Irangate", took place in Nicaragua. Former National Security Advisor Marine Colonel Oliver North, retired General Richard Secord, Robert McFarlane, and Admiral John Poindexter helped the National Security Council raise private and foreign funds. North and Secord set up companies to buy and transport arms, working with reputed international arms dealer Adnan Khashoggi.
North, Secord, McFarlane, and Pointdexter's activities were under the umbrella of then–CIA Director William Casey's secret effort to establish an "off the shelf" covert action capability for President Ronald Reagan, separate from the existing national security apparatus. Many details relating to this can be found in Bob Woodward's book ''Veil''.
The Reagan administration, in contravention to the Boland Amendment (which ended funding of the Contras), sold military arms to the Contras for three main reasons: first, to aid the Contras against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua; second, to use the weapons sale proceeds to fund the exchange of various U.S. hostages held in the Middle East; and third, to hinder the advancement of communism.
The following persons are known to have participated in covert operations, as distinct from clandestine intelligence gathering (espionage) either by their own admission or by the accounts of others:
★ Aaron Bank, World War II US OSS officer who created a fake group of the German Army, made up of POWs, with the mission of killing Hitler. As a colonel, he was the first commander of United States Army Special Forces.
★ Charles Beckwith, US Army colonel who was an early exchange officer with the British Special Air Service (SAS), and created US Delta Force (1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta) based on the SAS.
★ Gary Berntsen, CIA field officer and team leader during Operation Enduring Freedom.
★ Abu Daoud, leader of the PLO Black September organization.
★ Wendell Fertig, US Army Reserve officer who organized large guerilla forces of Filipinos against the WWII Japanese occupation.
★ Virginia Hall, American who first worked for the British Special Operations Executive, then for the US Office of Strategic Services in WWII occupied France. Only US woman to receive the Distinguished Service Cross.
★ Eric Haney, former founding member of Delta Force.
★ Michael Harari, Israeli Mossad officer who led assassination operations (Operation Wrath of God) against PLO members accused of the 1972 Munich Massacre.
★ Edward Lansdale, US Air Force officer (eventually major general) seconded to the CIA, and noted for his work with Ramon Magsaysay against the Hukbalahap insurgency in Philippines during the early 1950s, and later involved in Operation Mongoose against Cuba.
★ T.E. Lawrence, British "Lawrence of Arabia" who organized Arab forces during World War I.
★ Alain Mafart, French DGSE officer convicted, in New Zealand, for sinking the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior.
★ Richard A. Meadows, US Army Special Forces officer known for many operations, including the POW rescue attempt at Son Tay, North Vietnam, and for deep operations in support of Operation Eagle Claw, the attempted rescue of US embassy personnel in Tehran.
★ Richard Meinertzhagen, British officer who engaged in deceptive operations against Turkish forces in World War I, although falsifying later operations.
★ Ramon Mercader, NKVD operator who assassinated Leon Trotsky under the direction of Pavel Sudoplatov.
★ Noor Inayat Khan, Anglo-Indian Special Operations Executive radio operator in WWII Occupied France, killed in Nazi captivity with three other SOE agents, Yolande Beekman, Eliane Plewman and Madeleine Damerment.
★ Chuck Pfarrer, former Navy SEAL.
★ Dominique Prieur, French DGSE officer convicted, in New Zealand, for sinking the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior
★ Richard Quirin, German WWII saboteur landed by German submarine in the US, as part of Operation Pastorius. Captured and executed. ex parte Quirin was a Supreme Court case challenging the constitutionality of execution of unlawful combatants
★ Ali Hassan Salameh, chief of operations of Black September.
★ Mike Spann, CIA field officer and the first Agency operative to be killed in action during Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.
★ Gary Schroen, CIA field officer who led the first CIA team into Afghanistan during the opening stages of Operation Enduring Freedom.
★ Otto Skorzeny, German commando who led the rescue of Mussolini, and operated in US uniform during the Battle of the Bulge.
★ Pavel Sudoplatov, major general in Soviet state security (under many organizational names), with roles ranging from assassin to director of field operations.
★ Jesus Villamor, Filipino Air Force officer that helped organize WWII guerilla movements.
★ Billy Waugh, CIA covert contractor and former Green Beret.
