'Corcyra' or 'Corfu' (
Greek: 'Κέρκυρα', ''Kérkyra'',
Ancient Greek 'Κέρκυρα' or 'Κόρκυρα',
Latin: ''Corcyra'',
Italian ''Corfù'') is a
Greek island in the
Ionian Sea. It lies off the
coast of
Albania, from which it is separated by straits varying in breadth from 3 to 23 km (2 to 15 mi), including one near
Butrint and a longer one west of
Thesprotia. The island is part of the
Corfu Prefecture. The principal town of the
island is also named
Corfu, or Kerkyra in Greek. Corfu is home to the
Ionian University. The island is steeped in history and it is perennially connected to the
history of Greece starting from
Greek mythology.
Its Greek
name, ''Kerkyra'', is connected to two powerful water symbols:
Poseidon, god of the sea and
Asopos, an important Greek mainland river. According to myth, Poseidon fell in love with the beautiful nymph
Korkyra, daughter of Asopus and river nymph
Metope, and abducted her, as was the custom among gods of that era's myths -
Zeus himself was a serial offender. Poseidon brought her to the hitherto unnamed island and, being in marital bliss, offered her name to the place: ''Korkyra'', which gradually evolved to ''Kerkyra''. Together, they had a child they called Phaiax, after whom the inhabitants of the island were named:
Phaiakes, that was then transliterated via
Latin to Phaeacians.
This myth, with its themes of
romance between a powerful
god and a beautiful nymph, with a trace of adventure, centred around the
element of
water, is suggestive of the special ambiance of the place.
The island's history is full of
battles and
conquests, indicative of Corfu's turbulent position in a historical
vortex that lasted until modern times, when after the unification with modern
Greece in 1864 the history of the island became one with the mainland's, with no more foreign intervention. The legacy of these struggles remains in the form of castles that exist in strategic locations all over the island. Two of these castles enclose the city. It is the only city in Greece to be surrounded by castles in this way, and as a result has officially been declared as a '''Kastropolis''' (Castle city) by the
Greek Government.
[1] In
2007, the old town of the city was named on the
UNESCO World Heritage List after a recommendation by
ICOMOS.
[2][3][4]
Geography
The name Corfu is an
Italian corruption of the
Byzantine Κορυφώ (Koryphō), meaning ''city of the peaks'', which is derived from the Greek Κορυφαί (Koryphai), meaning ''Crests'' or ''Peaks,'' denoting the two peaks of the fortresses that enclose the city.
In shape it is not unlike the
sickle (drepanē, δρεπάνι), to which it was compared by the ancients, the hollow side, with the town and harbour of Corfu in the centre, being towards the Albanian coast. It is about 40 miles (60 km) long, and its greatest breadth is about 20 miles (30 km). The area is estimated at 227 sq miles (580 km²). Two high and well-defined ranges divide the island into three districts, of which the northern is mountainous, the central undulating and the southern low-lying. The most important of the two ranges is that of San Salvador (Αγιος Σωτήρας), probably the ancient Istone, which stretches east and west from Cape St. Angelo to Cape St. Stefano, and attains its greatest elevation in the summit from which it takes its name. The second culminates in the mountain of Santi Jeca, or Santa Decca, as it is called by misinterpretation of the Greek designation ''Άγιοι Δέκα'' (Hagioi Deka), or the Ten Saints. The whole island, composed as it is of various limestone formations, presents great diversity of surface, and the views from the more elevated spots are magnificent. Beaches are found in Agii Gordi, the
Korissi lagoon, Agios Georgios, Marathia, Kassiopi, Sidari, Roda, Palaiokastritsa and many others. Corfu is located near the
Kefalonia geological fault formation and as such earthquakes sometimes are felt. On 29 June, 2007, the island was struck by a medium earthquake measured at 5.9 on the
Richter scale with its epicenter located near Lefkimmi. The earthquake also shook Paxoi and some damages were reported. The main quake happened during the evening hours and an aftershock occurred around one in the morning (01:00) near Paxoi.
Coastline and beaches
The coastline is about 217 km including capes. The highest point is
Mount Pantokrator (906m); the second is
Stravoskiadi (849 m). Capes and promentories include Agia Aikaterini, and Drastis to the north, Lefkimmi and Asprokavos to the southeast and Megachoro to the south. There is an island in the middle of
Gouvia Bay which extends across much of the eastern shore of the island; it is called
Ptychia. Camping grounds can be found in Palaiokastritsa, Agrillos, four in the northern part, Pyrgi, Roda, Gouvia and Messonghi.
Flora
Homer names, as adorning the garden of
Alcinous, only seven plants – wild olive, oil olive,
pear,
pomegranate,
apple,
fig and
vine. Of these the apple and the pear are now very inferior in Corfu; the others thrive, together with all the fruit trees known in southern
Europe, with addition of the
kumquat,
loquat and
prickly pear and, in some spots, the
banana. When undisturbed by cultivation, the
myrtle,
arbutus,
bay and
ilex form a rich brushwood and the minor flora of the island are extensive.
Agriculture
The island has again become an important
port of call and has a considerable trade in olive oil; under a more careful system of tillage the value of its agricultural products could be substantially increased.
Climate
In late-2002 and early-2003, heavy rains ravaged the island several times including one which caused a mudslide near
Messonghi Beach. During the Holiday Season of 2006, the weather was exceptionally hot in May, with greater rainfall during the month of June. August received a heatwave and temperatures reached a high of 45 degrees Celsius in the North of the Island.
| Climate | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
| Avg Daily Sun Hours | 4 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 2 |
| High temperature [°C] | 14 | 15 | 16 | 19 | 23 | 28 | 31 | 32 | 28 | 23 | 19 | 16 |
| Low temperatures [°C] | 13 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 18 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 23 | 21 | 17 | 14 |
| Precipitation | 13 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 9 | 12 | 15 |
Urban Landscape
Old town
Corfu City Hall
The town of
Corfu stands on the broad part of a peninsula, whose termination in the Venetian
citadel (
Greek: Παλαιό Φρούριο) is cut off from it by an artificial fosse formed in a natural gully, with a salt-water ditch at the bottom, that serves also as a kind of marina. The old city having grown up within fortifications, where every metre of ground was precious, is a labyrinth of narrow streets paved with cobblestones, sometimes tortuous but mostly pleasant, colourful and sparkling clean. These streets are called "kantounia" (
Greek: καντούνια) and the older ones sometimes follow the gentle irregularities of the ground while many of them are too narrow for vehicular traffic. There is promenade by the seashore towards the bay of Garitsa (Γαρίτσα), and also a handsome esplanade between the town and the citadel called "Liston" (
Greek: Λιστόν) where upscale restaurants and European style bistros abound. The name Liston came from the American "List on" meaning the list of the vendors' fare, in other words the menu.
