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EspañolCONVENTIONAL EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGY
:''For a general discussion, see Egyptian chronology. For a similar list, see List of Pharaohs.''
This is a 'Conventional Egyptian chronology'.
This conventional chronology of the rulers of ancient Egypt, taking into account well accepted developments during the 20th century but not including any of the major revision proposals that have also been made in that time. Even within a single work, often archeologists will offer several possible dates or even several whole chronologies as possibilities. Consequently, there may be discrepancies between dates shown here and in articles on particular rulers. Often there are also several possible spellings of the names. All dates are in the chronology are BC.
★ Predynastic Egypt is from Late Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt.
★ The dates of Dynasties 1 to 10 are from Baines and Malek, ''Atlas of Ancient Egypt'' (Oxford, 1980).
★ The dates of Dynasties 11 to 20 are from Kitchen, "The Basics of Egyptian Chronology in Relation to the Bronze Age", in Astrom (ed) ''High, Middle or Low'' (Gothengurg, 1987), taking his low chronology.
★ Ken Kitchen uses textual artifacts such as the form and sequence of the blessings and curses used to bind contracts, the price of slaves as mentioned in everything from cuneiform texts to the Bible in context with the political and cultural interactions of the Ancient Near East to get a range or spread of about a century plus or minus for his chronologies.
★ The dates of Dynasties 21 to 26 are from Kitchen, ''Third Intermediate Period in Egypt'' (1973, Warminster).
:(Ed., This information has been supplemented from ''The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt'', edited by Ian Shaw (Oxford, 2000), and Digital Egypt for Universities, which was developed by The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology.)
;Note:There is a 60 year discrepancy between the dates proposed by these two authors. There is no attempt to remove this discrepancy in the combined chronology presented below.
This is a “Conventional Chronology” as discussed by David Rohl in ''A Test of Time'' (1995, Century). Though David Rohl bases his chronology on a number of conjectures which remain controversial such as there being more than one coterminous Dynasty in certain periods of Egyptian history and his spread or range of disagreement with other sources is close to three centuries in places, his theories have served to show how flimsy the substantive parts of Egyptian chronology actually are in places.
;See also:Egyptian chronology, Pharaoh, Chronology of the Ancient Near East
== Protodynastic Period
= Dynasty 0 ''circa'' 3100–2920 ===
★ Scorpion I
★ Double Falcon
★ Ny-Hor
★ Pe-Hor
★ Hat-Hor
★ Hedj-Hor
★ Crocodile
★ Scorpion II
★ Iry-Hor
★ Ka
★ Narmer
== Early Dynastic Period
=1st Dynasty 2920-2770===
★ Menes
★ Hor-Aha
★ Djer
★ Djet
★ Queen Merytneit
★ Den
★ Anedjib
★ Semerkhet
★ Qa'a
===2nd Dynasty 2770-2650===
★ Hotepsekhemwy
★ Raneb
★ Ninetjer
★ Sekhemib-Perenmaat
★ Peribsen
★ Sened
★ Weneg
★ Khasekhem, possibly the same as Khasekhemwy:
★ Khasekhemwy
★ Sneferka
★ Ba (two different writings, possibly two separate kings)
== Old Kingdom
=3rd Dynasty 2649-2575===
★ Zanakht (= Nebka?) 2649-2630
★ Netjerkhet (Djoser)2630-2611
★ Sekhemkhet 2611-2603
★ Khaba 2603-2599
★ Sanakhte (Nebka ?)
★ Huni (Horus Qahedjet ?)2599-2575
===4th Dynasty 2575-2134===
★ Sneferu 2575-2551
★ Khufu (Cheops) 2551-2528
★ Djedefre 2528-2520
★ Khafre (Chephren) 2520-2494
★ Nebka (Bikheris of later Greek-language sources)
★ Menkhaure (Mycerinus) 2490-2472
★ Shepseskaf 2472-2467
★ Thampthis (in later Greek-language sources)
===5th Dynasty===
★ Userkhaf 2465-2458
★ Sahure 2458-2446
★ Neferirkare Kakai 2446-2426
★ Shepseskare Ini 2426-2419
★ Neferefre 2419-2416
★ Niuserre Izi 2416-2392
★ Menkauhore 2396-2388
★ Djedkare Izezi 2388-2356
★ Wenis (Unas) 2356-2323
===6th Dynasty===
★ Teti 2323-2291
★ Userkare 2291-2289
★ Pepy I (Meryre) 2289-2255
★ Merenre Nemtyemzaf 2255-2246
★ Pepi II Neferkare 2246-2152
===7th Dynasty 2150-2134===
:In the kinglist summaries from the third century BC historian Manetho, this is a group of 70 kings ruling 70 days: there is no evidence for this - it may be a later literary metaphor for chaos at the end of the Sixth Dynasty, chaos for which there is also no direct contemporary evidence. Budge, in ''The Nile'' (Thos. Cook and Sons, Egypt, 1902) lists VII, VIII, from Memphis IX and X from Herakleopolis together giving the cartouches. Baines and Ma'lik give the dates 7th/8th.