Covert operations have often been the subject of popular novels, films, TV series, comics, etc.
See Spy fiction.
See Spy film.
★ ''Spooks''
★ ''I Spy''
★ '', 1963-1966, 1988-1990
★ ''The X-Files'', 1993-2002
★ ''Nikita'', 1997-2001
★ ''Alias'', 2001-2006
★ ''24'' 2003-present
★ ''Burn Notice'',2007-present
★ Military intelligence
★ black op
★ Black Bag op
★ false flag
★ SO10
★ TALON - Threat And Local Observation Notice
★ CIFA - Counterintelligence Field Activity
★ COINTELPRO
★ CHAOS
★ MKULTRA
★ 902nd Military Intelligence Group, Ft. Meade, Maryland
★ Covert Warfare (book)
★ Task Force Falcon
★ covert mission
1. Shultz, Richard H., Jr. ''The Secret War against Hanoi: Kennedy's and Johnson's Use of Spies, Saboteurs, and Covert Warriors in North Vietnam''. HarperCollins, 1999. ISBN 0-06-019454-5.
★ Statutory Procedures Under Which Congress Is To Be Informed of U.S. Intelligence Activities, Including Covert Actions by Alfred Cumming, January 18 2006 (HTML) - Congressional Research Service via thewall.civiblog.org
★ Richard Hersh Statement to House Judiciary Democratic Congressional Briefing, January 20 2006 (HTML) via thewall.civiblog.org
★ Full Transcript, House Judiciary Democratic Membership Briefing "Constitution in Crisis: Domestic Surveillance and Executive Power" January 20 2006 (HTML) via thewall.civiblog.org
★ "Big Brother is Watching You Part 1 - 902 MI Group TALON Project Summary, Spreadsheet, Rep. Wexler response, and News Coverage collection (includes Shane Harris's "TIA Lives On") via thewall.civiblog.org
:'Covert Operation:' ''An operation that is so planned and executed as to conceal the identity of or permit plausible denial by the sponsor. A covert operation differs from a clandestine operation in that emphasis is placed on concealment of identity of sponsor rather than on concealment of the operation.''
This definition is accepted by all U.S. intelligence and military groups, including the Special Operations Command. It is accepted (and in fact borrowed from) U.K. terminology, and is also recognized by all NATO allies.
Basically, a covert operation is one in which the operation may become known to the enemy or the world, but the responsible parties cannot be traced, or at worst proven.
"Covert" is often confused both within and outside the military community with the word "stealthy". Stealth and secrecy are desired characteristics of most military planning and in the approach to targets. It provides the element of surprise and reduces resistance. But stealth is not covertness, and covertness is not stealth.
A 'covert operation' is a military or political activity, often performed in secrecy, that would break specific laws or compromise policy in another country. Covert operations are frequently illegal in the target state and are sometimes in violation of the laws of the enacting country.
Covert operations are employed in situations where openly operating against a target would be politically or diplomatically risky, or be counterproductive to the mission's purpose. In the case of enemies, there may be issues regarding violation of neutrality, concerns over military strength, the presence of treaties, laws, moral principles, or aversion to negative media attention. Operations may be directed at or conducted with allies and friends to secure their support or to influence or assist their policy against an enemy. Covert operations may assist espionage efforts, or may diverge from such efforts by attempting to influence events in another country directly.
Covert operations have been employed by many national and sub-national governments and other organizations for centuries, with or without a formal intelligence agency. They are an established and often controversial component of foreign policy throughout the world. The equivalent Soviet terminology would be "active measures".
Law enforcement agencies also use covert operations to infiltrate suspected criminal organizations.
Forms of covert and clandestine operations
Covert/Clandestine action takes many different forms reflecting the diverse circumstances in which it is used. There are paramilitary operations, in which a state trains, supports, or advises a military force in another country. There is political subversion, in which a state supports or advises a political group in another country or directs propaganda at its population. In disinformation operations, a government provides forged documents to another government to turn that government against an enemy. Some of the most controversial covert actions are those directed against individuals, such as kidnappings, assassinations, and coups d'état.
A common tactic in covert or clandestine operations is to establish a front business or organization through which agents can operate unrecognized. Air America, the CIA-owned airline that supplied Hmong fighters in Laos during the Second Indochina War, is an example of such a front organization.