Palaio Frourio
The ''old citadel'' (''Palaio Frourio'' literally: ''Old Fortress'' (Παλαιό Φρούριο)) is an old Venetian fortress built on an islet with fortifications surrounding its entire perimeter, although some sections especially on the east side are slowly being eroded and falling into the sea. Nonetheless the interior has been restored and maintained and it is used for cultural events such as concerts (συναυλίες) and Sound and Light Productions (Ηχος και Φως) whereby historical events are recreated using sound and light special effects. The ambience of the place is dramatic as one is surrounded by ancient fortifications while the surrounding Ionian sea glimmers in the background. In the middle of all this the central high point of the citadel rises like a giant natural
obelisk complete with a military observation post at the top, with a giant
cross at its apex. At the foot of the observatory, St. George's church, in classical Greek architectural style with six
Doric colummns,
[5] as opposed to the
Byzantine architectural style of most Eastern Orthodox churches, is quite an imposing sight. Taking in a concert or other event at night in such a place under the moonlight while surrounded by the sea, immersed in this history steeped environment with all its diverse and unexpected architectural elements, is an experience that even the most discriminating connoisseur of life would appreciate.
Neo Frourio
Venetian
blazons as frequently found on the New Fortress walls
The ''new citadel'' or ''Neo Frourio'' (Νέο Φρούριο, "New Fortress") is a huge complex of fortifications that dominates the northeastern part of the city. The huge walls of the fortress dominate the landscape as one makes the trip from ''Neo Limani'' (Νέο Λιμάνι, "New Port")
to the town, taking the road that passes through the fishmarket (ψαραγορά). The new citadel was until recently a restricted area due to the presence of a naval garrison. However, the old restrictions have been lifted and it is now open to the public, and tours can be taken through the maze of medieval corridors and fortifications. The winged Lion of
St Mark, the symbol of Venice, can be seen at regular intervals adorning the fortifications.
Ano and Kato Plateia and music under the stars
Near the old Venetian Citadel is also a large square divided by a street in two parts: "Ano Plateia" and "Kato Plateia" (Ανω Πλατεία and Κάτω Πλατεία in Greek). It is officially the biggest square in the
Balkans and is replete with green spaces and interesting structures such as a Roman style rotunda from the time of the British administration, called the ''Maitland monument''. There is also an ornate music pavilion where the local "Philharmoniki" (Philharmonic Orchestra) (Φιλαρμονική) plays choice pieces of classical music coming from the rich tradition of music and arts for which the island is famous. Listening to classical music overtures in "Ano Plateia" (literally: "Upper square") at night, while gazing at the old Venetian citadel bathed in light that is in turn reflected upon the bay of Garitsa, is an enchanting experience.
"Kato Plateia" (literally: "Lower square") also serves as a place where
cricket matches are held from time to time. Out of all of Greece, Cricket is unique to Corfu, since it used to be a British protectorate.
Palaia Anaktora and Gardens
Just to the north of "Kato Plateia" exist the "Palaia Anaktora" (Παλαιά Ανάκτορα: literally "Old Palaces") which is a large complex of Roman architecture buildings used in the past to house the King of Greece and before that the British Governors of the Island. Today they are open to the public and they form a complex of halls and buildings housing art exhibits including a Museum of Chinese Art unique in Southern Europe in its scope and richness of Chinese and Asian exhibits. The lavish Gardens of the Palaces complete with old Venetian stone aquariums, exotic trees and flowers and overseeing the bay through old Venetian fortifications and turrets are a place where anyone can have an "espresso" or "frappé" or even Greek coffee with "ouzo" at the garden café after a dip in the local sea baths (Μπάνια τ' Αλέκου) at the foot of the fortifications that surround the gardens. The palace café comes with its own
art gallery where one can take in exhibits of local and international artists and it is aptly called Art Café. At the same time and from the same place one can gaze at the majestic cruise ships passing through the narrow channel of historic Vido island (Νησί Βίδου) to the north, on their way to Corfu harbour (Νέο Λιμάνι), sometimes announcing their arrival by blowing their horn. High speed retractable
aerofoil ferries from Igoumenitsa, hovering above the water at high speed, impatiently leave their frothy wake on the blue Ionian sea (Ιόνιον Πέλαγος), to remind visitors to the Gardens that this is the 21st century. There is also a beautiful wrought iron aerial staircase, closed to garden visitors, that descends to the sea from the gardens and was used by royalty as a shortcut to the baths. Rewriting history, the locals now refer to the splendid old Royal Gardens as the "Garden of the People" (Ο Κήπος του Λαού).
Echoes of Venice and Pontikonisi
Pontikonisi island is home of the monastery of Pantokrator (Μοναστήρι του Παντοκράτορος). The white staircase of the monastery resembles from afar a (mouse) tail. The island got its name from this architectural (perceptual) quirk: Mouse island
In several parts of the old city may be found houses from the
Venetian times. The old city architecture is strongly influenced by the Venetian style as it was under Venetian occupation for a long time. The small and ancient sidestreets and the style of the old buildings with their trademark Venetian arches are strongly reminiscent of
Venice. Of the thirty-seven Greek churches, the most important are the city's cathedral, the church dedicated to Our Lady of the Cave (ἡ Παναγία Σπηλιώτισσα (hē Panagia Spēliōtissa));
Saint Spyridon church, where lies the preserved body of the patron saint of the island; and finally the suburban church of St Jason and St Sosipater (Αγιοι Ιάσων και Σωσίπατρος), reputed the oldest in the island, named after the two saints who were probably the first to preach Christianity to the Corfiots.
The nearby island named Pontikonisi (Greek meaning "mouse island") although small is very green with many trees, and the highest natural point, (not counting the trees or man made structures such as the monastery), is about 2 m. Pontikonisi is home of the monastery of Pantokrator (Μοναστήρι του Παντοκράτορος). It is the white stone staircase of the Monastery that when viewed from afar gives the impression of a (mouse) tail that gave the island its name: Mouse island.