★ Neferka
★ Neferseb
★ Neferkaure
★ Kharoi
★ Neferkare
★ Neferkarenebi
★ Tetkaremat
★ Neferkare-khentu
★ Seneferka
★ Kaenre
★ Neferkare-teru
★ Merenhor
★ Seneferkare
★ Neferkarehor
★ Neferkare-Pepyseneb
★ Neferkare-anenu
★ Neferkare
★ Neferkauhor
★ Neferka-arere
===8th Dynasty===
★ Netjerikare
★ Menkare
★ Neferkare
★ Neferkare Nebi
★ Djedkare Shemai
★ Neferkare Khendu
★ Merenhor
★ Neferkamin
★ Nikare
★ Neferkare Tereru
★ Neferkahor
★ Neferkare Pepyseneb
★ Neferkamin Anu
★ Qakare Ibi
★ Neferkawre Kha...
★ Neferkawhor Khuwihap
★ Neferirkare
★ Sekhemkare
★ Wadjkare
★ Ity
★ Iymhotep
★ Hotep ...re
★ Khui
★ Isu
★ Iytjenu
=First Intermediate Period 2134 - 2040=
===9th and 10th Dynasties 2135-1986===
★ Khety I
★ Neferkare
★ Khety II
★ Senen...
★ Khety III
★ Khety IV
★ Shed...y
★ H...
★ Wahkare Khety
★ Se...re Khety
★ Nebkawre Khety
★ Meryibre Khety
★ Merykare
===11th Dynasty 2134-2040 ===
(Dates from Baines and Ma'lek)
★ Montuhotep I 2080-2074
★ Inytoyef I (Sehertawy) 2074-2064 (2134-2118)
★ Inyotef II (Wahankh) 2064-2015 (2118-2069)
★ Inyotef III (Nakhtnebtepnefer) 2015-2007 (2069-2061)
★ Montuhotep II 2007-1986 (2061-2010)
=Middle Kingdom 2040 - 1640=
===11th Dynasty (continued)===
: In Dynasty 11 from Thebes the Antefs first appear.
: Control of Egypt shifts from the Delta to Thebes and Red Sea connections to Nub.
★ Erpa Antef (Erpa = hereditary prince)
★ hrw (mn?)|
★ hrw (Antef)|
★ hrw (Antef)|
★ hrw (?)|
★ Neter nefer (Antef)|
★ nswbt Sa Ra Antef
★ nswbt (Sa ra An naa)|
★ nswbt (Nub xepher Ra)| sa ra (Antwf)|
★ nswbt (kau ra)|
★ nswbt (Aba hrw ipw apu Ma3t)| sa ra (Antuf)| supporter of Horus the messenger who loves truth
★ nswbt (Aba rnpt ipwt Ma3t)| sa ra (Antfa)| youth of the messenger of truth son of the sun Antefa
★ nswbt se nfr ra
★ nswbt wsr s n ra
★ nswbt neb nem Ra
★ nswbt sa ra (mntu htp)|Montuhotep II (Nebhepetre) 2007-1986 (Ruled Lower Egypt.)
★ nswbt (saRa mnt htp)|Montuhotep II (Nebhepetre) 1986-1956 (United Upper and Lower Egypt.)
★ nswbt (neb htp ra)| sa ra (mnt htp)|Montuhotep III (Sankhkare) 1956-1944
★ nswbt (neb t3w)| sa ra (mnt htp)| Montuhotep IV (Nebtawyre) 1944-1937
★ nswbt (neb xeru)| sa ra (mnt htp)|
★ nswbt (s ankh ka ra)|
★ Intef Qakare
★ Iyibkhenetre
★ Segersen
===12th Dynasty 1991 1783===
(Dates from Baines and Ma'lek cartouches from Budge)
★ nswbt (shtp ab ra)| sa ra (amn m ht)|Amenemhat I (Sehetepibre) 1937-1908 (1991-1962)
★ nswbt (hpr ka ra)| sa ra (wsr srt sn)| Senuseret I (Kheperkare) 1917-1872 (1971-1926)
★ nswbt (nub kau ra)| sa ra (wsr srt sn)|Amenemhat II (Nubkaure) 1875-1840 (1929-1892)
★ nswbt ( )| ( )| Senuseret II (Khakheperre) 1842-1836 (1897-1878)
★ nswbt ( )| ( )| Senuseret III (Khakaure) 1836-1817 (1878-1841)
★ nswbt (ma3t mht3 n ra)|sa ra(amn m ht) Amenemhat III (Nimaartre) 1817-1772 (1844-1797)
★ nswbt (ma3t mht3 n ra)|sa ra(amn m ht)
This is a 'Conventional Egyptian chronology'.
