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:''For the town in France, see Corbel, Savoie. For the Windows Vista typeface, see Corbel (typeface).''
In architecture a 'corbel' (or 'console') is a piece of stone jutting out of a wall to carry any superincumbent weight. A piece of timber projecting in the same way was called a "tassel" or a "bragger". The technique of 'corbelling', where rows of corbels support a projecting wall or parapet, has been used since Neolithic times. It is common in Medieval architecture and in the Scottish baronial style as well as ancient Chinese architecture.
The word "corbel" comes from Old French and derives from the Latin ''corbellus'', a diminutive of ''corvus'' (a raven) which refers to the beak-like appearance. Similarly, the French refer to a corbel as ''corbeau'' (a crow) or as ''cul-de-lampe'', Italians as ''mensola'', the Germans as ''kragstein''. However, the usual word in French for a corbel is ''modillon'' - ''corbeau'' is a bracket-corbel, which is usually a load-bearing internal feature. A ''cul-de-lampe'' is a kind of bracket-corbel supporting a vault. In traditional Chinese architecture, such a load-bearing structural element is called ''dougong'' and has been used since the late centuries BCE.
Norman (Romanesque) corbels often have a plain appearance, although they may be elaborately carved with stylised heads of humans, animals or imaginary "beasts", and sometimes with other motifs (Kilpeck church in Herefordshire is a notable example, with 85 of its original 91 carved corbels still surviving).
Similarly, in the Early English period, corbels were sometimes elaborately carved, as at Lincoln Cathedral, and sometimes more simply so.
Corbels sometimes end with a point apparently growing into the wall, or forming a knot, and often are supported by angels and other figures. In the later periods the carved foliage and other ornaments used on corbels resemble those used in the capitals of columns.
The corbels carrying balconies in Italy and France were sometimes of great size and richly carved, and some of the finest examples of the Italian "Cinquecento" (16th century) style are found in them. Throughout England, in half-timber work, wooden corbels abound, carrying window-sills or oriel windows in wood, which also are often carved.
A 'corbel table' is a projecting moulded string course supported by a range of corbels. Sometimes these corbels carry a small arcade under the string course, the arches of which are pointed and trefoiled. As a rule the corbel table carries the gutter, but in Lombard work the arcaded corbel table was utilized as a decoration to subdivide the storeys and break up the wall surface. In Italy sometimes over the corbels will form a moulding, and above a plain piece of projecting wall forming a parapet.
The corbels carrying the arches of the corbel tables in Italy and France were often elaborately moulded, and sometimes in two or three courses projecting over one another; those carrying the machicolations of English and French castles had four courses.
In modern chimney construction a corbel table is constructed on the inside of a flue in the form of a concrete ring beam supported by a range of corbels. The corbels can be either in-situ or pre-cast concrete. The corbel tables described here are built at approximately ten metre intervals to ensure stability of the barrel of refractory bricks constructed thereon.
Main articles: Corbel arch
'Corbelling', where rows of corbels gradually build a wall out from the vertical, has long been used as a simple kind of vaulting, for example in many Neolithic chambered cairns where walls are gradually corbelled in until the opening can be spanned by a slab.
In medieval architecture the technique was used to support upper storeys or a parapet projecting forward from the wall plane, often to form machicolation where openings between corbels could be used to drop things on attackers. This later became a decorative feature, without the openings. Corbelling supporting upper stories and particularly supporting projecting corner turrets subsequently became a characteristic of the Scottish baronial style.
Mediaeval timber-framed buildings often employ jettying, where upper stories are cantilevered out on projecting wooden beams in a similar manner to corbelling.
★ Maes Howe, a particularly fine Neolithic chambered cairn in Scotland.
★ Gallarus Oratory, an early Christian church in Ireland, is built with corbel vaulting.
★ Atlas (architecture)
★ corbel arch
★ balcony
★ eave
★ mantel
★ Muqarna
★ bracket (architecture)
★
★ The CRSBI (''Corpus of ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE in Britain and Ireland'') website has many examples of carved Norman corbels
★ A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, , James Stevens, Curl, Oxford University Press, , ISBN 0-19-860678-8
★ Discursive and richly-illustrated website showing corbels on hundreds of churches in the British Isles, France and Spain, depicting the Sins of the Flesh and the punishment thereof
★ Corbels - Cement,Useful articles and resources on Corbels, iron, wood, and decorative moulding
★ Multiple examples of Corbels from InvitingHome.com
Elaborately decorated classical-style stone corbels support balconies on a building in Indianapolis.