Othoni and Erikoussa
Othoni (Οθωνοί) is the westernmost settlement and island in all of Greece. Erikoussa is the northernmost of the Ionian Islands. All areas lie below the 40° N. About a quarter of the villages names end with -ades, while there are some villages outside Corfu whose names also end in -ades, especially in the prefecture of Ioannina on mainland Greece exactly opposite the southern end of Corfu. The villages at the southern part and on the
Paxoi islands have names ending with -atika as well as -eika, notably Gramateika.
History
Early History
A relief of
Dionysus Bacchus at the Corfu Museum
According to the local tradition Corcyra (Κόρκυρα) was the
Homeric island of
Scheria (Σχερία)
[''Strab. vi. p. 407''], and its earliest inhabitants the Phaeacians (Φαίακες). At a date no doubt previous to the foundation of
Syracuse it was peopled by settlers from
Corinth, but it appears to have previously received a stream of emigrants from
Eretria. The splendid commercial position of Corcyra on the highway between Greece and the West favoured its rapid growth and, influenced perhaps by the presence of non-Corinthian settlers, its people, quite contrary to the usual practice of Corinthian colonies, maintained an independent and even hostile attitude towards the mother city. This opposition came to a head in the early part of the 7th century, when their fleets fought the first naval battle recorded in Greek history (about 664 BC). These hostilities ended in the conquest of Corcyra by the Corinthian tyrant
Periander (Περίανδρος) who induced his new subjects to join in the colonization of
Apollonia and
Anactorium. The island soon regained its independence and henceforth devoted itself to a purely mercantile policy. During the
Persian invasion of 480 BC it manned the second largest Greek fleet (60 ships), but took no active part in the war. In 435 BC it was again involved in a quarrel with
Corinth and sought assistance from Athens (see
Battle of Sybota). This new alliance was one of the chief immediate causes of the
Peloponnesian War, in which Corcyra was of considerable use to the
Athenians as a naval station, but did not render much assistance with its fleet. The island was nearly lost to Athens by two attempts of the oligarchic faction to effect a revolution; on each occasion the popular party ultimately won the day and took a most bloody revenge on its opponents (427 BC and 425 BC). During the
Sicilian campaigns of Athens Corcyra served as a supply base; after a third abortive rising of the oligarchs in 410 BC it practically withdrew from the war. In 375 BC it again joined the Athenian alliance; two years later it was besieged by a
Lacedaemonian force, but in spite of the devastation of its flourishing countryside held out successfully until relieved. In the
Hellenistic period Corcyra was exposed to attack from several sides.
In 303 BC after a vain siege by
Cassander, the island was occupied for a short time by the
Lacedaemonian general
Cleonymos, then regained its independence and later it was attacked and conquered by
Agathocles. He offered Corfu as dowry to his daughter
Lanassa on her marriage to
Pyrrhus, King of
Epirus. The island then became a member of the Epirotic alliance. It was then perhaps that the settlement of
Cassiope was founded to serve as a base for the King of Epirus' expeditions. The island remained in the Epirotic alliance until 255 BC when it became independent after the death of
Alexander, last King of Epirus. It subsequently fell into the hands of
Illyrian corsairs, until in 229 BC it was delivered by the
Romans, who retained it as a naval station and gave it the rank of a free state. In 31 BC it served
Octavian (Augustus) as a base against
Mark Antony.
Medieval History
The northern side of the old citadel at night. The Great Cross can be clearly seen as described in the
Palaio Frourio section of this article
Eclipsed by the foundation of
Nicopolis, Kerkyra for a long time passed out of notice. With the rise of the
Norman kingdom in Sicily and the
Italian naval powers, it again became a frequent object of attack. In 1081-1085 it was held by
Robert Guiscard, in 1147-1154 by
Roger II of Sicily. During the break-up of the Later Roman Empire it was occupied by
Genoese privateers (1197-1207) who in turn were expelled by the Venetians. In 1214-1259 it passed to the Greek
despots of Epirus, and in 1267 became a possession of the Neapolitan house of
Anjou. Under the latter's weak rule the island suffered considerably from the inroads of various adventurers; hence in 1386 it placed itself under the protection of Venice, which in 1401 acquired formal sovereignty over it.
Turks at the Gates of the City
Kerkyra remained in Venetian hands till 1797, though several times assailed by Turkish naval and land forces and subjected to four notable sieges in 1537, 1571, 1573 and 1716, in which the great natural strength of the city and its defenders asserted itself time after time. The effectiveness of the Venetian fortifications of the island as well as the strength of the Byzantine fortifications of
Angelokastro, Kassiopi, Gardiki and others, was another great factor that enabled Corfu to remain the last bastion of free, uninterrupted Greek civilization after the fall of
Constantinople.
Early contact
There were many attempts by the Turks to take the island starting as early as 1431 when Turkish troops under Ali Bey landed on the island, tried to take the castle and raided the surrounding area, but were repulsed.
[6]
The Siege of 1537
This was the first great siege by the Turks. It started on the 29th August 1537 with 25,000 soldiers from the Turkish fleet landing and pillaging the island and taking 20,000 hostages as slaves. Despite the destruction wrought on the countryside, the city castle held out in spite of repeated attempts over twelve days to take it, and the Turks left the island unsuccessful because of poor logistics and an epidemic that decimated their ranks.
The Siege of 1571
Angelokastro in Kerkyra. These were the
Byzantine fortifications that withstood the Turkish onslaught in 1571
Thirty four years later in August of 1571 the Turks returned for yet another attempt at conquering the island. Having seized Parga and Mourtos from the Greek mainland side they attacked the Paxi islands, killing, looting and burning. Subsequently they landed on Corfu's southeast shore and established a large beachhead all the way from the southern tip of the island at Lefkimi to Ipsos in Corfu's eastern midsection. These areas were thoroughly pillaged and burnt as in past encounters. Nevertheless the city castle stood firm again, a testament to Corfiot-Venetian steadfastness as well as the Venetian castle-building
engineering skills. It is also worth mentioning that another castle,
Angelokastro (Greek: Αγγελόκαστρο meaning ''Angelo's Castle'' and named for its Byzantine owner Angelos Komnenos), situated on the northwest coast near Palaiokastritsa (Greek: Παλαιοκαστρίτσα meaning ''Old Castle place'') and located on particularly steep and rocky terrain, a tourist attraction today, also held out.