Introduction
This conventional chronology of the rulers of ancient Egypt, taking into account well accepted developments during the 20th century but not including any of the major revision proposals that have also been made in that time. Even within a single work, often archeologists will offer several possible dates or even several whole chronologies as possibilities. Consequently, there may be discrepancies between dates shown here and in articles on particular rulers. Often there are also several possible spellings of the names. All dates are in the chronology are BC.
Sources
★ Predynastic Egypt is from Late Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt.
★ The dates of Dynasties 1 to 10 are from Baines and Malek, ''Atlas of Ancient Egypt'' (Oxford, 1980).
★ The dates of Dynasties 11 to 20 are from Kitchen, "The Basics of Egyptian Chronology in Relation to the Bronze Age", in Astrom (ed) ''High, Middle or Low'' (Gothengurg, 1987), taking his low chronology.
★ Ken Kitchen uses textual artifacts such as the form and sequence of the blessings and curses used to bind contracts, the price of slaves as mentioned in everything from cuneiform texts to the Bible in context with the political and cultural interactions of the Ancient Near East to get a range or spread of about a century plus or minus for his chronologies.
★ The dates of Dynasties 21 to 26 are from Kitchen, ''Third Intermediate Period in Egypt'' (1973, Warminster).
:(Ed., This information has been supplemented from ''The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt'', edited by Ian Shaw (Oxford, 2000), and Digital Egypt for Universities, which was developed by The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology.)
;Note:There is a 60 year discrepancy between the dates proposed by these two authors. There is no attempt to remove this discrepancy in the combined chronology presented below.
Conventional Chronology
This is a “Conventional Chronology” as discussed by David Rohl in ''A Test of Time'' (1995, Century). Though David Rohl bases his chronology on a number of conjectures which remain controversial such as there being more than one coterminous Dynasty in certain periods of Egyptian history and his spread or range of disagreement with other sources is close to three centuries in places, his theories have served to show how flimsy the substantive parts of Egyptian chronology actually are in places.
;See also:Egyptian chronology, Pharaoh, Chronology of the Ancient Near East
== Protodynastic Period
★ Scorpion I
★ Double Falcon
★ Ny-Hor
★ Pe-Hor
★ Hat-Hor
★ Hedj-Hor
★ Crocodile
★ Scorpion II
★ Iry-Hor
★ Ka
★ Narmer
== Early Dynastic Period
★ Menes
★ Hor-Aha
★ Djer
★ Djet
★ Queen Merytneit
★ Den
★ Anedjib
★ Semerkhet
★ Qa'a
===2nd Dynasty 2770-2650===
★ Hotepsekhemwy
★ Raneb
★ Ninetjer
★ Sekhemib-Perenmaat
★ Peribsen
★ Sened
★ Weneg
★ Khasekhem, possibly the same as Khasekhemwy:
★ Khasekhemwy
Position uncertain
★ Sneferka
★ Ba (two different writings, possibly two separate kings)
== Old Kingdom
★ Zanakht (= Nebka?) 2649-2630
★ Netjerkhet (Djoser)2630-2611
★ Sekhemkhet 2611-2603
★ Khaba 2603-2599
★ Sanakhte (Nebka ?)
★ Huni (Horus Qahedjet ?)2599-2575
===4th Dynasty 2575-2134===
★ Sneferu 2575-2551
★ Khufu (Cheops) 2551-2528
★ Djedefre 2528-2520
★ Khafre (Chephren) 2520-2494
★ Nebka (Bikheris of later Greek-language sources)
★ Menkhaure (Mycerinus) 2490-2472
★ Shepseskaf 2472-2467
★ Thampthis (in later Greek-language sources)
===5th Dynasty===
★ Userkhaf 2465-2458
★ Sahure 2458-2446
★ Neferirkare Kakai 2446-2426
★ Shepseskare Ini 2426-2419
★ Neferefre 2419-2416
★ Niuserre Izi 2416-2392
★ Menkauhore 2396-2388
★ Djedkare Izezi 2388-2356
★ Wenis (Unas) 2356-2323
===6th Dynasty===
★ Teti 2323-2291
★ Userkare 2291-2289
★ Pepy I (Meryre) 2289-2255
★ Merenre Nemtyemzaf 2255-2246
★ Pepi II Neferkare 2246-2152
===7th Dynasty 2150-2134===
:In the kinglist summaries from the third century BC historian Manetho, this is a group of 70 kings ruling 70 days: there is no evidence for this - it may be a later literary metaphor for chaos at the end of the Sixth Dynasty, chaos for which there is also no direct contemporary evidence. Budge, in ''The Nile'' (Thos. Cook and Sons, Egypt, 1902) lists VII, VIII, from Memphis IX and X from Herakleopolis together giving the cartouches. Baines and Ma'lik give the dates 7th/8th.