In architecture a 'corbel' (or 'console') is a piece of stone jutting out of a wall to carry any superincumbent weight. A piece of timber projecting in the same way was called a "tassel" or a "bragger". The technique of 'corbelling', where rows of corbels support a projecting wall or parapet, has been used since Neolithic times. It is common in Medieval architecture and in the Scottish baronial style as well as ancient Chinese architecture.
Diagram of corbel wooden bracket sets—Yingzao Fashi building manual
The word "corbel" comes from Old French and derives from the Latin ''corbellus'', a diminutive of ''corvus'' (a raven) which refers to the beak-like appearance. Similarly, the French refer to a corbel as ''corbeau'' (a crow) or as ''cul-de-lampe'', Italians as ''mensola'', the Germans as ''kragstein''. However, the usual word in French for a corbel is ''modillon'' - ''corbeau'' is a bracket-corbel, which is usually a load-bearing internal feature. A ''cul-de-lampe'' is a kind of bracket-corbel supporting a vault. In traditional Chinese architecture, such a load-bearing structural element is called ''dougong'' and has been used since the late centuries BCE.
| Contents |
| Decorated corbels |
| Corbel tables |
| Corbelling |
| Gallery |
| Examples |
| See also |
| Notes |
| References |
| External Links |
Decorated corbels
Stone corbel at Boyle Abbey, 13th century
Norman (Romanesque) corbels often have a plain appearance, although they may be elaborately carved with stylised heads of humans, animals or imaginary "beasts", and sometimes with other motifs (Kilpeck church in Herefordshire is a notable example, with 85 of its original 91 carved corbels still surviving).
Similarly, in the Early English period, corbels were sometimes elaborately carved, as at Lincoln Cathedral, and sometimes more simply so.
Corbels sometimes end with a point apparently growing into the wall, or forming a knot, and often are supported by angels and other figures. In the later periods the carved foliage and other ornaments used on corbels resemble those used in the capitals of columns.
The corbels carrying balconies in Italy and France were sometimes of great size and richly carved, and some of the finest examples of the Italian "Cinquecento" (16th century) style are found in them. Throughout England, in half-timber work, wooden corbels abound, carrying window-sills or oriel windows in wood, which also are often carved.
Corbel tables
Two Norman corbels, depicting a ram and a lion, supporting the corbel table at Kilpeck
A 'corbel table' is a projecting moulded string course supported by a range of corbels. Sometimes these corbels carry a small arcade under the string course, the arches of which are pointed and trefoiled. As a rule the corbel table carries the gutter, but in Lombard work the arcaded corbel table was utilized as a decoration to subdivide the storeys and break up the wall surface. In Italy sometimes over the corbels will form a moulding, and above a plain piece of projecting wall forming a parapet.
The corbels carrying the arches of the corbel tables in Italy and France were often elaborately moulded, and sometimes in two or three courses projecting over one another; those carrying the machicolations of English and French castles had four courses.
In modern chimney construction a corbel table is constructed on the inside of a flue in the form of a concrete ring beam supported by a range of corbels. The corbels can be either in-situ or pre-cast concrete. The corbel tables described here are built at approximately ten metre intervals to ensure stability of the barrel of refractory bricks constructed thereon.
Corbelling
Main articles: Corbel arch
'Corbelling', where rows of corbels gradually build a wall out from the vertical, has long been used as a simple kind of vaulting, for example in many Neolithic chambered cairns where walls are gradually corbelled in until the opening can be spanned by a slab.
In medieval architecture the technique was used to support upper storeys or a parapet projecting forward from the wall plane, often to form machicolation where openings between corbels could be used to drop things on attackers. This later became a decorative feature, without the openings. Corbelling supporting upper stories and particularly supporting projecting corner turrets subsequently became a characteristic of the Scottish baronial style.
Mediaeval timber-framed buildings often employ jettying, where upper stories are cantilevered out on projecting wooden beams in a similar manner to corbelling.
Gallery
Examples
★ Maes Howe, a particularly fine Neolithic chambered cairn in Scotland.
★ Gallarus Oratory, an early Christian church in Ireland, is built with corbel vaulting.
See also
★ Atlas (architecture)
★ corbel arch
★ balcony
★ eave
★ mantel
★ Muqarna
★ bracket (architecture)
Notes
References
★
★ The CRSBI (''Corpus of ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE in Britain and Ireland'') website has many examples of carved Norman corbels
★ A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, , James Stevens, Curl, Oxford University Press, , ISBN 0-19-860678-8
External Links
★ Discursive and richly-illustrated website showing corbels on hundreds of churches in the British Isles, France and Spain, depicting the Sins of the Flesh and the punishment thereof
★ Corbels - Cement,Useful articles and resources on Corbels, iron, wood, and decorative moulding
★ Multiple examples of Corbels from InvitingHome.com
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