These Turkish defeats in the East and the West of the island proved decisive and the Turks abandoned their siege and departed.
The Siege of 1573
Two years later the Turks repeated their attempt. Coming from Africa after a victorious campaign, they landed in Corfu and wreaked havoc on the countryside yet again. Their troops however were not particularly noted for their discipline, so after a counterattack by the Venetian-Corfiot forces they were forced to leave the city by way of the sea.
The Siege of 1716
This is the second great siege of Corfu, which took place in 1716, during the last
Turkish Venetian War. After the conquest of the Peloponnese in 1715, the Ottoman fleet appeared in
Butrinto opposite Corfu. On 8 July the Turkish fleet, carrying 33,000 men, sailed to Corfu from Butrinto and established a beachhead at Ipsos.
The same day the Venetian fleet encountered the Turkish fleet off the channel of Corfu and defeated it in the ensuing naval battle. On 19 July, after taking a few outlying forts, the Ottoman army reached the hills around the city of Corfu and laid siege to it. Despite repeated assaults and heavy fighting, the Turks were unable to breach the defences and wereforced to raise the siege after 22 days. The 5000 Venetians and foreign mercenaries, together with 3000 Corfiotes, under the leadership of Count
von der Schulenburg who commanded the defence of the island, loomed tall and victorious once again.
The success is owed in no small part to the extensive fortifications, where Venetian castle engineering had proven itself once again against considerable odds. The repulsion of the Ottomans was widely popularized in Europe, where Corfu was seen as a bastion of
Western civilization against the
Ottoman tide. Today however, that role is often relatively unknown or ignored.
Venetian policies
The Venetian feudal families pursued a mild but somewhat enervating policy towards the natives, who began to merge their nationality in that of the Latins and adopted for the island the new name of Corfu. The Corfiotes were encouraged to enrich themselves by the cultivation of the olive, but were debarred from entering into commercial competition with Venice. The island served as a refuge for Greek scholars, and in 1732 became the home of the first academy of modern Greece, but no serious impulse to Greek thought came from this quarter.
19th century
The Music Pavillion in Corfu with Palaia Anaktora in the background
By the
Treaty of Campo Formio, Corfu was ceded to the
French, who occupied it for two years, until they were expelled by a joint
Russian-Ottoman squadron under
Admiral Ushakov. For a short time it became the capital of a self-governing federation of the
Heptanesos ("Seven Islands"), under Ottoman suzerainty; in 1807 after the
Treaty of Tilsit its faction-ridden government was again replaced by a French administration, and in 1809 it was besieged in vain by a British fleet, which had taken all the other Ionian islands. When, by the
Treaty of Paris of
5 November 1815, the Ionian Islands became a protectorate of the
United Kingdom as the
United States of the Ionian Islands, Corfu became the seat of the British
Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands. The British commissioners, who were practically autocrats in spite of the retention of the native senate and assembly, introduced a strict method of government which brought about a decided improvement in the material prosperity of the island, but by its very strictness displeased the natives. On 29 March 1864, the United Kingdom, Greece, France, and Russia signed the Treaty of London, pledging the transfer of sovereignty to Greece upon ratification. Thus, on 28 May, by proclamation of the Lord High Commissioner, the Ionian Islands were united with Greece.
World War I
During the
First World War, the island served as a refuge for the
Serbian army that retreated there by the allied forces ships from the homeland occupied by the
Austrians and
Bulgarians. During their stay, a large portion of Serbian soldiers died from exhaustion, food shortage, and different diseases. Most of their remains were buried at sea near the island of
Vido, a small island at the mouth of Corfu port, and a monument of thanks to the Greek Nation has been erected at Vido by the grateful Serbs; consequently, the waters around Vido island are known by the Serbian people as the Blue Graveyard (in Serbian, 'Plava Grobnica'), after a poem written by
Milutin Bojić after World War I.
[8]
World War II and Resistance
Italian occupation
The Maitland Monument in Corfu
During the Second World War the 10th
infantry regiment of the
Greek Army, comprised mainly of Corfiot soldiers,
[9] was assigned with the task of defending Corfu. The regiment took part in ''Operation Latzides,'' which was a heroic but ultimately unsuccessful attempt to stem the forces of the Axis.
After Greece's surrender to the Germans, the island came under Italian control and occupation.
On the first Sunday of November 1941,
High School students from all over Corfu took part in
student protests against the occupying Italian army. The student protests of Corfu were among the first acts of overt popular
Resistance in occupied Greece and a rare phenomenon even by wartime
European standards.
Subsequently many Corfiots escaped to
Epirus in mainland Greece and enlisted as
partisans in
ELAS and
EDES in order to join the Resistance Movement of the mainland.
The German occupation and the Holocaust
Upon the fall of
Italian fascism in 1943, the Nazis moved to take control of the island. On 14 September 1943 Corfu was bombarded by the
Luftwaffe using
napalm-type
incendiary bombs. The incendiary bombs destroyed churches, homes, whole city blocks, especially in the Jewish quarter Evraiki, and many important buildings such as the Ionian Parliament, the Municipal Theatre, the Municipal Library and others.
The Italians capitulated, and the island came under German occupation. Corfu's mayor at the time, Kollas, was a known collaborator and various anti-semitic laws were passed by the Nazis that now formed the
occupation government of the island.
[10] In early June 1944, while the Allies bombed Corfu as a diversion from the
Normandy landings, the
Gestapo rounded up the
Jews of the city, temporarily incarcerated them at the old fort (Palaio Frourio), and on 10 June sent them to
Auschwitz, where very few survived.
Approximately two hundred out of a total population of 1900 escaped.
[12] Many among the local population at the time provided shelter and refuge to those 200 Jews that managed to escape the Nazis.
[13] A prominent section of the old town is to this day called ''Evraiki'' (Εβραική, meaning ''Jewish quarter'') in recognition of the Jewish contribution and continued presence in Corfu city. An active
Synagogue (Συναγωγή) with about 65 members is an integral part of Evraiki currently.
Liberation
Corfu was liberated by British troops, specifically the 40th Royal Marine Commando, which landed in Corfu on 14 October 1944, as the Germans were evacuating Greece. Corfu then became a place for rest and refit for the British forces, during the tail end of the war. The Royal Navy swept the Corfu Channel for mines in 1944 and 1945, and found it to be free of mines. A large minefield was laid there shortly afterwards by the newly-communist Albania.