★ Neferka
★ Neferseb
★ Neferkaure
★ Kharoi
★ Neferkare
★ Neferkarenebi
★ Tetkaremat
★ Neferkare-khentu
★ Seneferka
★ Kaenre
★ Neferkare-teru
★ Merenhor
★ Seneferkare
★ Neferkarehor
★ Neferkare-Pepyseneb
★ Neferkare-anenu
★ Neferkare
★ Neferkauhor
★ Neferka-arere
===8th Dynasty===
★ Netjerikare
★ Menkare
★ Neferkare
★ Neferkare Nebi
★ Djedkare Shemai
★ Neferkare Khendu
★ Merenhor
★ Neferkamin
★ Nikare
★ Neferkare Tereru
★ Neferkahor
★ Neferkare Pepyseneb
★ Neferkamin Anu
★ Qakare Ibi
★ Neferkawre Kha...
★ Neferkawhor Khuwihap
★ Neferirkare
Kings with Unknown Position
★ Sekhemkare
★ Wadjkare
★ Ity
★ Iymhotep
★ Hotep ...re
★ Khui
★ Isu
★ Iytjenu
=First Intermediate Period 2134 - 2040=
===9th and 10th Dynasties 2135-1986===
★ Khety I
★ Neferkare
★ Khety II
★ Senen...
★ Khety III
★ Khety IV
★ Shed...y
★ H...
★ Wahkare Khety
★ Se...re Khety
★ Nebkawre Khety
★ Meryibre Khety
★ Merykare
===11th Dynasty 2134-2040 ===
(Dates from Baines and Ma'lek)
★ Montuhotep I 2080-2074
★ Inytoyef I (Sehertawy) 2074-2064 (2134-2118)
★ Inyotef II (Wahankh) 2064-2015 (2118-2069)
★ Inyotef III (Nakhtnebtepnefer) 2015-2007 (2069-2061)
★ Montuhotep II 2007-1986 (2061-2010)
=Middle Kingdom 2040 - 1640=
===11th Dynasty (continued)===
: In Dynasty 11 from Thebes the Antefs first appear.
: Control of Egypt shifts from the Delta to Thebes and Red Sea connections to Nub.
★ Erpa Antef (Erpa = hereditary prince)
★ hrw (mn?)|
★ hrw (Antef)|
★ hrw (Antef)|
★ hrw (?)|
★ Neter nefer (Antef)|
★ nswbt Sa Ra Antef
★ nswbt (Sa ra An naa)|
★ nswbt (Nub xepher Ra)| sa ra (Antwf)|
★ nswbt (kau ra)|
★ nswbt (Aba hrw ipw apu Ma3t)| sa ra (Antuf)| supporter of Horus the messenger who loves truth
★ nswbt (Aba rnpt ipwt Ma3t)| sa ra (Antfa)| youth of the messenger of truth son of the sun Antefa
★ nswbt se nfr ra
★ nswbt wsr s n ra
★ nswbt neb nem Ra
★ nswbt sa ra (mntu htp)|Montuhotep II (Nebhepetre) 2007-1986 (Ruled Lower Egypt.)
★ nswbt (saRa mnt htp)|Montuhotep II (Nebhepetre) 1986-1956 (United Upper and Lower Egypt.)
★ nswbt (neb htp ra)| sa ra (mnt htp)|Montuhotep III (Sankhkare) 1956-1944
★ nswbt (neb t3w)| sa ra (mnt htp)| Montuhotep IV (Nebtawyre) 1944-1937
★ nswbt (neb xeru)| sa ra (mnt htp)|
★ nswbt (s ankh ka ra)|
Unknown Position
★ Intef Qakare
★ Iyibkhenetre
★ Segersen
===12th Dynasty 1991 1783===
(Dates from Baines and Ma'lek cartouches from Budge)
★ nswbt (shtp ab ra)| sa ra (amn m ht)|Amenemhat I (Sehetepibre) 1937-1908 (1991-1962)
★ nswbt (hpr ka ra)| sa ra (wsr srt sn)| Senuseret I (Kheperkare) 1917-1872 (1971-1926)
★ nswbt (nub kau ra)| sa ra (wsr srt sn)|Amenemhat II (Nubkaure) 1875-1840 (1929-1892)
★ nswbt ( )| ( )| Senuseret II (Khakheperre) 1842-1836 (1897-1878)
★ nswbt ( )| ( )| Senuseret III (Khakaure) 1836-1817 (1878-1841)
★ nswbt (ma3t mht3 n ra)|sa ra(amn m ht) Amenemhat III (Nimaartre) 1817-1772 (1844-1797)
★ nswbt (ma3t mht3 n ra)|sa ra(amn m ht)
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