Examples of covert and clandestine operations
Studies and Observation Group (1964-1972)
This campaign against North Vietnam—the largest and most complex covert/clandestine operation since World War II—was conducted by the Pentagon's Special Operations Group (under the cover name "Studies and Observation Group") between 1964 and 1972. It involved dispatching spies, psychological warfare, manipulation of North Vietnamese POWs, kidnapping, dirty tricks, commando raids, and operations on the Ho Chi Minh trail.[1]
===Indo-Pakistani War of 1971===
The creation of Bangladesh is rated as one of the most successful covert operations in modern times. It was well planned and carried out by India's external intelligence agency Research and Analysis Wing (RAW). A RAW assessment sent to the Prime Minister of India spelt out the need for surgical intervention as the reports that came in gave positive indications that Pakistan was preparing for war. RAW received the green signal. RAW established guerrilla training camps along the border and began to train an illegal army, known as Mukti Bahini.
The Bangladesh operation took place in two phases: covert subversion (Indian operatives would get into East Pakistan, arm the local population and capitalize on the frustrations brewing) and military intervention. Phase one was coordinated by R.N Kao, the director of RAW and phase two was carried out under the leadership of Indian Army's Chief General, Manekshaw, both reporting directly to Indira Gandhi, India's then Prime Minister. The mission was a success, with Pakistani Army surrendering to India within four days of intense combat resulting in the formation of Bangladesh.
===Operation Wrath of God===
Operation Wrath of God was conducted by Mossad and resulted in the assassination of Palestinians who organized the murder of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympics in Munich, Germany. Since the operation was eventually announced by the host country, the operation is regarded as a stealth mission rather than a covert (deniable) or clandestine (undetected) operation.
===COINTELPRO (Late 1960s - Mid 1970s)===
In Operation COINTELPRO, the FBI infiltrated and disrupted domestic left-leaning political groups during the Cold War. The mission was regarded by the sponsor (the FBI) to be clandestine in nature. When exposed, the activity was eventually declared illegal and led to additional U.S. laws being passed (e.g. FISA) to attempt to prevent further such actions by the U.S. against its own citizens.
Iran-Contra Affair (1980s)
The Iran-Contra Affair, also known as "Irangate", took place in Nicaragua. Former National Security Advisor Marine Colonel Oliver North, retired General Richard Secord, Robert McFarlane, and Admiral John Poindexter helped the National Security Council raise private and foreign funds. North and Secord set up companies to buy and transport arms, working with reputed international arms dealer Adnan Khashoggi.
North, Secord, McFarlane, and Pointdexter's activities were under the umbrella of then–CIA Director William Casey's secret effort to establish an "off the shelf" covert action capability for President Ronald Reagan, separate from the existing national security apparatus. Many details relating to this can be found in Bob Woodward's book ''Veil''.
The Reagan administration, in contravention to the Boland Amendment (which ended funding of the Contras), sold military arms to the Contras for three main reasons: first, to aid the Contras against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua; second, to use the weapons sale proceeds to fund the exchange of various U.S. hostages held in the Middle East; and third, to hinder the advancement of communism.
Notable covert operators
The following persons are known to have participated in covert operations, as distinct from clandestine intelligence gathering (espionage) either by their own admission or by the accounts of others:
★ Aaron Bank, World War II US OSS officer who created a fake group of the German Army, made up of POWs, with the mission of killing Hitler. As a colonel, he was the first commander of United States Army Special Forces.
★ Charles Beckwith, US Army colonel who was an early exchange officer with the British Special Air Service (SAS), and created US Delta Force (1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta) based on the SAS.
★ Gary Berntsen, CIA field officer and team leader during Operation Enduring Freedom.
★ Abu Daoud, leader of the PLO Black September organization.
★ Wendell Fertig, US Army Reserve officer who organized large guerilla forces of Filipinos against the WWII Japanese occupation.
★ Virginia Hall, American who first worked for the British Special Operations Executive, then for the US Office of Strategic Services in WWII occupied France. Only US woman to receive the Distinguished Service Cross.
★ Eric Haney, former founding member of Delta Force.
★ Michael Harari, Israeli Mossad officer who led assassination operations (Operation Wrath of God) against PLO members accused of the 1972 Munich Massacre.