Post-War and Modern Corfu
After World War II and the
Greek Civil War, the island was rebuilt under the general programme of reconstruction of the Greek Government (Ανοικοδόμησις) and many elements of its classical architecture remain. Its economy grew but several of its inhabitants left the island for other parts. Buildings constructed during Italian occupation - such as schools or government buildings - were put back to civic use. The Corfu General Hospital was also constructed.
[14] Electricity was introduced to the villages in the
1950s. The radio substation of Hellenic Radio in Corfu was inaugurated March 1957.
[15] Television was introduced in the
1960s and Internet in the
1990s. The
Ionian University was established in 1984.
Archaeology and architecture
An architectural overview: From classical to modern
The Harbour of Corfu in 1890
Corfu contains a few very important remains of
antiquity. The site of the ancient city of Corcyra (Kerkyra) is well ascertained, about 1½ miles (2 km) to the south-east of Corfu, upon the narrow piece of ground between the sea-lake of
Halikiopoulo and the Bay of Castrades, in each of which it had a port. The circular tomb of
Menekrates, with its well-known inscription, is on the Bay of Castrades. Under the hill of Ascension are the remains of a temple, popularly called of
Poseidon, a very simple
dome structure, which still in its mutilated state presents some peculiarities of
architecture. Of
Cassiope, the only other city of ancient importance, the name is still preserved by the village of Cassiopi, and there are some rude remains of building on the site; but the temple of
Zeus Cassius for which it was celebrated has totally disappeared. Throughout the island there are numerous monasteries and other buildings of Venetian erection, of which the best known are Paleokastritsa, San Salvador and Peleka. The ''Achilleion'' is a palace commissioned by
Elisabeth of Austria and purchased in 1907 by
Wilhelm II of Germany; it is now a popular
tourist attraction.
Corfu Town is famous for its Italianate architecture, most notably the '''Liston''', an arched colonnade lined with cafes on the edge of the '''Spianada''' (Esplanade), the vast main plaza and park which incorporates a
cricket field and several pavilions. Also notable are the Venetian-Roman style
City Hall, the Old and New castles, the recently restored '''Palace of Sts. Michael and George''', formerly the residence of the British governor and the seat of the
Ionian Senate, and the summer Palace of '''Mon Repos''', formerly the property of the Greek royal family and birthplace of the
Duke of Edinburgh. The Park of Mon Repos is adjacent to the Palaiopolis of Kerkyra, where excavations were conducted by the Greek Archaeological Service in collaboration with the University of Louvain-la-Neuve in Belgium and Brown University in the United States.
The Municipal Theatre of Corfu, which in early 20th century replaced the legendary Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo (which was converted into Town Hall). This photograph shows the theatre prior to the 1943
Luftwaffe bombardment and its subsequent destruction during World War II
Examples of the finds can be found in the Museum of the Palace of Mon Repos.
[16]
Architectural catastrophies of World War II
During the second world war the island was bombed by the German airforce which resulted to the destruction of most of the buildings in the town including the market (αγορά) and the Hotel Bella Venezia. The worst architectural losses due to the bombardment of
Hitler's
Luftwaffe were the splendid buildings of the
Ionian Academy (Ιόνιος Ακαδημία) and the Municipal Theatre (which in 1901 replaced the ''Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo'') the
Roman style Theatre (Θέατρον) of the city that was later replaced by a nondescript modern box-type building. There have been discussions and plans at the local government level (on and off) about demolishing this modern building and replacing it with a replica of the old theatre. In contrast, the Ionian Academy has been rebuilt to its former glory by the Ionian University.
Beauty, Power and Tragedy: The Achilleion
Empress (German: Kaiserin) of Austria
Elisabeth of Bavaria, also known as Sissi, was a woman obsessed with beauty and very powerful but tragically vulnerable since the loss of her only son,
Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria in the
Mayerling affair in 1889. A year later in 1890 she built a summer palace in the region of Gastouri (Γαστούρι) to the south of the city, with the powerful mythical hero
Achilles as its central
theme. Achilles was considered the most handsome of the heroes assembled at
Troy,
[17] but he was tragically vulnerable at his heel.
Achilleas Thniskon in the gardens of the Achilleion. Note Achilles' gaze skywards as if to seek help from
Olympus: his mother
Thetis was a goddess.
Corfu is an island associated with beauty that historically proved to be very powerfully defended, mainly against the Turks, an enemy the
Austrians faced many times in their past also. Corfu was tragically vulnerable as well since the local population outside its fortified walls was decimated and repeatedly suffered many hardships during the numerous invasions. The island therefore, on many levels, provided the perfect ambience match to the
Empress and her
Hero.
The palace, with the classic Greek statues that surround it, is a monument to
platonic romanticism as well as
escapism and was, naturally, named after Achilles: ''
Achilleion'' (Αχίλλειον). This elegant structure abounds with paintings and statues of Achilles, both in the main hall and in the lavish gardens depicting the heroic and tragic scenes of the
Trojan war.
The Imperial gardens on top of the hill provide a majestic view of the surrounding green hill crests and valleys as the
Ionian sea gleams in the background.
The centerpiece of the gardens is an imposing marble statue on a high pedestal, of the mortally wounded Achilles (''Achilleas Thniskon'' Αχιλλεύς θνήσκων translated as ''dying Achilles'') without
hubris and wearing only a simple cloth and an ancient Greek
hoplite helmet. This statue was created by distinguished
German sculptor Ernst Gustav Herter.
The hero is presented devoid of any accoutrements of rank or status and thus seems very human although heroic as he is forever trying to pull
Paris's arrow from his heel, with pain and agony etched on his classic face. He is also gazing skyward as if to seek help from
Olympus. According to
Greek mythology, his mother
Thetis was a goddess.
The parallels to the grieving Empress recuperating from the painful loss of her only son by trying to extract it from her memory, but never quite being able to do so, are compelling.
In contrast, a giant painting of the triumphant Achilles full of
pride, dressed in full royal military regalia on his racing chariot, pulling the lifeless body of
Hector of Troy and parading it in front of the stunned crowd watching helplessly from inside the walls of the Trojan citadel, greets the visitor at the top of the great staircase of the main hall.
In 1898 Empress Sissi was assassinated in
Geneva,
Switzerland, at the age of 60. After her death the palace was sold to the
Kaiser of
Germany and eventually it was acquired by the Greek State. The Achilleion was used until recently as a Casino but currently it is used as a museum; the myth however lives on.
Kaiser's Bridge
Kaiser's Bridge in Corfu
German
Kaiser Wilhelm II was also fond of vacationing in Corfu. Having purchased Achilleion in 1907 after Sissi's death, he appointed
Carl Ludwig Sprenger as the botanical architect of the Palace. He also built a bridge named by the locals after him: "Kaiser's bridge" (Greek: η γέφυρα του Κάιζερ transliterated as: i yefyra tou Kaizer), to access the beach without having to cross the road that is the island's main artery to the south. The bridge, arching over the road, spanned the distance between the lower gardens of Achilleion and the nearby beach. The ruins of that great bridge, a monument to imperial vanity as well as impracticality, are an important landmark of this highway. Ironically, the bridge's central section was demolished by
Wehrmacht during the German occupation in World War II to allow for the free movement of its vehicles.
Tradition in Education
Apart from being a leading centre for the
Fine Arts, Corfu is also the home of the first University of Greece, the
Ionian Academy, that carried and strengthened the tradition of Greek Education while the rest of Greece was still fighting against the Turkish occupation.
It is also home of the
Ionian University that was established in 1984 in recognition, by the Greek government of
Andreas Papandreou, of Corfu's contribution to
Education in Greece as the seat of the first University of Greece, the
Ionian Academy, that was fouded in 1824, forty years before the cession of the
Ionian islands to
Greece and just three years after
Greece's Revolution of 1821.
Student activism
The people of Corfu have historically led the way in fighting as a
bulwark of
Western civilisation against foreign invaders. Not far behind in modern times, starting with the massive student protests of World War II against the fascist Italian army in the foreign front and continuing with the fight against the dictatorship of
Georgios Papadopoulos internally, students in Corfu have historically led the way in protesting for
freedom and
democracy in Greece both against internal and external
tyrants. The most recent
heroic example is that of
Geology student
Kostas Georgakis who on
19 September,
1970 set himself ablaze in
Genoa,
Italy as a protest against the
Greek military junta of 1967-1974.
Museums and Libraries
The
Gorgon just before being beheaded by
Perseus, as depicted on a
pediment from the Artemis Temple on display at the Archaeological Museum of Corfu.
Kerkyra has always been a cultural centre of distinction. The museums and libraries are full of irreplaceable books and artifacts.
The most notable of the museums and libraries are located in the city and are:
[18]
★ '
The Archaeological Museum' located at Armeni Vraila 1 was inaugurated in 1967. It was constructed to house the exhibit of the huge
Gorgon pediment of the
Artemis temple that was excavated at Palaiopolis in early 20th century. In 1994 two more halls were added to the museum, where new discoveries from the excavations of the ancient town and the Garitsa cemetery are exhibited.
★ 'The Public Library of Corfu' located at the old English Barracks in Palaio Frourio.
★ 'Solomos Museum and the Corfiot Studies Society' share the same building at 1 Arseniou Str.
★ 'The Reading Society of Corfu' in Capodistriou Str. has an extensive library of old Corfu manuscripts and rare books.
★ 'The Museum of Asian Art' located at the Palaia Anaktora (mainly Chinese and Japanese Arts) and its unique collection is housed in 15 rooms and includes over 12,000 artifacts including a Greek
Buddhist collection that shows the influence of
Alexander the Great on Buddhist culture as far as
Pakistan.
★ 'The Serbian Museum' 19 Moustoxydou St. houses rare exhibits about the Serbian soldiers' tragic fate during the
First World War. The remnants of the Serbian Army of about 150,000 soldiers together with their government in exile, found refuge and shelter in Corfu, following the collapse of the Serbian Front as a result of the
Austro-Hungarian attack of the 6th October 1915. Exhibits include photographs from the three years stay of the Serbians in Corfu, together with other exhibits such as uniforms, arms and ammunition of the Serbian army, Serbian regimental flags, religious artefacts, surgical tools used in
triage by Serbian doctors on Vido island in 1916, war
medals and other decorations of the
Kingdom of Serbia etc.
Music and festivities
Philarmonikes
Corfiots are great lovers of music. In the past, people used to join in the singing of the ''cantades'' (καντάδες), impromptu choral songs in two, three or four voices, usually accompanied by a guitar. The bands (Philharmonic societies, Φιλαρμονικές), which also provide free instruction in music, are still popular and still attract young recruits. Nowadays, given the rigours of modern life that has not spared Corfu society, cantades (deriving from the Italian ''cantare'' meaning ''to sing'') are only performed by semi-professional or amateur singers, mainly as tourist attractions. Corfu Town is home to three famous, top notch marching wind bands, the dark red-uniformed '
Philharmonic Society of Corfu' or 'Old Philharmonic' or 'Palia', the blue-uniformed '
Mantzaros' Philharmonic and the bright red and black-uniformed
Capodistria Philharmonic. The bands give regular weekend promenade concerts during summer and take part in the yearly Holy Week ceremonies.
A marching band from
Austria, a frequent visitor, through the Corfu landmark of Liston. In the background the western arch of
Palaia Anaktora
There is considerable but friendly rivalry between them, and they rigorously adhere to their respective repertoires.
Easter
On Holy Friday from the early afternoon the bands of the philharmonic societies, separated into squads, accompany the epitaphs of the town's churches. Late in the afternoon the squads come together to form the whole band in order to accompany the epitaph of the metropolitan church. The funeral marches that the bands play differ depending on the band. The Old Philharmonic plays
Albinoni's ''Adagio'', the Mantzaros plays
Verdi's ''Marcia Funebre'' from
Don Carlo, and the Capodistria plays
Chopin's ''Funeral March'' and
Mariani's ''Sventura''.
On Holy Saturday morning the three town bands take part in the epitaph (''Epitaphios'' Επιτάφιος) of St. Spyridon Cathedral in procession with the Saint's relics. This time the bands play different funeral marches, with Mantzaros playing
de Miccheli's ''Calde Lacrime'', the 'Palia' playing ''Marcia Funebre'' from
Faccio's opera ''Amleto'', while the Kapodistria Philharmonic plays the ''Funeral March'' from
Beethoven's ''
Eroica''. The custom dates from the 19th century, when the British banned the participation of the garrison's band in the traditional Holy Friday funeral cortege. The defiant Corfiotes held the litany the following morning, and paraded the relics of St. Spyridon as well, so that the British would not dare intervene.