★ Edward Lansdale, US Air Force officer (eventually major general) seconded to the CIA, and noted for his work with Ramon Magsaysay against the Hukbalahap insurgency in Philippines during the early 1950s, and later involved in Operation Mongoose against Cuba.
★ T.E. Lawrence, British "Lawrence of Arabia" who organized Arab forces during World War I.
★ Alain Mafart, French DGSE officer convicted, in New Zealand, for sinking the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior.
★ Richard A. Meadows, US Army Special Forces officer known for many operations, including the POW rescue attempt at Son Tay, North Vietnam, and for deep operations in support of Operation Eagle Claw, the attempted rescue of US embassy personnel in Tehran.
★ Richard Meinertzhagen, British officer who engaged in deceptive operations against Turkish forces in World War I, although falsifying later operations.
★ Ramon Mercader, NKVD operator who assassinated Leon Trotsky under the direction of Pavel Sudoplatov.
★ Noor Inayat Khan, Anglo-Indian Special Operations Executive radio operator in WWII Occupied France, killed in Nazi captivity with three other SOE agents, Yolande Beekman, Eliane Plewman and Madeleine Damerment.
★ Chuck Pfarrer, former Navy SEAL.
★ Dominique Prieur, French DGSE officer convicted, in New Zealand, for sinking the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior
★ Richard Quirin, German WWII saboteur landed by German submarine in the US, as part of Operation Pastorius. Captured and executed. ex parte Quirin was a Supreme Court case challenging the constitutionality of execution of unlawful combatants
★ Ali Hassan Salameh, chief of operations of Black September.
★ Mike Spann, CIA field officer and the first Agency operative to be killed in action during Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan.
★ Gary Schroen, CIA field officer who led the first CIA team into Afghanistan during the opening stages of Operation Enduring Freedom.
★ Otto Skorzeny, German commando who led the rescue of Mussolini, and operated in US uniform during the Battle of the Bulge.
★ Pavel Sudoplatov, major general in Soviet state security (under many organizational names), with roles ranging from assassin to director of field operations.
★ Jesus Villamor, Filipino Air Force officer that helped organize WWII guerilla movements.
★ Billy Waugh, CIA covert contractor and former Green Beret.
Representations of covert operations in popular culture
Covert operations have often been the subject of popular novels, films, TV series, comics, etc.
Literature
See Spy fiction.
Film
See Spy film.
Television
★ ''Spooks''
★ ''I Spy''
★ '', 1963-1966, 1988-1990
★ ''The X-Files'', 1993-2002
★ ''Nikita'', 1997-2001
★ ''Alias'', 2001-2006
★ ''24'' 2003-present
★ ''Burn Notice'',2007-present
See also
★ Military intelligence
★ black op
★ Black Bag op
★ false flag
★ SO10
★ TALON - Threat And Local Observation Notice
★ CIFA - Counterintelligence Field Activity
★ COINTELPRO
★ CHAOS
★ MKULTRA
★ 902nd Military Intelligence Group, Ft. Meade, Maryland
★ Covert Warfare (book)
★ Task Force Falcon
★ covert mission
References
1. Shultz, Richard H., Jr. ''The Secret War against Hanoi: Kennedy's and Johnson's Use of Spies, Saboteurs, and Covert Warriors in North Vietnam''. HarperCollins, 1999. ISBN 0-06-019454-5.
External links
★ Statutory Procedures Under Which Congress Is To Be Informed of U.S. Intelligence Activities, Including Covert Actions by Alfred Cumming, January 18 2006 (HTML) - Congressional Research Service via thewall.civiblog.org
★ Richard Hersh Statement to House Judiciary Democratic Congressional Briefing, January 20 2006 (HTML) via thewall.civiblog.org
★ Full Transcript, House Judiciary Democratic Membership Briefing "Constitution in Crisis: Domestic Surveillance and Executive Power" January 20 2006 (HTML) via thewall.civiblog.org
★ "Big Brother is Watching You Part 1 - 902 MI Group TALON Project Summary, Spreadsheet, Rep. Wexler response, and News Coverage collection (includes Shane Harris's "TIA Lives On") via thewall.civiblog.org
This article provided by Wikipedia. To edit the contents of this article, click here for original source.
psst.. try this: add to faves