The litany is followed by the most spectacular Corfiot celebration by far, the "Early Resurrection". Balconies in the old town are decked in bright red cloth, and Corfiotes throw down large clay pots (the ''botides'' μπότηδες) full of water to smash on the street pavement, especially in wider areas of Liston and in an organised fashion. This is done in anticipation of the Resurrection of Jesus (Ανάσταση του Κυρίου), which is to be celebrated that same night.
Teatro di San Giacomo and a night at the opera of yesteryear
During Venetian rule, the Corfiotes developed a fervent appreciation of Italian
opera, which was the real source of the extraordinary (given the conditions in the mainland of Greece) musical development of the island during that era. The opera house of Corfu during 18th and 19th century was the Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo, named after the neighbouring catholic cathedral, but later the theatre was converted into the Town Hall. Many local composers, such as Nikolaos Halikiopoulos Mantzaros, Spiridon Xindas, Antonio Liberali, Domenico Padovani, the Zakynthian Pavlos Karrer, the Lambelets', Spiros Samaras and others, connected their career with this theatre. San Giacomo's place was taken by the so-called New Municipal Theatre (1901), which held the operatic tradition vivid until its destruction during World War II (namely, in 1943 as a result of a German air raid). The incapability during the post-war years to rebuild it was the main cause that led to the island's continuous crisis in regard to music. In any case, the first opera to be performed in the San Giacomo Theatre was in 1733 ("Gerone, tiranno di Siracusa") and from 1771 until 1943 nearly all the operatic compositions by the most (or less) famous Italians, as well as some of the local and French, composers were performed at the stage of the San Giacomo theatre. This sweet era, a distant reminiscence of the glorious musical past, was until recently reflected in the mythology that supported that the opera theatre of Corfu was a fixture in famous opera singers' itineraries, and those who were successful there were given the title of distinction '''"applaudito in Corfu"''', meaning "applauded in Corfu" as a reflection of the discriminating musical taste of its inhabitants.
Ionian University and musical tradition
Since the early 1990s a new factor in the musical reality of Corfu is the Music Department of the
Ionian University, which has placed new standards. Apart from the academic activities, its concerts in Corfu and abroad and its musicological research in the field of the so-called Neo-Hellenic Music, the Department organizes every summer an international music academy, which gathers international students and
music professors in
brass,
strings,
singing,
jazz and
musicology.
Ta Karnavalia
Another great Corfu tradition is the
Carnival or ''Ta Karnavalia.'' Venetian in origin, the festivities include a parade featuring the main attraction of ''Karnavalos,'' a rather
grotesque figure with a large head and a smiling face that leads a procession of many colourful
floats. Corfiots, young and old, dress up in colourful costumes and follow the parade. They even spill into the narrow streets (kantounia), and spread the fun all over the city dancing and frolicking. At night, in more sophisticated social circles, dance and costume parties brighten up the
nightlife.
Saint Spyridon the Keeper of the City
The bell tower of the church of St. Spyridon can be seen in the background among the busy ''kantounia'' of the city centre. On top of the stores are apartments with balconies. It is from these type of balconies that Corfiots throw ''botides'', clay pots, to celebrate the Resurrection during Easter festivities
the Thaumaturgist (Miracle-worker, Greek: Ο Θαυματουργός), also referred to as Αγιος Σπυρίδων ο πολιούχος (translated as Saint Spyridon the Keeper of the City), is the patron saint of the island. St. Spyridon is revered for the miracle of expelling the plague (πανώλη) from the island, amongst many other miracles attributed to him. It is believed by the faithful that on its way out of the island the plague scratched one of the fortification stones of the old citadel to indicate its fury at being expelled. St. Spyridon is also believed to have saved the island at the second great siege of Corfu which took place in 1716. There were rumours spreading among the Turks that some of their soldiers saw St. Spyridon as a monk approaching them menacingly with a flaming torch in one hand and a cross in the other, and that helped increase their
panic.
This
miracle is one of the earliest successful examples of
psychological operations in warfare, (psyops). This victory over the Turks, therefore, was attributed not only to the leadership of Count
Schulenburg who commanded the stubborn defence of the island against the Turks, but also to the miraculous intervention of St. Spyridon. Venice honoured von der Schulenburg and the Corfiots for successfully defending the island. Recognizing St. Spyridon's role in the defence of the island Venice legislated the establishment of the litany (λιτανεία) of St Spyridon on the 11th of August as a commemoration of the miraculous event, starting a tradition that continues to this day.
Corfu in myth
It is in Corfu that
Hercules, just before embarking on his ten labours, slept with the
Naiad Melite and she bore him
Hyllus, the leader of the
Heraclids.
[20]
Corfu is also reported to be the place where the
Argonauts found refuge from the avenging
Colchic fleet after they had seized the
Golden Fleece.
In another famous sea adventure
Homer's
Odyssey, Kerkyra is the island of the
Phaeacians (Phaiakes) where
Odysseus (Ulysses) meets
Nausica the daughter of King
Alkinoos.
The bay of
Palaiokastritsa is considered to be the place where Odysseus disembarked and met
Nausicaa for the first time.
Corfu in film
Several movies have been filmed in Corfu, including the 1981 James Bond movie, ''
For Your Eyes Only''. The most memorable Corfu related scene of the film is of the underwater ancient Greek temple, with a huge
turtle swimming in front of the camera; the Casino scene was also filmed at the
Achilleion.
[21] Other scenes filmed on the island include Melina and James walking through the town streets and Melina being greeted by Bond at Pontikonisi island; the Greek Wedding scene was filmed at the Bouas-Danilia traditional Village (Μπούας Δανίλια παραδοσιακό χωριό).
Corfu was also used by the
BBC to shoot both a TV series (1987) and a movie (2005) version of
Gerald Durrell's book ''
My Family and Other Animals'', based on his childhood in Corfu in the late 1930s.
Tourism
Quite apart from their more malevolent invaders, the Corfiotes have a long history of hospitality to foreign residents and visitors, typified in the twentienth century by
Gerald Durrell's childhood reminiscence ''My Family and Other Animals''. Some Italian culture and cookery have been absorbed, and are particularly evident during August when Italian holidaymakers visit en masse. The North East coast has largely been developed by a few British holiday companies, with large expensive holiday villas which are used as homes during the two-thirds of the year out of season. The north and east coasts have most of the package holiday resorts, and with some exceptions the interior has relatively little tourist trade. This had had the effect of a massive transfer of resources, because traditionally the best farmland was away from the rocky shore, the salt and the pirates, but from the 1970s the inferior seaside land suddenly became the most desirable and highly valuable holiday property sites. Many Corfiotes now make more from the frantic four month holiday season than from their traditional agriculture.
At the other end of the market, and also the other end of the island, the southern resort of
Kavos provides the notoriously robust facilities particularly attractive to young holidaymakers, along similar lines to resorts such as
Faliraki in
Rhodes
Transportation
A road in the southern part of Corfu island
Motorways
The island is linked by two highways, GR-24 in the northwest and GR-25 in the south.
★
Greek National Road 24, Cen., NW, Corfu - Palaiokastritsa
★
Greek National Road 25, Cen., S, SE, Corfu - Lefkimi
Corfu Port
Corfu has ferry services both by traditional ferries to Gaios in the island of
Paxoi and as far as
Patras and both traditional ferries and advanced
Russian, retractable
airfoil,
hydrodynamic flow, high speed ferries called 'Flying Dolphins' to
Igoumenitsa and to
Sarandë in neighboring
Albania. There is also a small port of 'Lefkimmi' at the southern tip of the island on 'Cape Kavos', that offers a
ferry service to the mainland.
Ioannis Kapodistrias International Airport
The
Ioannis Kapodistrias International Airport, named after
John Capodistria distinguished Corfiot European diplomat and first Governor of Greece, is located around 3 kilometres south of Kerkyra just half a kilometre north of Pontikonisi. The approach and landing, in a northeasterly direction, affords the flying passengers a spectacular aerial view of 'Pontikonisi' and 'Vlaheraina Monastery' as well as the hills of 'Kanoni' as the runway used for landing is actually a few hundred meters away from these spectacular landmarks. The airport offers domestic flights with
Olympic Airlines (OA 600, 602 and 606) and
Aegean Airlines (A3 402, 404 and 406).
Air Sea Lines, a Greek seaplane operator offers scheduled flights from Corfu to Paxoi,
Ioannina and Patras.
Corfu airport is also connected to
EU countries through scheduled and chartered flights. This includes scheduled flights from
Germany and the
United Kingdom.
British Airways started at the end of 2006 its first scheduled flights to Corfu. They fly to Corfu 4 times per week: Mon, Wed, Fri, Sat.
Villages of Corfu
| Village name | Region name | Geographic location |
|---|
| Agios Athanasios | Gyros | NW Corfu |
| Agios Mathaios | Messi | Central Corfu |
| Ano Korakiana | Faiakon | NE Corfu |
| Kavos | Lefkimmi | S Corfu |
| Lefkimmi | Lefkimmi | S Corfu |
| Pagi | Gyros | NW Corfu |
Persons associated with Corfu
★
Nicholas Alamanos, Rugby player, born in Corfu
★
Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark, born in Corfu
★
Felice Beato, 19th century photographer, born in Corfu
★
Giacomo Casanova, lived on the island as an officer of the Venetian army
★
Albert Cohen, French author, born in Corfu
★
Panagiotis Doxaras, painter,pioneer of the
Heptanese School (Seven Island) Art movement, worked and died in Corfu
★
Gerald Durrell and
Lawrence Durrell lived in Corfu for some years and Lawrence wrote, among several other books on Greece, ''Prospero's Cell: A Guide to the Landscape and Manners of the Island of Corcyra''
★
Elisabeth of Bavaria, Empress of Austria, built Achilleion as summer palace
★
Kostas Georgakis, student, martyr of the resistance against the
Greek military junta of 1967-1974, born in Corfu
★
Angela Gerekou, actress, singer and politician, born in Corfu. Wife of
Tolis Voskopoulos
★
Spyros Gogolos, footballer born in Corfu
★
Ioannis Kapodistrias, first Governor of Greece, born in Corfu
★
Kore. Ydro., musical group, formed and based in Corfu
★
Vicky Leandros, international pop star, born in Corfu
★
Nikolaos Mantzaros, composer, born in Corfu
★
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, born Prince Philippos of Greece and Denmark, in Corfu
★
Saint Philomena, according to legend she started her life as a Greek princess born in Corfu
★
Alexander Rossi, artist, born in Corfu
★
Sakis Rouvas, singer and athlete, born in Corfu
★ Reichsgraf Marshal
Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg, Austrian general and aristocrat. He successfully defended the island against the Ottoman Turks during the siege of 1716 as leader of the Venetian forces in Corfu.
★
Carl Ludwig Sprenger, German botanist, lived in Corfu
★
Theodore Stephanides, poet, author, doctor and naturalist, born in Corfu
★
Georgios Theotokis, Prime Minister of Greece, born in Corfu
★
Rena Vlachopoulou, actress and singer, born in Corfu
★
Tolis Voskopoulos, singer and actor, resides in Corfu
★ Kaiser
Wilhelm II of Germany, bought Achilleion after Sissi's death.
See also
★
Heptanese School
References
A
wrestler, (one of a pair), in the Garden of
Achilleion. The majestic view of the surrounding hills can be seen in the background
2. BBC news on UNESCO World Heritage List
3. UNESCO Advisory Body (ICOMOS) report on Corfu History retrieved 3 July 2007
4. Old Town of Corfu on UNESCO website retrieved 3 July 2007
5. St. George Article
6. History of Corfu
7. History of Corfu from xenos website
8. Serbs in Corfu website
9. History of Corfu from Corfu City Hall website
10. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum on the Holocaust in Corfu. Also contains information about the Nazi collaborator mayor Kollas.
11. From the interview of a survivor in the film "Shoah"
12. Central Jewish Council of Greece website
13. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: "[...]two hundred of the 2,000 Corfu Jews found sanctuary with Christian families[...]"
14. Corfu General Hospital
15. Corfu Radio Station History
16. R. Winkes (editor) , Kerkyra. Artifacts from the Palaiopolis, Providence 2004.
17. Plato, ''Symposium,'' 180a
18. Libraries and Museums from the City Hall website
19. Catholic encyclopedia website
20. Hercules slept with a minor goddess named Melite and she bore him a son named Hyllus (not to be confused with Hyllus, Hercules’ son by Deianeira)
21. 007 Fact website
External links
★
Municipality of Corfu (official site)
★
Detailed history of the island
★
Serbs in Corfu and Vido: Historical Website
★
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